Holly Sims. Political Regimes, Public Policy and Economic
      Development: Agricultural Performance and Rural Change in the Two
      Punjabs. New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 1988. 206 pp.
      Rupees (Indian) 175.00. (Hardbond Edition).

The book under review is a comparative study of agricultural development in the Indian (East) and Pakistani (West) Punjab. Although the growth of agricultural output and productivity in the two Punjabs was about the same between 1950 and 1965, it became significantly higher in East Punjab than West Punjab in the period that followed, with the result that the Indian Punjab enjoyed productivity levels in 1985 which were double those of the Pakistani Punjab. As the two Punjabs offer a sort of laboratory to gauge the agro-ecological conditions as well as the language and cultural traditions, any differences in their development experience must be explained by reference to the divergent economic policies towards agriculture followed there. Sims thinks that development experiences of the two Punjabs can be attributed to a political dichotomy and the consequent role of the political leadership in the formulation of economic policies. In the case of Pakistan, the Muslim League lacked mass support in the rural areas. Its middle class forces and political institutions were weak, with a predominance of landed aristocracy and bureaucrats. As a consequence, there was hardly any zest for democratic rule. By contrast, the Congress Party, under the charismatic leadership of Nehru, enjoyed full support of the rural masses. At the national level, it was devoid oflanded interests and created a new administrative class to run government affairs.

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Perceived Role of Rural Roads in Supporting and Enhancing Rural and Agricultural Development in Mwanza Region, Tanzania

Issues in Social Science ◽

10.5296/iss.v8i1.17067 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

Mukole Kongolo

Keyword(s):

Rural Development ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Agricultural Development ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Regional Government ◽

Rural Roads ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Farm Produce

The aim of this study was to reassess the important role of rural roads in supporting and enhancing agricultural and rural development. The study covered seven districts (units) of 35,187 sq km, with a total population of 2,772,509 (2013 est) in the region. The analysis is descriptive and it is based on secondary data using tables and graphs. The emphasis was to characterise important role rural roads can play in facilitating the movements of goods and services in rural areas. The findings revealed that rural roads in the region are in poor conditions, which influenced the cost of transporting farm produce from rural to urban areas. The study concluded that improved rural roads will benefit more small farmers and individuals residing in rural areas. The regional government should be equipped with finance, personnel and equipment to manage and maintain existing rural roads to ensure effective movement of goods and services in the region. The study suggested that existing rural road conditions need improvement to enhance development in the region. Both national and regional governments should embark on various policies of upgrading and maintaining rural roads to support and accelerate rural development in Mwanza region.

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DAKWAH UNTUK PEMBERDAYAAN PEREMPUAN DALAM PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN DI PERDESAAN

Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah ◽

10.21580/jid.v38.2.3871 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 204

Author(s):

Mar’atus Sholehah

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Wage Rate ◽

Agricultural Development ◽

Skill Development ◽

Innovative Technology ◽

Male And Female ◽

Agricultural Worker ◽

Development Policies ◽

Job Opportunity

This article is aimed at the description of many thoughts and ideas of da’wa about the role and the opportunity of woman who work in agriculture and repositioning the strategy of gender within the rural agricultural development policies. The double role of women is clearly indicating the importance of the double sources of income for a household. Women potentials, either as a housewife or as an individual of agricultural worker is the important factor to determine the success of gender strategy. The empowerment is suggested through applied and innovative technology, protection of working woman, improvement of training and extension activities, enhancement of regulations, facility support, increasing wage rate, and household industry skill development. Job opportunity is suggested to balance between male and female and encourage woman to participate in various development activities. With this, the gender strategy would improve household welfare in rural areas.****Artikel ini ditujukan untuk mendeskripsikan tentang pemikiran dan gagasan dakwah berdasarkan teori tentang peran dan peluang perempuan yang bekerja di bidang pertanian dan reposisi strategi gender dalam kebijakan pembangunan pertanian pedesaan. Peran ganda perempuan jelas menunjukkan pentingnya sumber penghasilan ganda untuk sebuah rumah tangga. Potensi perempuan, baik sebagai ibu rumah tangga atau sebagai individu pekerja pertanian merupakan faktor penting untuk menentukan keberhasilan strategi gender. Pemberdayaan disarankan melalui teknologi terapan dan inovatif, perlindungan perempuan pekerja, peningkatan pelatihan dan kegiatan penyuluhan, peningkatan regulasi, dukungan fasilitas, peningkatan tingkat upah, dan pengembangan keterampilan industri rumah tangga. Kesempatan kerja disarankan untuk menyeimbangkan antara pria dan perempuan dan mendorong perempuan untuk berpartisipasi dalam berbagai kegiatan pengembangan. Dengan ini, strategi dakwah terhadap perempuan akan meningkatkan kesejahteraan rumah tangga di daerah pedesaan.

