scholarly journals Import Licensing and Import Liberalization in Pakistan

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip S. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Planning ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Relative Prices ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Government

Import policy has played a particularly important role in Pakistan's economic planning. The amount and allocation of imported machinery and raw materials have directly affected the nature and pace of both industrial and agricultural development. The composition of imports has had a very significant effect on internal relative prices, which, in turn, essentially determine the allocation of investment in the private sector. Finally, imports have provided both the government (in the form of tariffs) and the private sector (in the form of profits) access to potential savings, which to a large extent have been converted into investment during the last decade. While import policy should not be viewed completely in isolation, it is sufficiently important to merit careful and intensive study. Over the past several years, substantial research has been carried out on two aspects of Pakistan's import policy: the description and analysis of the institu¬tional arrangements; and the development of reasonably accurate statistics. In terms of institutional arrangements, three contributions are especially worthy of mention. Naqvi [22] has presented a detailed description of the import licensing system, indicating the agencies involved and the major problems faced by them,

scholarly journals CONSTRUCTION RIPPLE PHENOMENON AND THE RISE OF ‘GENERIC BUILDINGS’ IN YOGYAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Trias Mahendarto
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Unique Characteristic ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City ◽  
Economic Modernization ◽  
Urban Characteristics

Abstract: Starting from the past decade, Indonesia is growing rapidly in the construction of infrastructures that are being fully supported by the government in order to reach the goal of becoming one of the leading countries in the future. Such development created the construction ripple phenomenon that was instigated by the private sector to fill the construction voids left by the rapid development of infrastructure, and it pressurizes cities to grow or change in order to coup with the infrastructure advancements. This phenomenon has affected the cities in Indonesia, even those that are not considered as the planned centers of developments, such as Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta is experiencing the effects of the ripple in the form of the rising number of generic buildings that are spreading fast around the city. This will, in turn, dictate the future of Yogyakarta’s ever-evolving Genius Loci. This research will see how much the construction ripple phenomenon has affected the city of Yogyakarta by conducting surveys on the generic buildings that have been built or in the planning stage of construction. A thorough analysis will be then made, also by conducting literature studies, to conclude the ways and steps to try maintaining Yogyakarta’s unique characteristic as a city in the ever-growing pressure of economic modernization that is currently spreading throughout Indonesia. If these steps are being done correctly, then Yogyakarta can become one of the examples of how cities in Indonesia coup with the construction ripple phenomenon without can losing its unique urban characteristics. Keywords: construction ripple phenomenon, Yogyakarta, Generic buildings, Genius LociAbstrak: Semenjak decade terakhir, Indonesia sedang mengalami perkembangan signifikan di bidang pembangunan infrastuktur yang didukung penuh oleh Pemerintah agar dapat mengejar target untuk menjadi salah satu negara maju di masa depan. Perkembangan tersebut memunculkan fenomena ‘construction ripple’, yang didorong oleh sektor swasta untuk mengisi kekosongan pembangunan karena pemerintah hanya berkonsentrasi pada pembangunan infrastuktur, dan hal tersebut menekan kota-kota untuk berkembang atau berubah. Fenomena ini telah terjadi di berbagai kota di Indonesia, bahkan di kota yang tidak menjadi pusat perkembangan infrastuktur, seperti kota Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta sedang mengalami efek dari fenomena ini dalam bentuk munculnya bangunan generik yang tersebar luas di seluruh kota. Perkembangan ini akan mempengaruhi masa depan Genius Loci kota Yogyakarta, yang terus berevolusi. Penelitian ini melihat sejauh mana bangunan generik mempengaruhi kota Yogyakarta, melalui survey bangunan generik yang terbangun atau sedang dalam proses pembangunan. Analisis mendalam dilakukan, dengan disertai studi literatur, untuk melihat cara menjaga keunikan kota Yogyakarta terhadap tekanan pembangunan yang terus terjadi. Diharapkan kota Yogyakarta menjadi contoh kota-kota di Indonesia menerima efek fenomena ‘construction ripple’ tanpa kehilangan kekhasan.Kata kunci: construction ripple phenomenon, Yogyakarta, bangunan generik, Genius Loci

scholarly journals L’ouverture sur le marché africain

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-129
Author(s):  
Linda Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
International Development ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
Manufactured Exports ◽  
Trade And Investment

