scholarly journals The Logic of Six-Based Minor for Harmonic Analyses of Popular Music

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor de Clercq
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
Number System ◽  
Roman Numeral ◽  
Numbering Scheme ◽  
System A ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Harmonic Syntax ◽  
Chord Function ◽  
Harmonic Analyses ◽  
And Behavior

Harmonic analyses of popular music typically take the minor tonic to be Roman numeral “one.” By nature, this “one-based” approach requires a new numbering scheme when songs shift between relative key centers. Recent scholarship has argued, however, that popular music often involves ambiguity between relative tonalities, as exemplified in the “Axis” progression, if not sometimes a tonal fusion of two relative keys. I thus argue for the utility of a “six-based” approach to the minor tonic, where the minor tonic is taken to be scale-degree 6. This six-based approach, common among practitioners of popular music as seen in the Nashville number system, avoids the forced choice of a single tonic, and it thus offers a consistent way to track chord function and behavior across shifts between relative key centers. After considering these shifts in a diatonic context on the levels of both phrase and song form, I posit that popular music involves three possible tonalities, together which form a “triple-tonic complex” akin to Stephenson’s three harmonic palettes: a major system, a parallel-minor system, and a relative-minor system. I conclude by considering how chromatic chords common in a major key, such as II and ".fn_flat('')."VII, correspond to their counterparts in the relative minor, IV and ".fn_flat('')."II, thereby collapsing the landscape of diatonic modes into three modal complexes. Overall, the paper serves to reveal the logic of six-based minor—why it is useful, what issues it resolves, and what insights it can afford us about harmonic syntax in popular music.

scholarly journals Corpus Studies of Harmony in Popular Music: A Response to Gauvin

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Trevor DeClercq
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
Analytical Process ◽  
Corpus Studies ◽  
Harmonic Content ◽  
Flat Side ◽  
Harmonic Syntax ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Harmonic Analyses

This paper responds to the research presented in Gauvin’s paper on the evolution of harmonic syntax in popular music from the 1960s.  I begin by situating the findings from his second study (on flat-side harmonies) within the context of my corpus work with David Temperley on harmony in popular music.  Gauvin’s results are similar to ours, although some important differences are worth noting.  I also provide an interpretation of the results from his first study (on modulation), which Gauvin found to be inconsistent with his proposed hypothesis.  Specifically, I conjecture that modulation and harmonic palette may be in balance with one another, in that listeners may prefer songs where harmonic content is at a medium level of complexity.  Gauvin’s study also brings forth some basic issues with regard to harmonic encoding, in terms of both the subjectivity of the analytical process as well as the ease by which harmonic analyses are shared with and verified by other researchers.

scholarly journals Vera Lynn on Screen: Popular Music and the ‘People's War’

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATE GUTHRIE
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
A Site ◽  
Second World

AbstractBy the outbreak of the Second World War in Britain, critics had spent several decades negotiating the supposed distinctions between highbrow and lowbrow culture, as recent scholarship has shown. What has received comparatively little attention is how the demands of wartime living changed the stakes of the debate. This article addresses this lacuna, exploring how war invited a reassessment of the relative merits of art and popular music. Perhaps the most iconic British singer of the period, Vera Lynn provides a case study. Focusing on her first film vehicle,We'll Meet Again(1942), I explore how Lynn's character mediated the highbrow/lowbrow conflict – for example, by presenting popular music as a site of community, while disparaging art music for its minority appeal. In so doing, I argue, the film not only promoted Lynn's star persona, but also intervened in a broader debate about the value of entertainment for a nation at war.

