Analysis of bacterial growth parttern in bioprocessing of polyhydroxyalkanoates from waste oil by Pseudomonas oleovorans

Pseudomonas oleovorans NCIMB 6576 and Ralstonia eutropha NCIMB 10442 were used for the production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from industrial waste cooking oils, the bacteria were cultured on tryptone soya broth (TSB) and Tryptone soya agar (TSA). The growth pattern of the bacteria, serial dilution and viable counting was done using the Miles and Misra method, 0.5ml (500 µl) of the sample was transferred aseptically into test tubes filled with 4.5ml ringer solution (1/4 strength) resulting in a ten-fold dilution, the growth curve of the cultures of P. oleovorans NCIMB6576 grown on TSB with and without PS oil sample shows error bars in the graph for each point depicting the standard error of the mean. The initial viable count ranges between 6.37 log10 cfu/ml and 5.1 log10 cfu/ml. The viable count reached its peak after 30 hours giving approximately 9.7 log10 cfu/ml for P. oleovorans NCIMB6576 with PS oil and 9.24 log10 cfu/ml after 30 hours as well without the oil, showing that maximum cell count was attained at the same time. The growth curves of P. oleovorans NCIMB6576 grown on TSB with and without the oil sample TS, where the errors bars depicts the standard errors of the means on each point. The initial viable count at the start of the experiments shows that for P. oleovorans NCIMB6576 grown with the oil, there was an initial viable count of 6.1 log10 cfu/ml as compared to 5.1 log10 cfu/ml without the oil respectively. It was observe that the time at which maximum cell counts was attained is slightly longer when the oil was not used as a carbon source (30 hours) as compared to the oil control (27 hours). A decline in cell count is also noticeable after 30 hours until it reaches its minimum value of 9.4 log.10 cfu/ml after 48 hours in the experiment involving the oil sample TS.

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Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), bioprocessing using waste oil

GSC Advanced Research and Reviews ◽

10.30574/gscarr.2021.9.1.0205 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 157-163

Author(s):

Luka Yelwa Barde ◽

Husseini Adamu

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Ralstonia Eutropha ◽

Pseudomonas Oleovorans ◽

Waste Oil ◽

Tryptone Soya Broth ◽

Sem Images ◽

Tryptone Soya Agar ◽

Waste Cooking Oils ◽

Cooking Oils ◽

Surface Morphologies

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A quantitative evaluation of some factors affecting the non-fatty solids of cow's milk

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900010086 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 19-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

W. H. Alexander ◽

F. B. Leech

Keyword(s):

Cell Count ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

High Cell ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Stage Of Lactation ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Satisfactory Analysis ◽

The Difference ◽

Image Position

SummaryTen farms in the county of Durham took part in a field study of the effects of feeding and of udder disease on the level of non-fatty solids (s.n.f.) in milk. Statistical analysis of the resulting data showed that age, pregnancy, season of the year, and total cell count affected the percentage of s.n.f. and that these effects were additive and independent of each other. No effect associated with nutritional changes could be demonstrated.The principal effects of the factors, each one freed from effects of other factors, were as follows:Herds in which s.n.f. had been consistently low over a period of years were compared with herds in which s.n.f. had been satisfactory. Analysis of the data showed that about 70% of the difference in s.n.f. between these groups could be accounted for by differences in age of cow, stage of lactation, cell count and breed.There was some evidence of a residual effect following clinical mastitis that could not be accounted for by residual high cell counts.The within-cow regression of s.n.f. on log cell count calculated from the Durham data and from van Rensburg's data was on both occasions negative.The implications of these findings are discussed, particularly in relation to advisory work.

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Frequency of Cytomegalovirus Viral Load in Iranian Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Infected Patients with CD4+ Counts <100 Cells/mm3

Intervirology ◽

10.1159/000514385 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Mohammad Reza Jabbari ◽

Hoorieh Soleimanjahi ◽

Somayeh Shatizadeh Malekshahi ◽

Mohammad Gholami ◽

Leila Sadeghi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Viral Load ◽

Cell Count ◽

Previous History ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Cd4 Cell Count ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Cd4 Cell ◽

