scholarly journals ANALISIS SUMBERDAYA IKAN TEMBANG (Sardinella fimbriata) DI PERAIRAN SELAT SUNDA YANG DIDARATKAN DI PPP LABUAN, BANTEN (Analysis of Fringescale Sardinella (Sardinella fimbriata) Resources in Sunda Strait that Landed on PPP Labuan, Banten)

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Rodearni Simarmata ◽  
Mennofatria Boer ◽  
Achmad Fahrudin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Fishing Ground ◽  
Close System ◽  
Fishing Season ◽  
Alternative Management ◽  
Fish Resources ◽  
Production Pattern ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Important Fish

<p>ABSTRACT<br />Fringescale sardinella (Sardinella fimbriata) is one of the economically important fish resources found in Sunda Strait waters. High economic value with the increasing demand of fish makes it as one of the main targets of capture. Intensive utilization on fringescale sardinella resulted in overfishing. The aim of this research is to identify production pattern, fishing ground, fishing season pattern and appropriate alternative management. This research carried out on April to June 2014. The results show that fringescale sardinella has a fluctuated production pattern. Fishing season for fringescale sardinella is on May-October, while the fringescale sardinella bad season (low catches) is on March. Fishing ground for fringescale sardinella in Sunda Strait waters are Labuan Bay, Tanjung Lesung, Sumur, Panaitan Strait, Rakata Island, Ujung Kulon, Sebesi Island, Tanjung Alang-alang, and Peucang Island. Management for fringescale sardinella can be accomplished by increase the mesh size, management fishing season (open-close system) and fishing areas.</p><p><br />Keywords: Fringescale sardinella, management, PPP Labuan, Sunda Strait</p><p>-------</p><p><br />ABSTRAK</p><p>Ikan tembang (Sardinella fimbriata) merupakan salah satu sumberdaya ikan ekonomis penting di perairan Selat Sunda. Nilai ekonomis yang tinggi serta pemanfaatan yang terus meningkat menjadikan ikan ini sebagai salah satu target utama penangkapan. Pemanfaatan intensif sumberdaya ikan tembang dapat mengakibatkan tangkap lebih. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola produksi, daerah tangkapan, pola musim penangkapan serta mengidentifikasi alternatif pengelolaan yang lebih tepat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada April hingga Juni 2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pola produksi ikan tembang berfluktuatif. Musim penangkapan ikan tembang terjadi pada bulan Mei-September sedangkan musim paceklik berada pada bulan Maret. Sebaran wilayah penangkapan berada di sekitar perairan Selat Sunda yakni Teluk Labuan, Tanjung Lesung, Sumur, Selat Panaitan, Rakata, Ujung Kulon, Pulau Sebesi, Tanjung Alang-alang, dan Pulau Peucang. Pengelolaan ikan tembang dapat dilakukan dengan memperbesar ukuran mata jaring, pengaturan musim penangkapan dan daerah tangkapan.</p><p><br />Kata kunci: Ikan tembang, pengelolaan, PPP Labuan, Selat Sunda</p>

scholarly journals SUMBERDAYA IKAN KEMBUNG (Rastrelliger kanagurta Cuvier 1817) DI PERAIRAN SELAT SUNDA YANG DIDARATKAN DI PPP LABUAN, BANTEN (Resources of Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta Cuvier 1817) in Sunda Strait Water that Landed on PPP Labuan, Banten)

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viska Donita Prahadina ◽  
Mennofatria Boer ◽  
Achmad Fahrudin
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Fishing Ground ◽  
Small Pelagic Fish ◽  
Fishing Season ◽  
Indian Mackerel ◽  
Rastrelliger Kanagurta ◽  
Production Pattern

