scholarly journals Biochar effects in the growing and control of biotic and abiotic stress in Astrophytum myriostigma and Astrophytum capricorne

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-194
Author(s):  
Domenico Prisa
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Control ◽  
Weight Number

Research goal: Based on the information found in the literature on biochar, its ability to improve the quality and yield of productions and to influence soil microflora. In this work, studies were carried out at different concentrations in pots to assess whether the addition of this material to the growing medium can influence the growth and control of biotic and abiotic stresses on Astrophytum myriostigma and Astrophytum capricorne. Materials and Methods: The experiments, started in June 2020, were conducted in the greenhouses of CREA-OF in Pescia (PT), Tuscany, Italy (43°54′N 10°41′E). The experimental groups were: i) group control, irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized; ii) group with biochar 5%, irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized; iii) group with biochar 10%, irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized; iv) group with biochar 15%, irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized; On June 30, 2021, plant height and circumference, number and length of thorns, vegetative weight, root weight, number of fruits, fruit weight, number of flowers, flower life, plants dead from cold stress, plants dead from Rhizoctonia solani. Results and Discussion: The test showed a significant increase in the agronomic parameters analyzed in biochar-treated plants on Astrophytum myriostigma and Astrophytum capricorne. The test also showed an improvement in plant quality in terms of increased number of thorns, fruits, flowers and increased resistance to cold stress and the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. The trial also showed that an increase in substrate biochar content of 10%-15% improved plant growth performance compared to lower 5% contents. Conclusions: The experimentation carried out at CREA-OF in Pescia showed how the application of biochar to the cultivation substrate of Astrophytum myriostigma and Astrophytum capricorne can significantly improve the quality and the resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses of the plants. As in other experiments in the literature, the application of this soil conditioner also resulted in positive effects in the control of pathogenic fungi, particularly Rhizoctonia solani. This effect was probably mediated by the presence of microorganisms in the biochar that, in addition to having an effect on plant stimulation, may have a fundamental role in their biocontrol activity of substrate pathogens. Interesting results have also been the increase in the number of thorns, flowers and fruit duration and resistance to cold stress in plants grown with biochar.

Description of new high yielding forage Avena Sativa L. cultivar ‘Super Green Oats’

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Imtiaz Akram Khan Niazi
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Fodder Yield ◽  
Advanced Line ◽  
Check Variety ◽  
Coefficient Of Regression

Oat [Avena sativa (L.)] cultivar “Super Green Oats” was developed through conventional breeding methods by the Fodder Research Institute, Sargodha, and released as general cultivar in 2020. Commercial cultivar is an advanced line of “FRI-03” which is derived from cross of parental accessions (No. 668 × No. 632) and subsequent selections in various segregating populations (F2 - F6), through pedigree methods having uniformity > 99%. Cultivar had 9% and 15% forage yield advantage over commercial check “Sargodha-Oat 2011” during 2014 and 2015 station trials while it gave 9% higher fodder yield during 2016-17 during zonal trials over commercial check.. It is green, tall, multi-tillering, with slight later in maturing cultivar and produce light brown seed. It has many desirable forage quality traits, including high palatability (82%), protein content (10%) and had resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. It flower about 10 days later than standard check variety. Moreover, it has higher stability (coefficient of regression bi = 1.06) calculated over 3 environments for 2 years. Its robust yield combine with high palatability and high protein contents than standard check and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress show that Super Green Oat will be highly useful cultivars in both irrigated and arid region of Punjab Province. Moreover, the cultivar will be potential parent for the development of new pedigrees for the genetic improvement of oat germplasm.

scholarly journals Heat Shock Proteins: Dynamic Biomolecules to Counter Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5321 ◽  
Author(s):  
ul Haq ◽  
Khan ◽  
Ali ◽  
Khattak ◽  
Gai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Proteins ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Shock Proteins

Due to the present scenario of climate change, plants have to evolve strategies to survive and perform under a plethora of biotic and abiotic stresses, which restrict plant productivity. Maintenance of plant protein functional conformation and preventing non-native proteins from aggregation, which leads to metabolic disruption, are of prime importance. Plant heat shock proteins (HSPs), as chaperones, play a pivotal role in conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Moreover, HSP also enhances membrane stability and detoxifies the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by positively regulating the antioxidant enzymes system. Additionally, it uses ROS as a signal to molecules to induce HSP production. HSP also enhances plant immunity by the accumulation and stability of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins under various biotic stresses. Thus, to unravel the entire plant defense system, the role of HSPs are discussed with a special focus on plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses, which will be helpful in the development of stress tolerance in plant crops.