While in the past, Canada has earned a fairly liberal reputation as it developed political relations with African countries, the trend for the 1980s has been to concentrate on promoting trade and investment. In particular, the interest in expanding markets for Canadian manufactured exports has led to the co-ordination of the Export Development Corporation (EDC) and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) to encourage and support the private sector. As a result, exports to Africa have tripled in the past five years and North Africa (especially Algeria) is becoming a region of major importance for Canadian exporter s. Although in the past the Canadian government has been ambiguous about its approach to promoting trade and investment in white-ruled Southern Africa, it has strengthened its inclination to leave the private sector alone, regardless of the support which Canadian companies are giving to the apartheid system. The before, in the 1980s, Canada's relations with Africa are being increasingly governed by economic imperatives as the government attempts to come to grips with the problems emerging from the economic recession.

scholarly journals Aggregate Trends in Four Main Agricultural Regions in Egypt, 1964–1979

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi S. Esfahani
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
Relative Prices ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Government ◽  
Egyptian Government ◽  
Agricultural Regions

In the past two decades, the rate of growth of agricultural output in Egypt has been quite low and, in particular, has fallen behind the country's population growth rate. Most observers seem to agree that despite certain natural constraints, such as limitation of arable land, the sector's performance could have been much better if the Egyptian government had chosen to pursue more supportive policies toward agriculture. There is, however, much less agreement over the specific policies that have been most responsible for the sector's past stagnation. Several recent studies have emphasized the role of price policies, pointing out that the government has taxed agriculture heavily by keeping the relative prices of most major crops quite low. Others, on the other hand, have held the government's investment policies responsible, arguing that the sector's resources have remained undeveloped because of insufficient public investment in research, extension, and infrastructure. While the debate over the relative importance of these sets of policies has generated a number of valuable contributions to the understanding of Egyptian agriculture, the past analyses of the sector's production system have not sufficed to settle the differences. One of the main problems is that, so far, most studies have concentrated on outputs and prices of individual crops and have thus failed to provide comprehensive analyses of the sector as a whole.

scholarly journals Evaluation of vitamins/tonics prescribing pattern in tertiary care teaching hospital and private sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 733
Author(s):  
V. K. Bhardwaj ◽  
Navin Budania ◽  
Naveen Kumar ◽  
Arka Mondal ◽  
Suman Lata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Prescribing Pattern ◽  
Significant Percentage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Government Sector ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Times

Background: Rational use of drugs had been great concern by the government as well as public during the past several years. Monitoring of prescriptions studies could identify the associated problems and provide feedback to the prescribers, so as to create awareness about the irrational use of drugs. This study was conducted to evaluate the prescribing pattern of Vitamins/Tonics in government sector and private sector.Methods: This prospective study was designed to obtain statistical data on the prescribing pattern of Vitamins/tonics in patients of S.V.B.P. Hospital Meerut and other associated hospital/ clinics. The total study sample size was of 614 prescriptions. Out of these 439 prescriptions were from government sector, 175 prescriptions from private sectors.Results: Percentages of prescription with Vitamins/ Tonics were 35.76 and 48.57 in government and private sectors respectively and these differences are statistically significant. Percentage of drug prescribed as Vitamins/ Tonics of the total drugs was 8.68 and 10.19, in government and private sector respectively and these differences are statistically not significant. Vitamins/ Tonics were the most frequently prescribed drugs 16.52% and 17.14% in obs./ Gynae in both the sectors respectively, and least number of Vitamins/ Tonics 1.06% and 3.2% were prescribed in cardiology in both the sectors.Conclusions: The study indicates a big scope for enhancing the prescribing pattern of Vitamins/Tonics and minimizing the use of irrational Vitamins/Tonics, due to the fact most of the times it’s not needed, and it only put financial burden on Patients.