<p>ABSTRACT<br /><br />Indian mackerel is one of the small pelagic fish that has an important economic value and the dominant fish catches landed in PPP Labuan. The catch of Indian mackerel decreaseyear to year. Therefore Indian mackerel resources, alleged have over-exploited. The aim of this research was to identify a production pattern, fishing ground, fishing season pattern and identify a more appropriate alternative recommendation for the management of Indianmackerel. The results showedthat the production of Indian mackerel had a fluctuated seasonal pattern. The peak fishing season was in April to August while low season (low catches) in December and January. Distribution of Indian mackerel fishing grounds wasin the waters around the Sunda Strait such as RakataIsland, Rakata Kecil Island, Anak RakataIsland, Panaitan Island, Papole Island, Sebesi Island, Sebuku Island, Jongor and Tanjung Lesung. Utilization status of Indian mackerel has already overfished in biology and economics. Some recommendation for managing Indian mackerel resources that were landed in PPP Labuan such as, reduce the fishing effort, increase the mesh size, and improvementmanagement infishing season and fishing ground.<br /><br />Keywords: Indian mackerel, management, PPP Labuan, Sunda Strait</p><p>-------<br />ABSTRAK</p><p><br />Ikan kembung merupakan salah satu ikan pelagis kecil yang memiliki nilai ekonomis penting dan merupakan ikan tangkapan dominan yang didaratkan di PPP Labuan. Hasil tangkapan ikan kembung menurun dari tahun ke tahun. Oleh sebab itu diduga ikan kembung telah mengalami eksploitasi berlebih. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola produksi, daerah tangkapan, pola musim penangkapan, serta mengidentifikasi alternatif pengelolaan yang lebih tepat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa pola produksi ikan kembung berfluktuatif. Musim puncak penangkapan ikan berada pada bulan April hingga Agustus, sedangkan musim paceklik berada pada bulan Desember dan Januari. Sebaran wilayah penangkapan berada di sekitar perairan Selat Sunda seperti di P. Rakata, P. Rakata Kecil, P. Anak Rakata, P. Panaitan, P. Papole, P. Sebesi, P. Sebuku, Jongor serta Tanjung Lesung. Pengelolaan ikan kembung dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengurangi upaya penangkapan, memperbesar ukuran mata jaring, pengaturan musim penangkapan dan daerah penangkapan.<br /><br />Kata kunci: ikan kembung, pengelolaan, PPP Labuan, Selat Sunda</p>

Indeks Kondisi Kerang Bambu yang Didaratkan Di TPI Tasik Agung, Rembang, Jawa Tengah

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-204
Author(s):  
Aulia Dessy Ramadhani ◽  
Sri Redjeki ◽  
Jusup Suprijanto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Size Selectivity ◽  
Weight Relationship ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Index Value

Kerang bambu merupakan  salah  satu  jenis  Moluska  dari  famili  Solenidae  yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis. Potensi sumberdaya hayati kerang bambu ini menarik untuk diteliti lebih dalam mengingat permintaannya yang semakin meningkat. Upaya pengambilan kerang bambu jika tidak diimbangi dengan selektivitas ukuran dan dilakukan penangkapan secara terus-menerus maka dapat mengakibatkan hilangnya organisme ini. Mengingat masih minimnya informasi mengenai kerang bambu (Solen sp.) sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai morfometri, hubungan panjang dan berat serta indeks kondisi kerang bambu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan panjang cangkang dan berat total serta nilai indeks kondisi dari kerang bambu (Solen sp.). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengukur aspek morfometri seperti panjang, lebar dan berat total. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan antara panjang cangkang dan berat total memiliki nilai b = 3,99 dan R2=0.5742. Nilai indeks kondisi kerang bambu (Solen sp.) dari TPI Tasik Agung, Rembang, Jawa Tengah pada kategori kurus sebesar 1.9% dengan jumlah 1 ekor, kategori sedang sebesar 13,3% dengan jumlah 67 ekor dan kategori gemuk sebesar 86.4% dengan jumlah 433 ekor.Bamboo clams are type of mollusc from the Solenidae family that have economic value. The potential of bamboo clam is interesting to be investigated more deeply considering its increasing demand. Efforts to collect bamboo clams of it’s not balanced with size selectivity and continuous fishing can result in the loss of these organisms. Given the lack of information on bamboo clams (Solen sp.) it is necessary to conduct research on morphometry, length and weight relationship and condition index of bamboo clams. The purpose of this study was to determine condition index value of bamboo clams (Solen sp.). This research was conducted by measuring morphometric aspects such as length, width, and total weight. The result showed that the condition index value of bamboo clams (Solen sp.) in TPI Tasik Agung, R, Central Java in the thin category was 1.9% with 1 individuals, the moderate category was 13.3% with 67 individuals and the fat category was 86.4% with 433 individuals.

scholarly journals Bycatch composition of cutlassfish trawlers during fishing season in Bushehr and Hormozgan, Persian Gulf, Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 2275-2282
Author(s):  
AHMAD FOULADI SABET ◽  
SEYED YOUSEF PAIGHAMBARI ◽  
MOJTABA POULADI ◽  
HADI RAEISI ◽  
REZA ABBASPOUR NADERI
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Similarity Analysis ◽  
Fishing Season ◽  
Trichiurus Lepturus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Catch Composition

