scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Socio-economic Inequality: Evidence from Inequality Maps of a Village in Tribal Region of Pakistan

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (4I-II) ◽  
pp. 793-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ejaz Gul ◽  
Imran Sharif Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Constant State ◽  
The Government ◽  
Tribal Region ◽  
Tribal Areas

Economic and social inequality is consistently persisting in tribal region of Pakistan. People in the tribal region of Pakistan are living in deprived state whereby they lack even basic necessities in their lives. As described by Gul, the tribal areas are different than the rural areas because tribal areas are located in far flung mountainous terrain where accessibility to basic amenities is much lower than the rural areas [Gul (2013)]. In recent times, the Government of Pakistan initiated many efforts for provision of basic amenities in tribal areas as an essential component of development in the context of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, according to John the desired state is yet to be achieved in tribal areas [John (2009)]. Tribal life is characterised by hardship and great insecurity especially for poor labour. Given the income vulnerabilities, the long run welfare is forgone for short run securities. Interruption, reduction or loss of earnings from the contingencies such as unemployment, underemployment, low wages, low prices and failure to find the market for the produce, old age, ill-health, sickness, disability etc. are the situations which call for social security and protection. As concluded by Talbot, this constant state of deprivation has generated deep rooted inequalities in the tribal society [Talbot (1998)]. People take rescue measures such as sending their earners to urban areas and if possible to foreign countries. Those who have lands and doing agriculture are the blessed one, although, the earning pattern is distorted due to law and order situation. To have an assessment of the overall economic inequality in the tribal region, author conducted a study in a small village Naryab which is located in the tribal region. Primary data was collected from the households physically and it was thoroughly analysed to conclude the pattern of inequality. This inequality was then mapped using latest mapping software “SURFER”.

scholarly journals WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PARADIGM SHIFT

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Solanki
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
News Article ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Women Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Government ◽  
Observation Method

Purpose of the study: This study focuses on the opportunities, issues, challenges, and government policies for women entrepreneurship in India and the suggested solutions to overcome the problems which women facing while pursuing their business. Methodology: The research design is Exploratory cum Descriptive for the topic ‘Women Entrepreneurship’. This study is based on primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected by observation method and for secondary data, various journals, governmental reports, news article, online articles, magazines were been studied. The observation has been made in institutions, rural areas, urban areas, and public places. Main Findings: 20% of women residing in rural areas were found not confident for entrepreneurship because of their illiteracy in business. Fear of failure, lack of family support, lack of finance and family responsibilities were found as major reasons for lack of entrepreneurship among women. 40% of women rated 10 out of 10 for the happiness index after being an entrepreneur. Self-satisfaction, happiness, fulfillment, accomplishment, and serving the society with employment, value is also achievement for women entrepreneurship. Applications of this study: This study will be helpful for the students for knowing the demography of entrepreneurship. It will also help the public and especially women to avail various benefits which the government has made available to them.The findings can also define the gap between the launch of benefits and availing the same by women so that corrective actions can be taken. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study will help the reader about the present status of women entrepreneurship in India and also the comparison of women Entrepreneurship sine past years. The study will also make the reader aware of the ranking of India worldwide in terms of Women Entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals Poverty, Income Inequality, and Growth in Pakistan: A Pooled Regression Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Raza Cheema ◽  
Maqbool H. Sial
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Absolute Magnitude ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government

This study estimates a set of fixed effects/random effects models to ascertain the long-run relationships between poverty, income inequality, and growth using pooled data from eight household income and expenditure surveys conducted between 1992/93 and 2007/08 in Pakistan. The results show that growth and inequality play significant roles in affecting poverty, and that the effect of the former is substantially larger than that of the latter. Furthermore, growth has a significant positive impact on inequality. The results also show that the absolute magnitude of net growth elasticity of poverty is smaller than that of gross growth elasticity of poverty, suggesting that some of the growth effect on poverty is offset by the rise in inequality. The analysis at a regional level shows that both the gross and net growth elasticity of poverty are higher in rural areas than in urban areas, whereas the inequality elasticity of poverty is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. At a policy level, we recommend that, in order to reduce poverty, the government should implement policies focusing on growth as well as adopting strategies geared toward improving income distribution.

scholarly journals Understanding Women’s Aspirations: A Study in Three Indian States

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-91
Author(s):  
Gitanjali Chaturvedi ◽  
Garima Sahai
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Happy Life ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
The Government ◽  
Tribal Areas