Hiv 1

Objectives: The aim of present work was to assess cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patients with a CD4+ count <100 cells/mm3 and to explore whether CMV DNA loads correlate with CD4+ cell counts or associated retinitis. Methods: This study was conducted at the AIDS research center in Iran on HIV-1-infected patients with CD4+ count <100 cells/mm3, antiretroviral therapy-naive, aged ≥18 years with no previous history of CMV end-organ disease (CMV-EOD). Results: Thirty-nine of 82 patients (47.56%) had detectable CMV viral load ranging from 66 to 485,500 IU/mL. CMV viral load in patients with retinitis ranges from 352 to 2,720 IU/mL, and it was undetectable in 2 patients. No significant associations between CMV viremia and CD4+ cell count was found (p value = 0.31), whereas significant association of CMV viremia in HIV-infected patients with retinitis was found (p < 0.02). Conclusions: We estimated the frequency of CMV viral load infection in Iranian HIV-1-infected patients with a CD4+ cell count <100 mm3/mL in the largest national referral center for HIV-1 infection in Iran. Further research is required on the relevance of CMV viral load in diagnostic and prognostic value of CMV-EOD.

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CD19 Cell Count at Baseline Predicts B Cell Repopulation at 6 and 12 Months in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Ocrelizumab

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18158163 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (15) ◽

pp. 8163

Author(s):

Gianmarco Abbadessa ◽

Giuseppina Miele ◽

Paola Cavalla ◽

Paola Valentino ◽

Girolama Alessandra Marfia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

B Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Considerable Proportion ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Time Scheduling ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽

Multiple Sclerosis Patients ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Cell Repopulation

Background: The kinetics of B cell repopulation in MS patients treated with Ocrelizumab is highly variable, suggesting that a fixed dosage and time scheduling might be not optimal. We aimed to investigate whether B cell repopulation kinetics influences clinical and radiological outcomes and whether circulating immune asset at baseline affects B cell repopulation kinetics. Methods: 218 MS patients treated with Ocrelizumab were included. Every six months we collected data on clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity and lymphocyte subsets at baseline. According to B cell counts at six and twelve months, we identified two groups of patients, those with fast repopulation rate (FR) and those with slow repopulation rate (SR). Results: A significant reduction in clinical and radiological activity was found. One hundred fifty-five patients had complete data and received at least three treatment cycles (twelve-month follow-up). After six months, the FR patients were 41/155 (26.45%) and 10/41 (29.27%) remained non-depleted after twelve months. FR patients showed a significantly higher percentage of active MRI scan at twelve months (17.39% vs. 2.53%; p = 0,008). Furthermore, FR patients had a higher baseline B cell count compared to patients with an SR (p = 0.02 and p = 0.002, at the six- and twelve-month follow-ups, respectively). Conclusion: A considerable proportion of MS patients did not achieve a complete CD19 cell depletion and these patients had a higher baseline CD19 cell count. These findings, together with the higher MRI activity found in FR patients, suggest that the Ocrelizumab dosage could be tailored depending on CD19 cell counts at baseline in order to achieve complete disease control in all patients.

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Lymphocyte subset analysis to evaluate the prognosis of HIV-negative patients with pneumocystis pneumonia

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06124-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fan Jin ◽

Jing Xie ◽

Huan-ling Wang

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Lymphocyte Subsets ◽

Nk Cell ◽

Cd8 T Cell ◽

Pneumocystis Pneumonia ◽

Lymphocyte Subset ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Hiv Negative

Abstract Objectives We analysed the peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients infected with pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) to determine the relationships between the levels of different types of lymphocytes and the prognosis of patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed HIV-negative patients with PCP diagnosed in our department. All the eligible patients underwent lymphocyte subset analysis on admission. Results A total of 88 HIV-negative PCP patients were enrolled in the study. In univariate analyses, low CD4+ T cell count, low CD8+ T cell count, and low natural killer cell (NK cell) count were associated with higher in-hospital mortality. CD8+ T cell count ≤300/μL was found to be an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in multivariate logistical regression analysis (p = 0.015, OR = 11.526, 95% CI = 1.597–83.158). Although low CD4+ T cell and NK cell counts were not independent risk factors, the mortality rates of PCP patients decreased as the CD4+ T cell and NK cell counts increased. Conclusion The immune process of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection is complex but important. We propose that lymphocyte subsets could give clinicians a better understanding of patient immune status, helping with the early identification of potentially lethal infections and treatment decision making, such as adjusting the immunosuppressive regimen and choosing an appropriate patient monitoring level.