Sanctions, Perceptions, and Crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Apel
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Situational Cues ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Criminal Opportunity ◽  
And Behavior

The interplay of sanctions, perceptions, and crime has special significance in criminology and is central to a long tradition of perceptual deterrence research as well as to more recent scholarship on crime decision-making. This article seeks to review this body of research as it pertains to three basic questions. First, are people's perceptions of punishment accurate? The evidence indicates that people are generally but imperfectly aware of punishments allowed under the law but are nevertheless sensitive to changes in enforcement, especially of behaviors that are personally relevant. Second, does potential apprehension affect people's perceived risk and behavior when faced with a criminal opportunity? A highly varied body of literature supports the conclusion that perceptions are sensitive to situational cues and that behavior is sensitive to perceived risk, but these links can be weakened when individuals are in emotionally or socially charged situations. Third, do people revise their risk perceptions in response to crime and punishment experiences? Studies of perceptual change support the contention that people systematically update their perceptions based on their own and others’ experiences with crime and punishment. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 5 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

A = 440

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick McMakin ◽  
Jennifer Snodgrass
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Number System ◽  
Academic Training ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Aural Skills ◽  
High Expectations ◽  
The Public ◽  
System A ◽  
Publishing Houses

This chapter discusses the music theory and aural skills practiced daily by an important and influential segment of the public: the session musicians, engineers, songwriters, and producers in the recording studios and publishing houses of Nashville’s Music Row. Through interviews with leading engineers and studio musicians, the chapter reveals that particular kinds of music theoretical knowledge and aural skills are valued in these contexts. Efficiency and accuracy are prized during recording sessions, and there are high expectations for the fluid and immediate application of practical knowledge and skills to writing, recording, producing, and performing music. While some in these situations have had formal, academic training in music theory, that is not true of everyone. Some terminology from academic music theory is valuable, but there is also the need for additional terminology and systems in order to develop a common language for all participants. This chapter provides detailed information about an important aspect of this common language, the Nashville Number System, a musical shorthand developed within the studios of Music Row that now has currency among musicians around the world, bringing music theory to an ever-expanding public.

Perspective and Opportunities of Modulo 2n−1 Multipliers in Residue Number System: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 2030008
Author(s):  
Raj Kumar ◽  
Ritesh Kumar Jaiswal ◽  
Ram Awadh Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Word Length ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
High Dynamic Range ◽  
Number System ◽  
Residue Number System ◽  
System A ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Residue Number ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Computational Circuits

Modulo multiplier has been attracting considerable attention as one of the essential components of residue number system (RNS)-based computational circuits. This paper contributes a comprehensive review in the design of modulo [Formula: see text] multipliers for the first time. The modulo multipliers can be implemented using ROM (look-up-table) as well as VLSI components (memoryless); however, the former is preferable for lower word-length and later for larger word-length. The modular and parallelism properties of RNS are used to improve the performance of memoryless multipliers. Moreover, a Booth-encoding algorithm is used to speed-up the multipliers. Also, an advanced modulo [Formula: see text] multiplier based on redundant RNS (RRNS) could be further chosen for very high dynamic range. These perspectives of modulo [Formula: see text] multipliers have been extensively studied for recent state-of-the-art and analyzed using Synopsis design compiler tool.

Stars to the State and Beyond: Globalization, Identity, and Asian Popular Music

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Milioto Matsue
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Global Moment ◽  
The Individual

Popular music is a dynamic portal through which to gain a greater understanding of a vast array of social phenomena within Asia. In particular, the power of pop to actively shape conceptions of self and inform the ways in which we interact with others at the individual, communal, and even national and transnational levels has taken center stage, but understanding just how these identities are formed through the performance of popular music is quite complex in the current global moment. Through comparison of recent scholarship covering diverse types of popular music throughout Asia, this article explores how identity formation is informed by an increasingly nuanced understanding of globalization. Moving from a most intimate sense to broad transnational and inter-ethnic contexts, it not only expands the concept of identity in Asia, but also reveals how the study of popular music in general can illuminate other social issues important to Asianists.