scholarly journals Effects of silicon in plants with particular reference to horticultural crops - Review article

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Bat-Erdene ◽  
A. Szegő ◽  
M. Gyöngyik ◽  
I. Mirmazloum ◽  
I. Papp
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Induced Tolerance

Silicon (Si) has long been considered as non-essential element for plant’s growth and production. Numerous efforts are being made for the discovery of its beneficial effects with large scale studies laying foundation for new findings and hypotheses. Therefore, Si has been suggested to be a quasi-essential element due to its positive effects against biotic and abiotic stresses alike. Though Si is the second most abundant element in the soil profile, its availability to plants is limited to the form of monosilicic acid only. Besides, plants’ ability to take-up Si and use it in their physiological processes also depends on the available transporters associated with it. Thus, the present review covers uptake and transport of silicon in plants as well as Si mediated physiological processes, including mechanisms underlying induced tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses with a particular emphasis on horticultural species.

scholarly journals Characterization, Expression, and Functional Analysis of a Novel NAC Gene Associated with Resistance to Verticillium Wilt and Abiotic Stress in Cotton

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 3951-3961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weina Wang ◽  
Youlu Yuan ◽  
Can Yang ◽  
Shuaipeng Geng ◽  
Quan Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Homologous Sequence ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Enhanced Resistance

Abstract Elucidating the mechanism of resistance to biotic and abiotic stress is of great importance in cotton. In this study, a gene containing the NAC domain, designated GbNAC1, was identified from Gossypium barbadense L. Homologous sequence alignment indicated that GbNAC1 belongs to the TERN subgroup. GbNAC1 protein localized to the cell nucleus. GbNAC1 was expressed in roots, stems, and leaves, and was especially highly expressed in vascular bundles. Functional analysis showed that cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt was reduced when the GbNAC1 gene was silenced using the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method. GbNAC1-overexpressing Arabidopsis showed enhanced resistance to Verticillium dahliae compared to wild-type. Thus, GbNAC1 is involved in the positive regulation of resistance to Verticillium wilt. In addition, analysis of GbNAC1-overexpressing Arabidopsis under different stress treatments indicated that it is involved in plant growth, development, and response to various abiotic stresses (ABA, mannitol, and NaCl). This suggests that GbNAC1 plays an important role in resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses in cotton. This study provides a foundation for further study of the function of NAC genes in cotton and other plants.

scholarly journals Signal Integration by Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 (CDK8) Module and Other Mediator Subunits in Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Leelyn Chong ◽  
Xiaoning Shi ◽  
Yingfang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Signal Integration ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Plant Transcriptome

Environmental stresses have driven plants to develop various mechanisms to acclimate in adverse conditions. Extensive studies have demonstrated that a significant reprogramming occurs in the plant transcriptome in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The highly conserved and large multi-subunit transcriptional co-activator of eukaryotes, known as the Mediator, has been reported to play a substantial role in the regulation of important genes that help plants respond to environmental perturbances. CDK8 module is a relatively new component of the Mediator complex that has been shown to contribute to plants’ defense, development, and stress responses. Previous studies reported that CDK8 module predominantly acts as a transcriptional repressor in eukaryotic cells by reversibly associating with core Mediator. However, growing evidence has demonstrated that depending on the type of biotic and abiotic stress, the CDK8 module may perform a contrasting regulatory role. This review will summarize the current knowledge of CDK8 module as well as other previously documented Mediator subunits in plant cell signaling under stress conditions.

scholarly journals A Meta-Analysis Reveals Opposite Effects of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses on Transcript Levels of Arabidopsis Intracellular Immune Receptor Genes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leiyun Yang ◽  
Zhixue Wang ◽  
Jian Hua
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stress ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Immune Receptor ◽  
Biotic Stress Responses

Plant intracellular immune receptor NLR (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat) proteins sense the presence of pathogens and trigger strong and robust immune responses. NLR genes are known to be tightly controlled at the protein level, but little is known about their dynamics at the transcript level. In this study, we presented a meta-analysis of transcript dynamics of all 207 NLR genes in the Col-0 accession of Arabidopsis thaliana under various biotic and abiotic stresses based on 88 publicly available RNA sequencing datasets from 27 independent studies. We find that about two thirds of the NLR genes are generally induced by pathogens, immune elicitors, or salicylic acid (SA), suggesting that transcriptional induction of NLR genes might be an important mechanism in plant immunity regulation. By contrast, NLR genes induced by biotic stresses are often repressed by abscisic acid, high temperature and drought, suggesting that transcriptional regulation of NLR genes might be important for interaction between abiotic and biotic stress responses. In addition, pathogen-induced expression of some NLR genes are dependent on SA induction. Interestingly, a small group of NLR genes are repressed under certain biotic stress treatments, suggesting an unconventional function of this group of NLRs. This meta-analysis thus reveals the transcript dynamics of NLR genes under biotic and abiotic stress conditions and suggests a contribution of NLR transcript regulation to plant immunity as well as interactions between abiotic and biotic stress responses.