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The Graphical Representation of Cell Count Representation; a New Procedure for the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infections

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10040346 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 346

Author(s):

Bernd Fink ◽

Marius Hoyka ◽

Elke Weissbarth ◽

Philipp Schuster ◽

Irina Berger

Keyword(s):

Cell Count ◽

Graphical Representation ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Cell Counting ◽

Wear Particles ◽

Type Iv ◽

Joint Infections ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Matrix Assessment ◽

Wbc Count

Aim: This study was designed to answer the question whether a graphical representation increase the diagnostic value of automated leucocyte counting of the synovial fluid in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI). Material and methods: Synovial aspirates from 322 patients (162 women, 160 men) with revisions of 192 total knee and 130 hip arthroplasties were analysed with microbiological cultivation, determination of cell counts and assay of the biomarker alpha-defensin (170 cases). In addition, microbiological and histological analysis of the periprosthetic tissue obtained during the revision surgery was carried out using the ICM classification and the histological classification of Morawietz and Krenn. The synovial aspirates were additionally analysed to produce dot plot representations (LMNE matrices) of the cells and particles in the aspirates using the hematology analyser ABX Pentra XL 80. Results: 112 patients (34.8%) had an infection according to the ICM criteria. When analysing the graphical LMNE matrices from synovia cell counting, four types could be differentiated: the type “wear particles” (I) in 28.3%, the type “infection” (II) in 24.8%, the “combined” type (III) in 15.5% and “indeterminate” type (IV) in 31.4%. There was a significant correlation between the graphical LMNE-types and the histological types of Morawietz and Krenn (p < 0.001 and Cramer test V value of 0.529). The addition of the LMNE-Matrix assessment increased the diagnostic value of the cell count and the cut-off value of the WBC count could be set lower by adding the LMNE-Matrix to the diagnostic procedure. Conclusion: The graphical representation of the cell count analysis of synovial aspirates is a new and helpful method for differentiating between real periprosthetic infections with an increased leukocyte count and false positive data resulting from wear particles. This new approach helps to increase the diagnostic value of cell count analysis in the diagnosis of PJI.

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The Effects of Acupuncture on White Cell Counts

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1142/s0192415x7400050x ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 02 (04) ◽

pp. 383-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marjorie L. Brown ◽

George A. Ulett ◽

John A. Stern

Keyword(s):

Cell Count ◽

White Cell Count ◽

Needle Insertion ◽

White Cell ◽

Acupuncture Points ◽

Blood Cell Count ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

Stimulation Of ◽

Site Stimulation

The anticipation of acupuncture, simple insertion of needles or the electrical stimulation of needles at both classical acupuncture points and "false" points, all produce an increase in white blood cell count. Electrostimulation produced the greatest, expectation of needle insertion the least, increase in white cell count. Though needles remain to place, the white cell count returns to basal level within one hour. Preliminary data on peripheral skin temperature as affected by stimulation of acupuncture points and non-points, suggests a higher temperature on the side of stimulation. For acupuncture site stimulation, the temperature differential appears to be more persistent than is true when non-sites are stimulated. Subjects reported needle insertion at acupuncture points as less painful than at non-points. Feelings of numbness were produced by stimulation of both classical and false acupuncture points.

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Automated flagging influences the inconsistency and bias of band cell and atypical lymphocyte morphological differentials

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm.2004.066 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Wim van der Meer ◽

Colin Stephen Scott ◽

MarinusH. de Keijzer

Keyword(s):

Blood Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Atypical Lymphocyte ◽

Blood Cell Count ◽

Observer Bias ◽

Reporting Practices ◽

The Third ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Left Shift

AbstractThis study evaluated inter- and intra-observer variabilities of band cell and atypical lymphocyte differentials and the influence of instrument flagging information on resulting microscopic differentials. Five stained slides with a range of band cell counts and five with variable numbers of atypical lymphocytes were sent for morphological review by 30 technicians. No supplementary full blood cell count information was provided. Two months later, the same slides were sent, together with their corresponding analyzer reports comprising the full blood cell count, automated differentials and flags, to the same technicians. The first and second appraisals of band cells and variant lymphocytes both showed poor levels of inter-observer consistency. Observed values for all slides were very wide and suggested a high inherent predisposition to erroneous reporting practices. Analysis of category trends showed that analyzer left shift or immature granulocytes flags had no influence on observer band cell assessments as downward vs. upward category revisions were evenly balanced. The findings for atypical lymphocytes were, however, somewhat different. Two slides with no flags both showed balanced category revisions, whereas two of the three slides with atypical lymphocyte flags showed clear evidence of upward category revision. The third slide with an atypical lymphocyte flag did not show any overall category trend, but six of the seven observers who in the first examination recorded atypical lymphocyte estimates of ≤30% revised their estimates upward when the slides were examined the second time. These results suggest that morphologist access to an analyzer report and flagging information is unlikely to affect the “randomness” of band cell determinations but it may induce observer bias in variant lymphocyte estimates.