Fouladi Sabet A, Paighambari SY, Pouladi M, Raeisi H, Abbaspour Naderi R. 2018. Bycatch composition of cutlassfish trawlers during fishing season in Bushehr and Hormozgan, Persian Gulf, Iran. Biodiversitas 19: 2275-2282. This investigation was conducted to determine the bycatch composition of cutlassfish (Trichiurus lepturus) trawlers in Bushehr and Hormozgan waters during fishing season 2013. Data collection was carried out in the summer for Bushehr and in the autumn for Hormozgan province for one month. All trawler vessels were equipped with a 36 m head rope and 75 mm stretched mesh size in the codend and 90 to 200 mm stretched mesh size in the panel. 47 species included 35 species of teleosts, 9 species of elasmobranches and 3 species of invertebrates were identified in Bushehr. Also, 48 species included 38 species of teleosts, 7 species of elasmobranches and 3 species of invertebrates were identified in Hormozgan. The weight and numerical averages of bycatch species were 25.41 (kg h-1) and 205.9 (n h-1) in Bushehr, and 92.58 (kg h-1) and 440.4 (n h-1) in Hormozagan. I. megaloptera, S. tumbil, N. japonicus, D. acuta, C. sexfasciatus, L. equulus in Bushehr and P. sextarius, I. megalopteran, M. cinereus, P. macrophthalmus, N. japonicus and S. tumbil in Hormozgan had highest catch weight. Based on the weight and number, PCA and nMDS methods were indicative of two different assemblages in hunting places. Furthermore, ANOSIM similarity analysis confirmed the results of PCA and nMDS and showed a significant difference in the catch composition of two fishing zones.

Inter-basin water transfer

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
Shima Kheirinejad ◽  
Omid Bozorg-Haddad ◽  
David Quanrud
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Water Transfer ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Basin Water ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Water Transmission ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Providing water to satisfy human demands is one of the greatest challenges of the present century and has been the source of many changes in the world. Since the amount of renewable water the Earth receives is only equal to, or even less than, that received many years ago, renewable water per capita decreases as human population increases. Inter-basin water transfer is a method to augment supply in water-scarce regions. Increasing demand for water in some areas sometimes justifies the transfer of water from one basin to another. Water consumption in densely populated cities and in large industrial and agricultural operations produces an economic value that justifies the cost of expensive water transport equipment and infrastructure such as transmission channels, pipelines, pumping stations and dams. Under these conditions, water that is not in high demand in one basin is transferred to another basin for use. These projects are supply-driven engineering solutions to major social challenges. Inter-basin water transmission is carried out across local, regional, national, and international boundaries to overcome water scarcity, to meet demand in the agricultural, industrial and domestic sectors as well as to achieve economic and social development. Inter-basin transfer (IBT) is an important water resource management tool that can have significant impacts on the donor and recipient basins. This chapter aims to provide insights into the concepts, logics, methods and tools used to evaluate inter-basin transfer projects. Challenges that may arise with implementation of such projects and management methods to overcome these challenges are reviewed. Several case study examples of existing projects are presented to provide insight into how to better manage such projects in the future.

scholarly journals Fishing Season of Large Tuna from Purse Seine Fishery in Tumumpa, Manado, North Sulawesi

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Bram Setyadji ◽  
Umi Chodriyah
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Purse Seine ◽  
Fishing Ground ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Fishing Season ◽  
Pelagic Fishes ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Purse Seine Fishery

Knowledge on seasonal fishing pattern is essential in fisheries research in order to increase the effectiveness of fishing and at the same time protecting the fishing ground from excessive fishing practices. Determining the seasonal fishing pattern of large pelagic fishes, namely large tuna (yellowfin and bigeye), small tuna (mackerel) and skipjack tuna were the objective of this study. Data from the 2013-2015 fishing operation time series were used to analyze the fishing season using the percentage average per unit effort (CPUE) method. The main focus of this study was purse seine fishery. The research showed that high fishing season of large pelagic fishes allegedly occurred during May to July, which reached its peak on May. On the other hand, low fishing season occurred during January to April, with the lowest on March. There were similarities between large tuna, small tuna and skipjack in term of their seasonal fishing pattern, although they did not show any good correlation (r<0.5). This might due to fact that even tough large tuna, small tuna and skipjack tuna shared the same ecological niche but apparently, they did not show any interaction (symbiosis) but competition.