scholarly journals The Threat of the Combined Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Stress Factors in Forestry Under a Changing Climate

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demissew Tesfaye Teshome ◽  
Godfrey Elijah Zharare ◽  
Sanushka Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Combined Stresses

Plants encounter several biotic and abiotic stresses, usually in combination. This results in major economic losses in agriculture and forestry every year. Climate change aggravates the adverse effects of combined stresses and increases such losses. Trees suffer even more from the recurrence of biotic and abiotic stress combinations owing to their long lifecycle. Despite the effort to study the damage from individual stress factors, less attention has been given to the effect of the complex interactions between multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we assess the importance, impact, and mitigation strategies of climate change driven interactions between biotic and abiotic stresses in forestry. The ecological and economic importance of biotic and abiotic stresses under different combinations is highlighted by their contribution to the decline of the global forest area through their direct and indirect roles in forest loss and to the decline of biodiversity resulting from local extinction of endangered species of trees, emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds, and reduction in the productivity and quality of forest products and services. The abiotic stress factors such as high temperature and drought increase forest disease and insect pest outbreaks, decrease the growth of trees, and cause tree mortality. Reports of massive tree mortality events caused by “hotter droughts” are increasing all over the world, affecting several genera of trees including some of the most important genera in plantation forests, such as Pine, Poplar, and Eucalyptus. While the biotic stress factors such as insect pests, pathogens, and parasitic plants have been reported to be associated with many of these mortality events, a considerable number of the reports have not taken into account the contribution of such biotic factors. The available mitigation strategies also tend to undermine the interactive effect under combined stresses. Thus, this discussion centers on mitigation strategies based on research and innovation, which build on models previously used to curb individual stresses.

scholarly journals Balancing trade-offs between biotic and abiotic stress responses through leaf age-dependent variation in stress hormone cross-talk

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 2364-2373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias L. Berens ◽  
Katarzyna W. Wolinska ◽  
Stijn Spaepen ◽  
Jörg Ziegler ◽  
Tatsuya Nobori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Age Dependent

In nature, plants must respond to multiple stresses simultaneously, which likely demands cross-talk between stress-response pathways to minimize fitness costs. Here we provide genetic evidence that biotic and abiotic stress responses are differentially prioritized inArabidopsis thalianaleaves of different ages to maintain growth and reproduction under combined biotic and abiotic stresses. Abiotic stresses, such as high salinity and drought, blunted immune responses in older rosette leaves through the phytohormone abscisic acid signaling, whereas this antagonistic effect was blocked in younger rosette leaves byPBS3, a signaling component of the defense phytohormone salicylic acid. Plants lackingPBS3exhibited enhanced abiotic stress tolerance at the cost of decreased fitness under combined biotic and abiotic stresses. Together with this role,PBS3is also indispensable for the establishment of salt stress- and leaf age-dependent phyllosphere bacterial communities. Collectively, our work reveals a mechanism that balances trade-offs upon conflicting stresses at the organism level and identifies a genetic intersection among plant immunity, leaf microbiota, and abiotic stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Flavonoids in Agriculture: Chemistry and Roles in, Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses, and Microbial Associations

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ateeq Shah ◽  
Donald L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Environmental Extremes ◽  
Microbial Associations ◽  
Biosynthetic Machinery

The current world of climate change, global warming and a constantly changing environment have made life very stressful for living entities, which has driven the evolution of biochemical processes to cope with stressed environmental and ecological conditions. As climate change conditions continue to develop, we anticipate more frequent occurrences of abiotic stresses such as drought, high temperature and salinity. Living plants, which are sessile beings, are more exposed to environmental extremes. However, plants are equipped with biosynthetic machinery operating to supply thousands of bio-compounds required for maintaining internal homeostasis. In addition to chemical coordination within a plant, these compounds have the potential to assist plants in tolerating, resisting and escaping biotic and abiotic stresses generated by the external environment. Among certain biosynthates, flavonoids are an important example of these stress mitigators. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites and biostimulants; they play a key role in plant growth by inducing resistance against certain biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the function of flavonoids as signal compounds to communicate with rhizosphere microbes is indispensable. In this review, the significance of flavonoids as biostimulants, stress mitigators, mediators of allelopathy and signaling compounds is discussed. The chemical nature and biosynthetic pathway of flavonoid production are also highlighted.

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