This study provides an insight to the aspirations of women and girls in three states in India. This study is a product of primary research, based on focus group discussions and interviews, that highlights the voices of women in remote rural districts as well as tribal areas where women want jobs, security, savings, education and a happy life. Women in peri-urban areas are more confident of realizing their aspirations than those in rural areas. Younger women are more aspirational, and thus they are less willing to do manual labour. They aspire for white-collar jobs with the government and the security that the jobs provide. As girls get more educated, it is important to match their skills with the labour market, ensure safe and reliable transport and public spaces so that they can achieve their aspirations. Big hurdles to achieving their dreams are the mindsets at home—notably that of parents, husbands and in-laws—that continue to determine how far they will be educated and whether they will have jobs and careers.

scholarly journals Analisis Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Pada Industri Batu Bata di Kecamatan Seputih Mataram Kabupaten Lampung Tengah

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
Benny Prayudi ◽  
Ida Budiarty ◽  
Irma Febriana MK
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Government Guarantee ◽  
Capital Growth ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Government

One of the efforts in job creation is to carry out development in the industrial sector. The industrial sector is theoretically believed to be the leading sector in the economy. The growth and development of the industrial sector mean more extensive opportunities to absorb labor. More labor absorption occurs in urban areas compared to rural areas. The difficulty of finding employment, lack of expertise, and low levels of education are reasons some villagers work in the brick industry. This type of production is more common in rural areas, given that one of the industrial raw materials, clay, is more easily obtained in rural areas. This study was conducted to determine the effect of wage variables, capital prices, and output levels on employment in the brick industry in the Seputih District of Mataram. The data used is sourced from primary data. Primary data was obtained by distributing questionnaires to brick entrepreneurs in the Seputih District of Mataram, Central Lampung Regency. Estimation results show these variables partially or jointly affect the absorption of labor by 88.75 percent. The effect of working capital growth on the growth of the intake of workers shows the highest coefficient. Thus a government guarantee is needed to increase working capital in the brick management business if the government wants to increase employment expansion.

scholarly journals Financial inclusion and women participation in gainful employment: an empirical analysis of Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Musa Abdullahi Sakanko
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Gainful Employment ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
Women Participation

The paper examines the effect of financial inclusion on women participation in gainful employment in Nigeria for the period 1980 – 2018, employing the ARDL method. Both in the short run, and long-run the results obtained indicated a positive relationship between financial inclusion and women participation in gainful employment. Thus, the paper recommends that the government should ensure that the barriers to financial inclusion is reduced or removed. This will increase women participation in economic activities, since measures regarding financial inclusion is adjudged as convenient, safety and prompt. Measures that will enhance private deposit and expansion of more commercials banks branch in rural areas to enhance women’s access to financial services which discourage the use of informal financial services should be encouraged.

Migration and US agricultural competitiveness

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Farm Workers ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Guest Workers ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Lower Wage ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

Agriculture has one of the highest shares of foreign-born and unauthorized workers among US industries; over three-fourths of hired farm workers were born abroad, usually in Mexico, and over half of all farm workers are unauthorized. Farm employers are among the few to openly acknowledge their dependence on migrant and unauthorized workers, and they oppose efforts to reduce unauthorized migration unless the government legalizes currently illegal farm workers or provides easy access to legal guest workers. The effects of migrants on agricultural competitiveness are mixed. On the one hand, wages held down by migrants keep labour-intensive commodities competitive in the short run, but the fact that most labour-intensive commodities are shipped long distances means that long-run US competitiveness may be eroded as US farmers have fewer incentives to develop labour-saving and productivity-improving methods of farming and production in lower-wage countries expands.

Impact of Elected Women Representatives of Panchayati Raj in Physical and Financial and Business Assets Development of Rural Women: A Study among the Rural Women’s of Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu[1]

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalaichelvi Sivaraman ◽  
Rengasamy Stalin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Panchayati Raj

This research paper is the part of Research Project entitled “Impact of Elected Women Representatives in the Life and Livelihood of the Women in Rural Areas: With Special Reference to Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu” funded by University of Madras under UGC-UPE Scheme.The 73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution of India were made by the government to strengthen the position of women and to create a local-level legal foundation for direct democracy for women in both rural and urban areas. The representation for women in local bodies through reservation policies amendment in Constitution of India has stimulated the political participation of women in rural areas. However, when it’s comes to the argument of whether the women reservation in Panchayati Raj helps or benefits to the life and livelihood development of women as a group? The answer is hypothetical because the studies related to the impact of women representatives of Panchayati Raj in the life and livelihood development of women was very less. Therefore, to fill the gap in existing literature, the present study was conducted among the rural women of Tiruvannamalai district to assess the impact of elected women representatives in the physical and financial and business development of the women in rural areas. The findings revealed that during the last five years because of the women representation in their village Panjayati Raj, the Physical Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (55.8%) and Highly (23.4%) and the Financial and Business Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (60.4%) and Highly (18.7%).

