Pengeringan biji jagung menggunakan pengkondisi udara

This study aims to determine the effect of air velocity on the rate of drying corn. Corn seeds were placed after the evaporator of an air conditioner, so that the air came out of the evaporator entered the drying chamber. The water in the corn was evaporated and sucked by dry cold air and then it was condensed in the evaporator. The results show that the mass of corn seeds decreases with the time; the drying rate also decreases with the time and mass-based drying rates at low air speeds are faster than at high air speed. The air conditioner can be used for drying seeds.

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The effect of thermal and mechanical treatment on the drying rates of leaves and flowering stem internodes of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) measured in the laboratory

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600062146 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 325-329 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. E. Harris ◽

R. Thaine

Keyword(s):

Thermal Treatment ◽

Mechanical Treatment ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Drying Rate ◽

Flowering Stem ◽

Air Speed ◽

Drying Rates

SUMMARYThe drying rate of leaves and stem internodes from flowering culms of two varieties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were measured in the laboratory in controlled conditions of temperature (28 °C), relative humidity (22%) and air speed (40 cm/sec), without treatment, or after being subjected to thermal treatment or to mechanical damage followed by thermal treatment. The two treatments increased the drying rate of leaves and, to a greater extent, stem internodes.While it cannot be concluded that all treatments that increase crop drying rate will increase the rate for stems more than for leaves, these results are considered to indicate the possibility of devising practical treatments which will. Such treatments could reduce leaf shatter and consequent serious loss of dry matter during the field drying of grass crops.

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Design and Performance Evaluation of a Mixed-Mode Solar Crop Dryer

FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology ◽

10.46792/fuoyejet.v3i1.133 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shitu Abubakar ◽

Samaila Umaru ◽

Fatai O Anafi ◽

Aminu S Abubakar

Keyword(s):

Performance Evaluation ◽

Mixed Mode ◽

Meteorological Conditions ◽

Drying Rate ◽

Coordinate Position ◽

Collector Efficiency ◽

Drying Rates ◽

And Performance ◽

Drying Efficiency ◽

Drying Chamber

This study is concerned with development and performance evaluation of a mixed-mode solar yam dryer. It was done to address the problems of uneven drying of product on different trays coordinate position in a typical indirect multiple trays dryer. Solar energy drying system was designed using the meteorological conditions of Zaria, Nigeria to dry yam slices in the mixed-mode natural convection. The dryer was designed to dry (7 kg) of yam slices. The dimensions of the dryer were: collector length, collector area, height of the drying chamber, chimney height, length of the drying chamber, and Width of the drying chamber were 0.65 m, 0.27 m2, 0.9 m, 0.7 m, 0.5 m, and 0.43 m, respectively. The solar yam dryer was exposed to solar radiation from 10:00 am to 06:00 pm and tested without load and with yam chips of 5 mm average thickness. Meteorological conditions were monitored during the dehydration process. The average drying rate, collector efficiency and drying efficiency were 2.55 kg/s, 42.20% and 25.35%, respectively. The results of performance evaluation of the solar dryer showed that the drying rate decreases by 3% and 8% in the second and third trays relative to the first tray. This shows that the drying rates did not vary significantly with the coordinate positions of the trays.

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Effectiveness of some mechanical, thermal and chemical laboratory treatments on the drying rates of leaves and stem internodes of grass

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600052059 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 353-358 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

C. E. Harris ◽

R. Thaine ◽

H. I. Marjatta Sarisalo

Keyword(s):

Petroleum Ether ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Anaerobic Treatment ◽

Drying Rate ◽

Chemical Laboratory ◽

Chemical Surface ◽

Tissue Resistance ◽

Air Speed ◽

Drying Rates

SUMMARYDrying rates of stem internodes of S. 24 perennial ryegrass and S. 37 cocksfoot, some with leaf sheaths and laminae attached, were measured in controlled conditions of air speed, temperature and relative humidity after exposure for 60 sec to dry heat, steam, steam containing petroleum ether vapour, and petroleum ether vapour only. The last treatment was most effective in increasing the drying rate, but a similar effect was obtained by splitting the stem internodes longitudinally or by removing from the larger plant fragments (internodes with leaf) the leaf sheaths and laminae. Observations on leaves with a scanning electron microscope confirmed that the steam and petroleum treatments acted on the surface waxes thus reducing the cuticular resistance to water loss. The presence of internal tissue resistance was demonstrated by anaerobic treatment of ryegrass leaves and stem internodes to disrupt cell protoplasts. The ensuing increase in drying rate was clearest in stems which have a low surface area to volume ratio. The results suggest that the combination of both mechanical damage and thermal or chemical surface treatment could form the basis for more effective methods of increasing the drying rate in the field of crops cut for conservation.