Impact of Manifold Design on Heat Exchanger Efficiency

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-362
Author(s):  
D. K. Harris ◽  
D. G. Warren ◽  
V. W. Goldschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Internal Flow ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
System A ◽  
Numerical Predictions ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

The impact of manifold design on single-phase heat exchanger effectiveness is studied using the NTU-Effectiveness method. Manifolds are devices that redistribute the internal flow stream of a heat exchanger from one to several passages. Two manifold types are identified: collector box and direct split designs. The particular application considered is that of a gas fired forced air heating system. A general enhancement analysis is performed which covers four different combinations of performance and objective criteria. Three cases involve increasing the heat exchanger effectiveness while constraining either the internal flow head loss, the internal mass flow rate, or their product. The other case involves reducing the required heat exchanger flow length while constraining the heat transfer rate. Familiar convection correlations are then incorporated into the enhancement analysis to predict general trends and behavior when the main tube is split into several smaller tubes. Analytical estimates of improved effectiveness are presented for three operating conditions of an actual heat exchanger which possesses a manifold. Experimental data acquired from the gas-to-gas heat exchanger are compared to numerical predictions of its performance without a manifold (baseline design). The analytical equations developed closely predict the improvement in heat exchanger effectiveness.

scholarly journals Plateau Loops and Hybrid Tonics in Recent Pop Music

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Duinker
Keyword(s):  
Harmonic Function ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Pop Music ◽  
Roman Numeral ◽  
Minor Chord ◽  
Strong Position

This paper investigates harmonic progressions built around two major chords and one minor chord, all related by step. In many pop/rock songs, these chords can be analyzed as Aeolian progressions—VI, VII, and i—(Moore 1992; Biamonte 2010; Richards 2017a). Recent songs by Bon Iver, The Chainsmokers, and others, however, use chord loops where the harmonies can be interpreted as IV, V, and vi, which I call the plateau loop for its plateau-like activity: a constant hovering above Roman numeral I or i tonic chords, while retaining an overall consistent pitch-based topography. I interrogate the tonality of these songs, advancing the notion of a hybrid tonic. Hybrid tonics occur when a song or song section lacks a salient Ionian or (less often) Aeolian tonic on which both the harmony and melody concur. Instead, IV or (less often) VI or vi chords can function rhetorically as tonic, especially when the chords sound simultaneously with a melodic ".fn_scaledegree(1)." and occur in a metrically strong position, or initiate a plateau loop. The paper defines plateau loops and hybrid tonics, and explains the theoretical framework that supports them, consulting work by Harrison (1994), Nobile (2016), and Doll (2017) that decouples scale degree from harmonic function. Song examples by The Chainsmokers, Bon Iver, Jónsi, Astrid S., and M83 show how hybrid tonicity operates in varying degrees of prominence in popular music, and can also be contextualized with Spicer’s (2017) theory of fragile, emergent, and absent tonics. By building on prior scholarship, this paper aims to stimulate further inquiry into how tonal structures of recent popular music subtly differentiate themselves from conventions of common-practice tonality.

scholarly journals Being an Educator in Private vs. Public School System: A Comparative Study on Job Contentment

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Guru Tej S ◽  
Dr. Priya Jindal ◽  
Dr. Francisca Tej
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Public School System ◽  
Satisfaction Level ◽  
Government School ◽  
Organizational Goals ◽  
System A ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Job Role

<div><p><em>Job satisfaction can be defined as an extent of positive feelings or attitude that individuals have towards their jobs. When a person says that he has high job satisfaction, it means that he really likes his job, feels good about it and values his job dignity. Job satisfaction is important technique used to motivate the employees to work harder. It is often said that “a happy employee is a productive employee”. </em><em>Satisfied employees work in integrity with organizational goals and their work performance falls in sync with what is being expected of them. Satisfied employees stay happy, hardworking, enthusiastic, committed and always open for new challenges. </em><em>The present study makes an effort to study the job satisfaction level among educators of selected private and government school educator in Bangalore City.The paper also investigates various factors influencing job satisfaction of educators. Based on the survey, the paper attempts to gain insights into the satisfaction level from educators of both types of schools. Some of the factors considered under this study are; current job role, job satisfaction, salary earned, recognition at work, freedom at work, accessibility to knowledge, facilities provided at work, and behavior of colleagues/coworkers. </em></p></div>

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