scholarly journals Determinants of Insurance Penetration in West African Countries: A Panel Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Odunayo Olarewaju ◽  
Thabiso Msomi
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
West African ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Auto Regressive ◽  
Insurance Penetration ◽  
The Government

This study analyses the long- and short-term dynamics of the determinants of insurance penetration for the period 1999Q1 to 2019Q4 in 15 West African countries. The panel auto regressive distributed lag model was used on the quarterly data gathered. A cointegrating and short-run momentous connection was discovered between insurance penetration along with the independent variables, which were education, productivity, dependency, inflation and income. The error correction term’s significance and negative sign demonstrate that all variables are heading towards long-run equilibrium at a moderate speed of 56.4%. This further affirms that education, productivity, dependency, inflation and income determine insurance penetration in West Africa in the long run. In addition, the short-run causality revealed that all the pairs of regressors could jointly cause insurance penetration. The findings of this study recommend that the economy-wide policies by the government and the regulators of insurance markets in these economies should be informed by these significant factors. The restructuring of the education sector to ensure finance-related modules cut across every faculty in the higher education sector is also recommended. Furthermore, Bancassurance is also recommended to boost the easy penetration of the insurance sector using the relationship with the banking sector as a pathway.

scholarly journals Do Erratic Rainfalls Hamper Grain Production? Analysis of Supply Response of Rice to Price and Non-Price Factors

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1463
Author(s):  
Ghulam Mustafa ◽  
Azhar Abbas ◽  
Bader Alhafi Alotaibi ◽  
Fahd O. Aldosri
Keyword(s):  
Unit Root Test ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Supply Response ◽  
Target Time ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Increasing rice production has become one of the ultimate goals for South Asian countries. The yield and area under rice production are also facing threats due to the consequences of climate change such as erratic rainfall and seasonal variation. Thus, the main aim of this work was to find out the supply response of rice in Malaysia in relation to both price and non-price factors. To achieve this target, time series analysis was conducted on data from 1970 to 2014 using cointegration, unit root test, and the vector error correction model. The results showed that the planted area and rainfall have a significant effect on rice production; however, the magnitude of the impact of rainfall is less conspicuous for off-season (season 2) rice as compared to main-season rice (season 1). The speed of adjustment from short-run to long-run for season-1 rice production is almost two-and-a-half years (five production seasons), while for season-2 production, it is only about one-and-a-half year (three production seasons). Consequently, the study findings imply the supply of water to be enhanced through better water infrastructure for both seasons. Moreover, the area under season 2 is continuously declining to the point where the government has to make sure that farmers are able to cultivate the same area for rice production by providing uninterrupted supply of critical inputs, particularly water, seed and fertilizers.

scholarly journals Rural–Urban Disparities in Access to Improved Sanitation in Indonesia: A Decomposition Approach

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110299
Author(s):  
Sri Irianti ◽  
Puguh Prasetyoputra
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
The Government

One of the targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is Target 6.2, aims to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation. The Government of Indonesia targets universal access to improved sanitation in 2019. However, almost two out of five households in Indonesia are without access to improved sanitation. Moreover, access to improved sanitation is lower in rural areas than that in urban areas. Studies examining the drivers of the disparity in Indonesia are also limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the characteristics associated with the rural–urban disparity in access to improved sanitation facilities among households in Indonesia. We employed data from the 2016 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) comprising 290,848 households. The analysis was twofold. First, we fitted multivariate probit regression models using average marginal effects as the measure of association. We then conducted a detailed non-linear decomposition of the rural–urban disparity attributable to all the explanatory variables. The multivariate regression analysis suggested that households living in rural areas were 11.35% (95% confidence interval = [10.97, 11.72]) less likely to have access to improved sanitation facilities than those residing in urban areas. The decomposition analysis suggested that 48.78% are attributable to spatial, demographic, housing, and socio-economic factors, which meant that almost half of the inequalities could be reduced by equalizing these factors. The results provide a decomposition of factors amenable to curtail urban–rural inequalities. Hence, equity-oriented approaches to increasing access to improved sanitation should be prioritized to achieve universal access in 2030 in line with SDG Target 6.2.

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