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Effects of different drying rates on the physiological quality of Coffea canephora Pierre seeds

Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology ◽

10.1590/s1677-04202005000200002 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 199-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sttela Dellyzete Veiga Franco da Rosa ◽

Delacyr da Silva Brandão Júnior ◽

Édila Vilela de Resende Von Pinho ◽

André Delly Veiga ◽

Luiz Hildebrando de Castro e Silva

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Coffea Canephora ◽

Development Stage ◽

Seed Vigor ◽

Drying Rate ◽

Physiological Quality ◽

Drying Rates

Desiccation tolerance in seeds depends on the species, development stage and drying conditions, especially the water removal rate. Coffea seeds are considered of intermediate performance, because they tolerate relative dehydration compared to orthodox seeds and are sensitive to low temperatures. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of different drying rates on the viability and storability of Coffea canephora seeds. A complete randomized experimental design was used, in a factorial 3 x 5 x 2 design, with three drying rates (fast, intermediate and slow), five final mean water contents after drying (51, 42, 33, 22 and 15 %) and two storage temperatures (10 and 20°C). The germination and seed vigor assessments, using radicle protrusion, cotyledon leaf opening, seedling emergence and emergence speed index, were performed shortly after drying and after two and four months storage. It was observed that with reduction in the water content there was reduction in the germination values and seed vigor, for all the drying rates. The greatest reductions in physiological quality occurred when the seeds were dried quickly and the best results were obtained at the intermediate drying rate. There was an effect of drying rate and storage temperature on the physiological quality of the seeds, and lower germination and vigor values were observed in seeds with lower water content stored at 20°C. C. canephora seeds were tolerant to desiccation down to 15 % water content and can be stored for four months at 10°C. A temperature of 20ºC can be used to store C. canephora seeds, as long as the water content is not reduced to values below 22 % water content.

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Optimization of a Biomass Micro-Gasification Process for the Production of Synthesis Gas From Palm Shell

Volume 6A: Energy ◽

10.1115/imece2015-52119 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Luz M. Ahumada ◽

Arnaldo Verdeza ◽

Antonio J. Bula

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

High Energy ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Air Velocity ◽

Output Variable ◽

Heating Value ◽

Palm Shell ◽

Gasification Process ◽

Air Speed

This paper studied, through an experiment design, the significance of particle size, air speed and reactor arrangement for palm shell micro-gasification process in order to optimize the heating value of the syngas obtained. The range of variables was 8 to 13 mm for particle size, 0.8–1.4m/s for air velocity, and updraft or downdraft for the reactor type. It was found that the particle size and air velocity factors were the most significant in the optimization of the output variable, syngas heating value. A heating value of 2.69MJ / Nm3 was obtained using a fixed bed downdraft reactor, with a particle size of 13 mm and 1.4 m/s for air speed; verification of the optimum point of operation under these conditions verified that these operating conditions favor the production of a gas with a high energy value.

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Effects of differential drying rates on viability retention of recalcitrant seeds of Ekebergia capensis

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1017/s0960258500004438 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 463-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

N. W. Pammenter ◽

Valerie Greggains ◽

J. I. Kioko ◽

J. Wesley-Smith ◽

Patricia Berjak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Exponential Function ◽

Time Course ◽

Drying Rate ◽

Recalcitrant Seeds ◽

Tissue Water ◽

Initial Water ◽

Viability Loss ◽

Drying Rates ◽

Water Contents

AbstractThe drying rate of whole seeds of Ekebergia capensis (Meliaceae) was shown to influence the response to desiccation, with rapidly dried seeds surviving to lower water contents. Short-term rapid drying (to water contents higher than those leading to viability loss) actually increased the rate of germination. The form of the time course of decline of axis water content varied with drying rate; slow drying could be described by an exponential function, whereas with rapid drying initial water loss was faster than predicted by an exponential function. These observations suggest that slow drying brought about homogeneous dehydration and that the rapid drying was uneven across the tissue. This raised the possibility that the different responses to dehydration were a function of different distributions of water in the axis tissue under the two drying regimes. However, ultrastructural observations indicated that different deleterious processes may be occurring under the different drying treatments. It was tentatively concluded that a major cause of viability loss in slowly dried material was likely to be a consequence of aqueous-based processes leading to considerable membrane degradation. Uneven distribution of tissue water could not be rejected as a contributory cause of the survival of rapidly dried seeds to low bulk water contents. The differential response to dehydration at different drying rates implies that it is not possible to determine a ‘critical water content’ for viability loss by recalcitrant seeds.

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Karakteristik Pengeringan Kulit Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L) dengan Alat Pengering Tipe Tray Dryer untuk Pembuatan Keripik Kulit Melinjo

Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian ◽

10.17969/jimfp.v4i4.12681 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 512-521

Author(s):