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The Role Of Women Labourer In Agricultural Development Of Karachi, Sindh

Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies ◽

10.46568/pjgs.v15i1.133 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 157-174

Author(s):

Rukhsana Rukhsana ◽

Nasreen Aslam Shah

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Development ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Raw Material ◽

Women Farmers ◽

Farm Work ◽

Agriculture Sector ◽

Role Of Women ◽

Agrarian Societies

Agriculture plays a very important role in providing food and raw material for industries that is why it is acknowledged as the back bone of agrarian societies. Globally, women contributed remarkably in the agriculture sector. Pakistani women are also playing an important role in the agricultural and economic development of the country. Although Karachi is famous around the world as a large metropolis and industrial sector, but the surrounding sub-rural areas also play a big role in the agriculture sector and women are also equal contributor of this sector. The objectives of this study to highlighted the role of women labourer in agricultural development of Karachi. The researcher used purposive sampling method to collect data through interview schedule from 200 women agricultural labourer of sub-urban Karachi. The findings of the study highlights that these women work equal as men but earn less. They work eight to nine hours daily in the farm but get only100-120 rupees per day. They do not spend their income as their own choice. In addition, they work to increase their daily livelihood along farm work. The study concludes that introduction of new technical courses and training for agriculture and market requirements would help women farmers to improve their income and financial status.

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COUNTRYSIDE IN THE AREA OF INFLUENCE OF THE KYIV METROPOLIS (STRENGTHENING OF AGRO-FOOD FUNCTION IN THE CONDITIONS OF SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS)

Ukrainian geographical journal ◽

10.15407/ugz2021.03.012 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 12-18

Author(s):

L.H. Rudenko ◽

◽

V.P. Nahirna ◽

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Development ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Agricultural System ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Market Conditions ◽

Social Transformations ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Area Of Influence

The research examines the changes that have taken place in rural areas in the area of influence of the Kyiv metropolis. Based on a comparative analysis of agricultural development (under the command-administrative system of management and the current state of the industry in market conditions) revealed the peculiarities of the formation and trends of changes in the agri-food function of suburban rural areas. At one time, a suburban agro-industrial complex was formed around the city of Kyiv in order to meet the needs of the urban population in low-transport products - meat and dairy products, vegetables and fruits. As a result, the agri-food function of the suburban area has strengthened. Subsequently, under the influence of changes in the agricultural system, the intensification of exports, preference was given to high-intensity agriculture, the production of export-oriented crops ‒ cereals, sunflower, canola, soybeans, corn. Production of products for the needs of the metropolis (vegetables, cereals, potatoes, fruits and berries) has significantly decreased, the role of the agri-food function of suburban rural areas has decreased. As a result of the research the directions of strengthening of agro-food function in the conditions of social transformations are offered. The main ones are: application of new approaches to the food supply of the metropolis with an emphasis on strengthening the role of suburban rural areas; change in the structure and specialization of agriculture; a significant increase in the level of industrial processing of agricultural raw materials; improvement of the marketing sphere taking into account market conditions, consumer demands; restricting the activities of agricultural holdings, increasing the role of farms; transition from soil-depleting agriculture to conservation, rational use of land resources, introduction of energy-saving technologies.

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Rural tourism as a factor of new social and economic formation development in countryside

Vestnik of Kazan state agrarin university ◽

10.12737/6488 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 17-21

Author(s):

Вашуров ◽

Mikhail Vashurov

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Economy ◽

Agricultural Development ◽

Rural Tourism ◽

Current Status ◽

Economic Policies ◽

Progressive Development ◽

Russian Agriculture ◽

The Republic ◽

Economic Formation

The article describes the main factors, that characterize the current status of Russian agriculture. The most obvious problems and negative trends of rural social and economic policy are distinguished on the basis of current statistics. We emphasizes the need for new mechanisms of effective use of the resource potential of rural areas, one of which may be a rural tourism. A comparative analysis of foreign and Russian agritouristic practice was carried out. The potential and key problem areas development of this type of tourism is demonstrated on the example of the research objects of rural tourism in Tatarstan. Guiding by the Republic of Tatarstan, which is one of the agricultural regions of the country, a study of a number of rural tourism objects were conducted, the results of which reveal the contents of the key factors, hindering the formation agritouristic activity and allocate the necessary conditions for the full and progressive development of this type of tourism in Russia. The final part of the article emphasizes the fact, that the agricultural development of the tourism sector, as one of the most practical tools to overcome the crisis in the rural economy, is possible only if the inclusion of rural tourism as an integral component of the state of social and economic policies for sustainable development of rural areas.