Dynamic modelling of multispecies fisheries for consensus building and management

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 332-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Ruth ◽  
James Lindholm
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Equilibrium Analysis ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Georges Bank ◽  
Alternative Management ◽  
Management Measures

SummaryMany factors influence the dynamics of fisheries and feedback mechanisms amongst these factors are poorly understood. The ecological systems are too large and complex to conduct controlled experiments and economic adjustments to changes in fish populations defy traditional equilibrium analysis. New modelling approaches are required to identify the driving forces behind the dynamics of exploited fish populations, assess likely consequences of alternative management measures, and achieve consensus among stakeholders.We present an interdisciplinary modelling approach that can be used easily to assess dynamic consequences of alternative assumptions for certain key biological and economic parameters, and incorporates the input of various stakeholder groups in the fishery. Contributions of scientists, economists and managers to the model can be augmented with contributions from the fisherfolk.Our approach is illustrated by a dynamic computer model capturing the interactions of three demersal fish species on Georges Bank, namely Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua), Haddock (Melanogramus aeglefimts) and Pollack (Pollachius virens), population sizes of which are assumed to be density-dependent for the purposes of the model and are significantly affected by management decisions. The model addresses how management measures for one species influence the population dynamics of other commercially exploited species. Various scenarios are run to explore the implications of viable management strategies under alternative assumptions on the driving forces behind complex ecological-economic processes. The analyses indicate that neither small reductions in effort nor mesh size increases are likely to prevent the further demise of the Georges Bank ground fisheries, and, in fact, stocks of the three targeted species may decline. Alternative management measures seem to be necessary to prevent collapse, and might include various strategies, such as effort controls and mesh size reductions, in conjunction with a dramatic change in fishing technology. The assessment and viability of alternative management measures in turn require that consensus is generated among stakeholders about data and models.

Optimal Controls for a Single Species Fishery and the Economic Value of Research

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Huang ◽  
Ilan B. Vertinsky ◽  
Norman J. Wilimovsky
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Optimal Controls ◽  
Optimal Policies ◽  
Solution Methods ◽  
Parameter Values

Mathematical proofs and analyses of solution methods are presented for determining optimal policies for the management of a single species fishery under equilibrium conditions. Previous intuitive arguments for solution of optimal policies controlling mesh size and fishing rate given complete information are explicitly proven. The analysis is extended to the case where some of the parameters describing the dynamics of the population are known only imprecisely to the manager. Using probability distributions for those unknown parameter values the problem is cast as a stochastic program where expected sustained net revenues from the fishery are maximized. The associated problem of optimal allocation of research resources under uncertainty conditions is considered by evaluating the direct value of such information to management activities.Examples and algorithms are presented for the class of problems discussed.

scholarly journals International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries

1953 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-301
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
New England ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Commission ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Fish Resources ◽  
Executive Secretary ◽  
Proposed Regulation

The second annual meeting of the International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries met at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, June 30–July 9, 1952. Among the matters considered by the commission were a review of the activities of the organization since the first meeting in April 1951, permanent headquarters for die organization, election of a new chairman and executive secretary, the 1952–1953 budget, and the composition of the five sub-areas into which the commission area was divided. In addition, the commission considered recommendations formulated at a meeting of members of sub-area V held in Ottawa on February 26, 1952. The United States and Canada, who comprised the sub-area adjacent to the New England coast, recommended that the commission 1) instruct the Research and Statistics Committee to make a detailed study of all fish resources falling within the purview of the commission; 2) consider a proposed regulation for haddock fishing, including a proposal to increase the average mesh size of nets used in fishing for haddock off the New England coast; and 3) call the attention of interested governments to a recommended research program concerning haddock.

scholarly journals PERIKANAN TONGKOL DI PERAIRAN BUYAT PANTE

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Meta S Sompie
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Fishing Season ◽  
Fish Resources ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Fisheries Policy ◽  
Tuna Fishing ◽  
Auxis Thazard ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Fishing Area