scholarly journals Pelestarian Warisan Budaya Bahari: Daya Tarik Kapal Tradisional Sebagai Kapal Wisata

KALPATARU ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Roby Ardiwidjaja
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
International Commerce ◽  
Marine Tourism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Maritime Culture ◽  
The Government ◽  
Development Approach

Abstract. Indonesia, where 75% of its territory is covered by the sea, held a significant role both in local and international commerce in the past. Various historical evidences, shipwrecks, as well as the influence and the similarity of maritime culture with other countries reveal that Indonesian people held major role in global maritime culture at the time. However, the maritime culture and life nowadays slowly recedes due to economical factors, limited raw materials, and lack of technology. This paper aims to provide solutions for the problems through the alteration of traditional wooden boat into traditional cruise. The approach used in this research is sustainable development approach through the concept of marine tourism which focuses in making use of traditional boats for both native villagers and tourists to visit the natural and cultural attractions of marine people living in coastal areas and small islands. Hopefully, this article can inspire to support the government repositioning Indonesia maritime area as one of the global maritime axis, in addition to strengthen the efforts to preserve the maritime cultural heritage.Abstrak. Wilayah Indonesia memiliki luas wilayah kurang lebih 75% berupa laut, memiliki peran penting dalam arus lalu-lintas perdagangan lokal maupun antar negara di masa lalu. Adanya berbagai bukti sejarah, kapal tenggelam, serta pengaruh atau kesamaan budaya bahari dengan negara lain, menunjukkan bahwa bangsa Indonesia adalah bangsa bahari yang hidup di wilayah perairan sebagai poros pelayaran internasional kala itu. Permasalahannya adalah kehidupan akar budaya bahari masyarakat sekarang ini, yang salah satunya berupa aktivitas pelayaran kapal tradisional sebagai bukti budaya bahari, secara perlahan tapi pasti mulai menghilang akibat faktor ekonomi, bahan baku, dan teknologi. Tulisan ini bertujuan memberikan alternatif pemecahan masalah pelestarian budaya bahari bangsa melalui pemanfaatan potensi kapal kayu tradisional sebagai kapal wisata tradisional (traditional cruise). Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan pembangunan berkelanjutan melalui konsep pariwisata bahari dengan fokus pada pemanfaatan kapal tradisional yang tidak saja memberi kemudahan angkutan masyarakat antar pulau, tetapi juga kemudahan kepada wisatawan untuk mengunjungi keanekaragaman alam dan kehidupan keseharian akar budaya bahari masyarakat di kawasan pesisir dan pulau-pulau kecil. Diharapkan tulisan ini dapat menjadi inspirasi dalam mendukung pemerintah memposisikan kembali wilayah perairan Indonesia sebagai poros pelayaran internasional (poros maritim dunia), sekaligus memperkuat upaya pelestarian budaya bahari bangsa.

scholarly journals CONSTRUCTION RIPPLE PHENOMENON AND THE RISE OF ‘GENERIC BUILDINGS’ IN YOGYAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurnal Arsitektur Komposisi
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Unique Characteristic ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City ◽  
Economic Modernization ◽  
Urban Characteristics