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Tinjauan Konseptual Mikro-Makro Daya Saing dan Strategi Pembangunan Pertanian

Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.21082/fae.v28n1.2010.1-18 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

NFN Saptana

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Development ◽

National Level ◽

Fiscal Policies ◽

Economic Policies ◽

Competitive Advantages ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Crop Selection ◽

National Competitiveness ◽

High Transaction Cost

English Policy makers and economists are interested in competitiveness concept and try to implement in the economic development. Competitiveness has several perspectives, i.e. economic perspective, business, and politic. Competitivess could also be reviewed in a micro perspective (company level) and macro perspective (national level). This paper examines the competitiveness concept in terms of micro and macro perspectives. The micro perspective would be useful in agricultural development, especially in crop selection and in endeavor to change comparative to competitive advantages. The macro perspective should be useful to improve national competitiveness trough various fiscal policies of real sector. The study revealed that several agricultural commodities have competitive and comparative advantages, but the competitiveness susceptible to external fluctuation. The changes from comparative to competitive advantage require government intervention to control market distortion and to reduce the high transaction cost economy. Meanwhile, the changes from competitiveness at company level to competitiveness at national level need an integrated macro economic policies and micro economic activities. Indonesian Pakar ekonomi dan pengambil kebijakan telah memberikan perhatian besar terhadap konsep daya saing dan mencoba mengoperasionalkan dalam pembangunan ekonomi. Konsep daya saing dimaknai dari berbagai perspektif, antara lain perspektif ekonomi, bisnis, dan politik (kebijakan). Di samping itu, ada yang memaknai dalam perspektif mikro (perusahaan) dan perspektif makro (nasional). Tulisan ini berusaha mengkaji konsep daya saing dalam perspektif ekonomi baik mikro maupun makro. Kajian dari perspektif mikro diharapkan berguna dalam pembangunan pertanian terutama untuk menentukan pilihan komoditas dan upaya mewujudkan keunggulan komperatif menjadi keunggulan kompetitif. Sementara itu, dari kajian dalam perspektif makro diharapkan berguna membangun daya saing nasional melalui berbagai kebijakan makro terutama melalui kebijakan fiskal di sektor riil. Secara mikro beberapa komoditas pertanian Indonesia mempunyai keunggulan komparatif dan kompetitif, namun keunggulan yang dimiliki rentan terhadap gejolak eksternal. Untuk mewujudkan keunggulan komparatif menjadi keunggulan kompetitif diperlukan adanya kebijakan pemerintah yang ditujukan untuk menghilangkan adanya distorsi pasar dan menekan tingginya biaya transaksi. Sementara itu, untuk mewujudkan daya saing di tingkat mikro (perusahaan) menjadi daya saing di tingkat makro (nasional) diperlukan adanya keterpaduan antara kebijakan makro dan kegiatan ekonomi mikro.

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Do agri-food market incentives improve food security and nutrition indicators? a microsimulation evaluation for Kenya

Food Security ◽

10.1007/s12571-021-01215-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

María Priscila Ramos ◽

Estefanía Custodio ◽

Sofía Jiménez ◽

Alfredo J. Mainar-Causapé ◽

Pierre Boulanger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Market Access ◽

National Level ◽

Economic Policies ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Household Level ◽

Poor Households ◽

Per Capita ◽

Food Security And Nutrition ◽

Nutrition Sensitive

AbstractThe sustainable development goal #2 aims at ending hunger and malnutrition by 2030. Given the numbers of food insecure and malnourished people on the rise, the heterogeneity of nutritional statuses and needs, and the even worse context of COVID-19 pandemic, this has become an urgent challenge for food-related policies. This paper provides a comprehensive microsimulation approach to evaluate economic policies on food access, sufficiency (energy) and adequacy (protein, fat, carbohydrate) at household level. The improvement in market access conditions in Kenya is simulated as an application case of this method, using original insights from households’ surveys and biochemical and nutritional information by food item. Simulation’s results suggest that improving market access increases food purchasing power overall the country, with a pro-poor impact in rural areas. The daily energy consumption per capita and macronutrients intakes per capita increase at the national level, being the households with at least one stunted child under 5 years old, and poor households living areas outside Mombasa and Nairobi, those which benefit the most. The developed method and its Kenya's application contribute to the discussion on how to evaluate nutrition-sensitive policies, and how to cover most households suffering food insecurity and nutrition deficiencies in any given country.