ABSTRACTFisheries development in Indonesia, especially in North Sulawesi, is to optimize the utilization of resources through a comprehensively integrated approach and accommodate a variety of interests, such as fishermen, national economy, sustainability of marine resources and fisheries, and environmental balance and sustainability. For fisheries policy preparation, adequate information on fish resources is required. One of the fish resources in Buyat Bay area is little tuna (Auxis thazard). This study aimed to evaluate the little tuna resource and fishing season in the waters of Buyat Bay and surrounding areas. The fishing area in Buyat Bay waters is 4.88 km2. The little tuna biomass of Buyat Bay is 0.486 ton/km2. Monthly average catch was 0.7 tons relative to the maximum sustainable catch of 2.37 ton/month, and then the exploitation rate was 29.59%. This meant that the catch landed in Buyat Pante was lower than the monthly maximum sustainable catch. The catch is allowed at 80% of the maximum sustainable catch, which amounted to 1.89 tons/month. Tuna fishing season in Buyat Bay occurred in March and then from May to September following the pattern of the two-month season of the year for high density.ABSTRAKPembangunan perikanan di Indonesia, khususnya di Sulawesi Utara adalah mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan sumberdaya melalui pendekatan yang terintegrasi dengan komprehensif dan mengakomodasi berbagai kepentingan, yaitu: nelayan, ekonomi nasional, kelestarian sumberdaya kelautan dan perikanan, serta keseimbangan dan kelestarian lingkungan. Untuk penyusunan kebijakan perikanan diperlukan informasi yang memadai dari sumberdaya ikan. Salah satu sumberdaya ikan di wilayah Teluk Buyat adalah ikan tongkol (Auxis thazard). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi sumberdaya dan musim penangkapan ikan di perairan Teluk Buyat dan sekitarnya. Area penangkapan ikan di perairan Teluk Buyat (4,88 km2). Biomassa ikan ini di Teluk Buyat 0,486 ton/km2. Tangkapan rata-rata bulanan sebesar 0,7 ton, dibandingkan dengan hasil tangkapan maksimum yang lestari dari 2,37 ton/bulan, kemudian tingkat pemanfaatan ikan tuna di Teluk Buyat berada pada 29,59%. Ini berarti bahwa hasil tangkapan yang didaratkan oleh para nelayan Buyat Pante masih berada di bawah eksploitasi. Hasil tangkapan yang diperbolehkan sebesar 80% dari hasil tangkapan maksimum lestari (1,89 ton/bulan). Musim penangkapan tuna di Teluk Buyat terjadi selama enam bulan, yang dimulai dari bulan Maret dan selanjutnya dari bulan Mei hingga September, mengikuti pola musim dua bulan dalam setahun dengan kepadatan tinggi.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHLOROPHYLL-A AND SEA SURFACE TEMPERATUR WITH Sardinella lemuru CATCHING IN BALI STRAIT

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Niken Gustantia ◽  
Takahiro Osawa ◽  
I Gusti Bagus Sila Dharma ◽  
Wayan Sandi Adnyana
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Fishing Ground ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Remote Sensing Technique ◽  
Fish Resources ◽  
Fish Catch ◽  
Total Fish

The Bali Strait is one of Indonesia's territorial waters that have high natural resource potential. The area is only about 2,500 km2 but has a high potential fishing ground. The Bali Strait has unique and dynamic waters that can cause fluctuations in fish production amount each year. The largest type of fish caught in the Bali Strait is lemuru (Sardinella lemuru), a fish found only in the Bali Strait. This fish plays a significant role in the economy of fishers in the Bali Strait. Each year the catch of lemuru has fluctuated, making fishing locations challenging to predict. Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) are oceanographic parameters that can affect the resources of the ocean. Oceanographic phenomena, such as upwelling, can also influence the condition of fish resources. Therefore, understanding the relationships between these factors is essential in practical fisheries management. Observation of oceanographic factors is very hard with the field observation due to time and cost limitations. The remote sensing technique is an efficient method to determine SST distributions and Chl-a concentrations using satellite imagery. This study analyzes SST and Chl-a concentration in the Bali Strait using the Global Change Observation Mission(GCOM-C) satellite and determines the correlation between Chl-a and SST with a total fish catch(lemuru) during 2019. The results showed the maximum average Chl-a concentration observed on August 1.62 mg/m3 and the lowest concentration observed on January 0.45 mg/m3, the maximum SST on March was 28.12° C, and on August (Dry season) with 22.40° C. The SST variable's influence provides a negative correlation (R = -0.209) with changes in lemuru catch, while the Chl-a parameter has a positive correlation (R = 0.375) with changes in the catch. The pattern of relationship between Chl-a with fish catching had a good relationship than the SST in 2019.Keywords: Bali Strait; Sardinella lemuru; SST; Chl-a.

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