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PIMATM point-of-care testing for CD4 counts in predicting antiretroviral initiation in HIV-infected individuals in KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine ◽

10.4102/sajhivmed.v17i1.444 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mandisa Skhosana ◽

Shabashini Reddy ◽

Tarylee Reddy ◽

Siphelele Ntoyanto ◽

Elizabeth Spooner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Cell Count ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Kwazulu Natal ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

Introduction: Limited information is available on the usefulness of the PIMATM analyser in predicting antiretroviral treatment eligibility and outcome in a primary healthcare clinic setting in disadvantaged communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Materials and methods: The study was conducted under the eThekwini Health Unit, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. Comparison of the enumeration of CD4+ T-cells in 268 patients using the PIMATM analyser and the predicate National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) was undertaken during January to July 2013. Bland-Altman analysis to calculate bias and limits of agreement, precision and levels of clinical misclassification at various CD4+ T-cell count thresholds was performed.Results: There was high precision of the PIMATM control bead cartridges with low and normal CD4+ T-cell counts using three different PIMATM analysers (%CV < 5). Under World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines (≤ 500 cells/mm3), the sensitivity of the PIMATM analyser was 94%, specificity 78% and positive predictive value (PPV) 95%. There were 24 (9%) misclassifications, of which 13 were false-negative in whom the mean bias was 149 CD4+ T-cells/mm3. Most (87%) patients returned for their CD4 test result but only 67% (110/164) of those eligible (≤ 350 cells/mm3) were initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with a time to treatment of 49 days (interquartile range [IQR], 42–64 days).Conclusion: There was adequate agreement between PIMATM analyser and predicate NHLS CD4+ T-cell count enumeration (≤ 500 cells/mm3) in adult HIV-positive individuals. The high PPV, sensitivity and acceptable specificity of the PIMATM analyser technology lend it as a reliable tool in predicting eligibility and rapid linkage to care in ART programmes.Keywords: HIV; Point of Care; PIMATM CD4+ T cell counts; antiretroviral therapy; prediction/eligibility; South Africa

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The correlation of tuberculosis smear results and immuno-suppression with CD4+ counts as a surrogate marker among HIV infected patients.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1060928/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kingsley Kamvuma ◽

Yusuf ademola ◽

Warren Chanda ◽

Christopher Newton Phiri ◽

Sam Bezza Phiri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Count ◽

Surrogate Marker ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Sputum Smear ◽

Cd4 Cell Count ◽

Cd4 Counts ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Cd4 Cell Counts ◽

Study Participants ◽

Cd4 Cell

Abstract Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and M.tuberculosis are two intracellular pathogens that interact at the cellular, clinical and population levels. Since the recognition of AIDS in 1981, the number of reported cases of TB in the has increased substantially, especially in regions with high incidence of AIDS. The main aim of this study was to establish weather there is a relationship between sputum smear positives and low CD4 cell counts among HIV infected patients.Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study involving 473 participants. The patients recruited in this study were those who tested HIV positive and smear positive for TB. Their HIV status was determined by performing an HIV blood test, if they were HIV positive their CD4 cell count were then made.Results: This study examined the relation between smear positivity and low CD4 (below 200cells/µl) together with CD8 and CD3 markers as a measure of immune function among patients infected with HIV. The study participants’ constituted males 67% and females 33%. The overall mean age was 33.2 (SD 6.9) with the youngest and oldest participants being 18 and 60 respectively. It was found that smear positive results negatively (r=-0.13; p=0.021) correlated with CD4+ below 200 cells/µl. No correlation was observed between smear positives and CD8+ or CD3+ since the calculated correlation coefficient was not significant 0.007 (p=0.9) and 0.03 (p=0.6) respectively. There are more 3+ smear results below 200 cells/µl than the others while above 200 cells/µl 1+ was the most commonly reported smear result. The scanty smear positives were the least commonly reported result in the low and high CD4 counts. Conclusion: The smear positive result negatively correlated with a low CD4+ (r=-0.13; p=0.021) but no correlation with low CD+8 and CD+3 results was observed. The long held theory that low bacillary counts in patients with low CD4+ counts needs to be revisited. The reduction of CD4+ cell count parallels' that of the total lymphocyte count and is more marked in patients with high bacillary counts. Further, studies are required to confirm these findings

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