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Role of radio in agricultural advisory service in western region of Cameroon

International Journal of Agricultural Extension ◽

10.33687/ijae.007.03.2300 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 197-206

Author(s):

Fongang F. Guillaume ◽

Feujeo K. Giselle ◽

Melachio N. Martial

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Development ◽

Agricultural Extension ◽

Text Messages ◽

Western Region ◽

Radio Stations ◽

Advisory Service ◽

Miscellaneous Information ◽

Indispensable Tool

The objective of this article is to analyze the contribution of radios in agricultural advisory services and agricultural extension in the Western region of Cameroon. The study is focused on 3 of the 8 divisions of the region, those having around 70% of the radios of the region were particularly investigated, and it is about Menoua, Mifi and Bamboutos Divisions. With the help of structured questionnaires and interview guides, surveys were conducted with 13 radio broadcasters, 17 agricultural advisory agents and extension workers and 35 farmers' organization managers. The findings show that the region has 24 radio stations, divided into 3 main categories: public (12.5%), private (41.66%), and community (45.83) radio stations. The emergence of these radio stations had several reasons, amongst which the main are: the need to promote the activities of the rural areas (85%), inform, sensitize and advice the farmers (15%). Radio broadcasters are predominantly male (85%) having completed higher education (85%). They are made up of trained journalists (54%); on-the-job facilitators (31%) and agricultural technicians (15%). The content of the proposed programs cover training (50%), the raising of awareness (18%), advertisement (17%) and miscellaneous information (8%) on agricultural development and practices. The programs involved two categories of actors: farmers whose interaction with the radio is either by call (47%), text messages (7%), or by listening (46%); then the agricultural advisory agent for whom it is a flexible and indispensable tool for the execution of their various activities. Despite some infrastructural and logistical difficulties being encountered, the radio has effectively contributed to the improvement of agricultural activities in the region

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House of Traditional Leaders: Role, problems and future

Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad ◽

10.17159/1727-3781/2000/v3i1a2883 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 92

Author(s):

Willemien Du Plessis ◽

T E Scheepers

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

National Level ◽

Future Role ◽

Traditional Leaders ◽

The Poor ◽

Traditional Institutions ◽

The Republic

A national House of Traditional Leaders and provincial Houses of Traditional Leaders have been established in terms of Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993. The role of Traditional leaders at provincial and national level in the National House of Traditional Leaders and the Provincial Houses of Traditional Leaders has not yet been clearly defined in South Africa.The National and Provincial Houses of Traditional Leaders experience various problems that hamper their functioning. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the significant role of the National House of Traditional Leaders and the Provincial Houses of Traditional Leaders as Constitutional institutions at national and provincial levels and to make proposals regarding their future role and functioning.It can be expected of Constitutional institutions to function properly and effectively. That is, however, not the case with the National House and the various provincial Houses of Traditional Leaders. In the rural areas are the poorest of the poor. This is a result not only of the former apartheid policy but also of a lack of interest by former governments to invest in rural areas. Attention and investment were focused mostly on the development of urban areas. People in rural areas had no voice. It should be ensured that their comments on legislation are for example taken seriously and are not discarded as a mere formality.The 1996 Constitution gives them this voice, but for the intended institutions to function properly, they must be effective.In this article a brief overview of the recognition of traditional institutions in the 1993 and 1996 Constitutions is given, whereafter the National House and Provinical Houses of Traditional Leaders are discussed with regard to their composition, role and the problems they experience in order to make recommendations with regard to their problems and future role.

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AGRICULTURE AS A POSSIBLE WAY FOR SUSTAINABLE DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT IN BULGARIA

CBU International Conference Proceedings ◽

10.12955/cbup.v7.1380 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Zornitsa Stoyanova ◽

Hristina Harizanova-Bartos

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Development ◽

New Technologies ◽

High Standard ◽

Access To Education ◽

Cluster Policy ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Scientific Project ◽

The Given

Agriculture is an important sector of Bulgarian economy and is a trigger for the development of rural areas. The analysis of district development takes into account the importance of European cohesion policy and national support for the achievement of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. The main aim of this study is to reveal the place and the role of Bulgarian agriculture in rural development. Based on the clusterization on a district level we defined 3 clusters. The first one – “economically poor - ecologically stable” has the highest probability for agricultural development and ability to transform into a well-developed agrarian cluster and to develop environmentally friendly activities and tourism. The second cluster –” economic developed” has potential for good prospects for the realization of the population, development of the diverse sectors, access to education and a high standard of living. The third cluster called “transitional - towards good economic development and ecologically unstable” has potential for the development of activities, including agrarian and use of new technologies to contribute to GDP per capita growth. The given policy recommendations are directed into the development of the three clusters. In the first cluster, policy makers should direct efforts to overcome the economic problems by transformation into a well-developed agrarian cluster. Cluster 2 is well developed and the policy should be directed at increasing the economic capacity of the studied areas. Cluster 3 is a transitional one and there the policy makers should try to develop a multifunctional way of transformation to sustainable territory for living. The results are part of the scientific project DN 15/8 2017 Sustainable multifunctional rural areas: reconsidering agricultural models and systems with increased demands and limited resources funded by the Bulgarian research fund.

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