Durry Munawar ◽

Dewi Sri Jayanti ◽

Raida Agustina

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Food Product ◽

Food Products ◽

Drying Rate ◽

Processed Food ◽

Airflow Velocity ◽

Drying Time ◽

The Public ◽

Gnetum Gnemon ◽

Drying Chamber

Abstrak. Pemanfaatan kulit melinjo sebagai produk makanan olahan belum banyak diketahui oleh masyarakat. Biasanya kulit melinjo tidak dimanfaatkan lagi dan dibuang begitu saja padahal kulit melinjo dapat diolah kembali menjadi beberapa produk makanan seperti keripik kulit melinjo, manisan, teh, pewarna makanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik pengeringan dan mutu dalam pembuatan keripik kulit melinjo dengan alat pengering tipe tray dryer pada suhu 35oC dan 45oC. Masing-masing suhu tersebut diulang sebanyak dua kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada suhu 35oC kelembaban udara yang diperoleh adalah 70,50% dengan lama pengeringan 390 menit (6,5 jam) dan rata-rata laju pengeringan sebesar 1,08 bk/menit, sedangkan pada suhu 45oC kelembaban udara yang diperoleh adalah 60,72% dengan lama pengeringan 300 menit (5 jam) dan rata-rata laju pengeringan sebesar 1,32 bk/menit. Kecepatan aliran udara ruang pengering pada suhu 35oC dan 45oC adalah konstan (2,4 m/s). Rata-rata kadar air awal kulit melinjo adalah 82,26% sedangkan kadar air akhir adalah 21,36%. Susut bobot pada suhu 35oC adalah 77,56% dan pada suhu 45oC adalah 77,32%. Hasil uji organoleptik terbaik adalah pada suhu 35oC dengan skor 4,28 untuk warna, 4,50 untuk aroma, 4,53 untuk rasa dan 4,40 untuk tekstur.Characteristic Melinjo Peel (Gnetum gnemon L) Drying with Tray Dryer for Making Melinjo Peel ChipsAbstract. The use of melinjo peel as a processed food product is not widely known in the public. Melinjo peel is usually no longer used and thrown away even though the peel could be reprocessed into several food products such as melinjo peel chips, confectionery, tea, and food coloring. This research aimed to determine the characteristics of drying and quality in the making of melinjo peel chips with tray dryer at 35oC and 45oC. Each temperature is repeated twice. The results showed that at a temperature of 35oC, the humidity was 70.50% with a drying time was 390 minutes (6.5 hours) and the average of drying rate was 1.08 dw/minute, meanwhile at 45oC the humidity was 60.72% with a drying time was 300 minutes (5 hours) and an average of drying rate was 1.32 dw/minute. The airflow velocity of the drying chamber at 35oC and 45oC was constant (2.4m/s). The average of initial moisture of melinjo peel was 82.26% and final moisture was 21.36%. The weight loss at 35oC was 77.56% and at 45oC was 77.32%. The best results of organoleptic test was at temperature 35oC with score 4.28 for color, 4.50 for flavor, 4.53 for taste and 4.40 for texture.

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The Influence of Stainless Steel Mesh Porous Burner on Drying Kinetics of Nile Tilapia

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.805.116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 805 ◽

pp. 116-121

Author(s):

Pathiwat Waramit ◽

Apinunt Namkhat ◽

Umphisak Teeboonma

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Heat Source ◽

Nile Tilapia ◽

Drying Kinetics ◽

Drying Rate ◽

Air Velocity ◽

Stainless Steel Mesh ◽

Steel Mesh ◽

Porous Burner ◽

Kinetics Of

This paper studied the influence of porous burner effect on drying kinetics of Nile tilapia drying using stainless steel mesh porous burner as heat source. Drying kinetics was analyzed by determination of drying rate (DR), drying specific energy consumption (SEC) and dryer thermal efficiency (). In this study, the stainless steel mesh was used as porous media with porosity of 10, 20 and 50 pore per inch (PPI), drying air velocity of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s, and drying temperature of 50, 60 and 70 °C, respectively. The results were found that the application of porous burner as heat source can improve the drying kinetics. It was found, at the porosity of 50 PPI, the drying temperature of 70 °C and the air velocity of 1.5 m/s, the moisture ratio of the drying was decreased rapidly, the highest drying rate was found to be 150 g (water evap.)/hr., the lowest drying energy consumption was found to be146.75 MJ/kg, and the thermal efficiency of the dryer was found to increase by 17.79% and the CO and NOx concentration in case of applying porous burner as heat source is lower than without porous burner.

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Conversion of Alkoxide Solutions to Oxides: Evaporation of Products

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-155-163 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 155 ◽

Author(s):

R. A. Lipeles ◽

D. J. Coleman

Keyword(s):

High Flow ◽

Drying Rate ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Long Time ◽

Drying Rates ◽

Drying Conditions ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

By Products ◽

Evaporation Kinetics ◽

Kinetics Monitoring

ABSTRACTThe evaporation of organic by-products released during drying of 1-mm thick silicon tetramethoxide gels was analyzed using gas chromatography. The evaporation kinetics of methanol depended on the drying rate achieved by flowing dry air over the gel. For drying at flow rates less than 50 cm 3/min, exponential kinetics were observed initially with a long time constant (about 100- to 400-min). For drying rates greater than 70 cm3/min, diffusional (t−1/2) kinetics were observed initially. Cracking of the gel during drying was used to indicate the degree of stress. At low drying rates, minor cracking was observed near the edges of the gel. At high flow rates, extensive cracking was observed in samples that exhibited early t−1/2 kinetics. Monitoring the kinetics of drying is essential to optimizing the drying conditions to minimize stress and cracking in gels.

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