Starting from the past decade, Indonesia is growing rapidly in the construction of infrastructures that are being fully supported by the government in order to reach the goal of becoming one of the leading countries in the future. Such development created the construction ripple phenomenon that was instigated by the private sector to fill the construction voids left by the rapid development of infrastructure, and it pressurizes cities to grow or change in order to coup with the infrastructure advancements. This phenomenon has affected the cities in Indonesia, even those that are not considered as the planned centers of developments, such as Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta is experiencing the effects of the ripple in the form of the rising number of generic buildings that are spreading fast around the city. This will, in turn, dictate the future of Yogyakarta’s ever-evolving Genius Loci. This research will see how much the construction ripple phenomenon has affected the city of Yogyakarta by conducting surveys on the generic buildings that have been built or in the planning stage of construction. A thorough analysis will be then made, also by conducting literature studies, to conclude the ways and steps to try maintaining Yogyakarta’s unique characteristic as a city in the ever-growing pressure of economic modernization that is currently spreading throughout Indonesia. If these steps are being done correctly, then Yogyakarta can become one of the examples of how cities in Indonesia coup with the construction ripple phenomenon without can losing its unique urban characteristics.

NTC and Ncell: Telecommunication and Strategies

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhruba Kumar Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
General Public ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Telecommunication Service ◽  
Global System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
The Government ◽  
Present Case Study

Over the last decade, with the liberalization policies of the Government of Nepal, telecommunication business has significantly leaped and become easily available to the general public at affordable prices when private sector started to challenge government monopoly. Currently, Nepal Telecommunication (NTC) and Ncell are the two dominant players in the telecom space in Nepal. While NTC provides all type of the phone services, Ncell has been exclusively focusing on providing Global System for Mobile (GSM) mobile lines. Over the past few years, Ncell, with its aggressive marketing and better services, has been chipping away at NTC’s market share. While NTC continues to lead in terms of number of total subscribers, Ncell recently overtook NTC to become the leading provider of GSM mobile lines in the country. Based on this, the present case study of two dominant telecommunication service providers of Nepal highlights the current scenario and attempts to explore the possible strategies to manage them effectively.

scholarly journals The AmbuPod Project: Learnings of a Government-Certified, Telemedicine-Enabled, Rural Healthcare Startup in India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lavanian Dorairaj
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Support System ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Rural Healthcare ◽  
The Past ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Government ◽  
Start Ups

The Government of India (GoI), during the past 8 years, has been encouraging and supporting start-ups with various schemes, for the purpose of wealth creation, improving economic growth, and employment. There is also a growing support system in India, in the private sector, for funding, mentorship, and techno-commercial support for telemedicine-enabled start-up projects. In practice however, there are many critical decisions that need to be taken and pitfalls to be avoided, for start-ups to achieve success, as envisaged by the GoI. Objective: This paper shares the challenges encountered so as to help upcoming healthcare start-up’s navigate this route skilfully, avoiding pitfalls. Results: The results of 4 years of work (Jan 2016 to Mar 2020) and the present status are discussed and the learnings drawn from the AmbuPod Project (on-going) summarized. Conclusion: Telemedicine supported Rural Healthcare Start-Up projects have a good business potential in India, provided challenges are planned for, addressed, and resolved.

Social costs of dollarisation will be high in Cuba

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
Content Type ◽  
State Sector ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Government ◽  
Turn Over

Significance The economy, however, is in dire straits. Widespread shortages of everyday supplies are reminiscent of the crisis that followed collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s. Economic policy likewise has echoes of the past, with the government pursuing partial re-dollarisation. Impacts With dollarisation likely to spread to more sectors of the economy, the CUC faces a gradual demise. Parts of the private sector catering to domestic demand, such as transport, might benefit from relaxed regulations. The crisis might drive the state to turn over more services to the non-state sector.

Egypt may struggle to balance interests on rail reform

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ticket Price ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fuel Subsidies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Private Investors

Significance Over the past two years, the government has been planning an overhaul of its decrepit and dangerous railway network through investment and plans for public-private partnerships. Since February’s crash, in particular, officials have spoken of the urgency of implementing these measures. Impacts Concessions on planned new railway lines will be much more appealing for private investors. Large ticket price rises would likely generate popular discontent. The involvement of the private sector could streamline investments in construction and tourism. Successful improvement of the railways would reduce car usage, and thus fuel subsidies.

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