scholarly journals Identità nazionale e lingua: politica linguistica e pianificazione linguistica nell'Ucraina sovietica interbellica

Author(s):  
Laura Orazi

The article highlights the importance of the interwar period for the development of the Ukrainian language in contemporary Ukraine. It briefly summarizes the main trends in language policy in the 1920s and 1930s, then focuses on the approach to the activity of language planning in the so-called Ukrainization period (1925-1932). It is stressed that the relationship between language and nation, and language and identity, influenced by the German model of nation, is crucial not only to understanding the normalization activity in the 1920s, but also for contemporary developments in the fields of language policy and language implementation.

Author(s):  
Mahmood Abdullah Al-Mahmood

ملخص البحث من الجوانب التي أثمرت عنها الدراسات البينية في التخطيط اللغوي؛ دراسة اقتصاديات اللغة، وعلى الرغم من الحراك الذي تشهده لغات عدة للإفادة من علاقة الاقتصاد باللغة خدمة للجانبين، فإن اللغة العربية لم تستثمر من تلك الزاوية الاستثمار الأمثل، وتحاول الورقة البحثية الحالية إلقاء بعض الأضواء على بعض المفاهيم ذات الصلة مثل اقتصاديات اللغة، والاستثمار اللغوي، والصناعة اللغوية، وعلاقتها بالتخطيط اللغوي والسياسة اللغوية، كما تسعى إلى استعراض بعض الحالات الراهنة للاستثمار اللغوي في بيئات مختلفة من العالم مثل بريطانيا، وفرنسا، وكندا، فضلاً عن بعض الاستثمارات اللغوية الرائدة رغبة لاستخلاص بعض الأوجه الممكنة للاستثمار في اللغة العربية مع الانطلاق من الأبعاد الاستراتيجية للعربية. توصلت الدراسة إلى أن الدول تتسابق لضخ رؤوس أموال كبيرة للاستثمار اللغوي رغبة في تنمية لغوية واستثمارية، وتحقيقا لعائدات اقتصادية كبيرة مباشرة وغير مباشرة، وأن هنالك حاجة ماسة إلى المزيد من الدراسات الاختبارية حول الاستثمار في اللغة العربية للإجابة بعمق حول مكامن الخلل، واستقصاء بعض حالات الاستثمار اللغوي الناجحة. الكلمات المفتاحية: التخطيط اللغوي-السياسة اللغوية-اقتصاديات اللغة-الاستثمار اللغوي-الصناعة اللغوية.   Abstract: In many languages there is an attention to the relationship between the economy and the language. The Arabic language has not been discovered widely from that perspective. The present paper attempts to shed some light on the relevant concepts such as language economics, language investment, language industry and its relation to language planning and language policy. It also seeks to review some current cases of linguistic investment in different settings of the world such as Britain, France and Canada to draw some of the possible aspects of investment in the Arabic language. The paper concludes with a review of the most important obstacles to investment in Arabic, which includes the lack of awareness, the non-stimulating regulatory and investment environment, the unstable situation in the region and the stereotypical attitude toward Arab countries in the West. The study concludes that many countries had invested in language significantly to develop this aspect to prepare for acquiring huge, direct and indirect economic revenues. There is an urgent need to sponsor experimental studies to uncover the potentials of investing in Arabic to point out the existing shortcomings vis-à-vis the successful language investment situations.   Keywords: language planning- language policy- economics of language- language investment – language industry.   Abstrak Dalam banyak bahasa, perhatian diberikan kepada hubungan antara ekonomi dan bahasa. Dalam hal ini, bahasa Arab masih belum lagi terdedah dengan meluas dari sudut tersebut. Kajian ini cuba untuk menumpukan kepada beberapa konsep berkenaan yang relevan seperti aspek ekonomi bahasa, pelaburan bahasa, industri bahasa dan hubunganya dengan perancangan dan polisi bahasa. Ia juga bertujuan untuk menyemak kembali beberapa keadaan semasa berkenaan dengan pelaburan bahasa dalam pelbagai konteks di dunia seperti di Britain, Perancis dan Kanada untuk merumuskan aspek yang mungkin untuk mengembangkan pelaburan terhadap Bahasa Arab yang antara lain yang diperhatikan ialah: kekurangan kesedaran, peraturan dan persekitaran pelaburan yang tidak memberangsangkan, ketidakstabilan Timur Tengah dan juga tanggapan stereotaip terhadap negara-negara Arab oleh Barat. Kajian ini merumuskan yang banyak negara telahpun melabur secara besar-besaran di dalam industri bahasa untuk membangaunkannya untuk seterusnya mendapatkan pendapatan ekonomi berskala besar secara langsung atau tidak langsung. Keperluan untuk menaja kajian percubaan untuk menyingkap potensi melabur dalam bahasa Arab adalah mendesak demi untuk menunjukkan jurang di antara bahasa Arab dan beberapa keadaan pelaburan bahasa lain yang berjaya. Kata kunci: perancangan bahasa – polisi bahasa – aspek ekonomi bahasa – pelaburan bahasa – industri Bahasa.


2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaron Matras

AbstractRomani is a fascinating test case for the role that language plays in the process of identity consolidation in a transnational context. Standardisation is no longer inherently connected to the ‘territorialisation’ of language. Instead, we witness a bottom-up process in which individuals take ownership of language and negotiate language practices. Status regulation and language planning can be instigated and even implemented by institutions other than national states. All of this leads to pluralism of form rather than unification. Yet language remains a key locus for political mobilisation. It allows players to claim authenticity, it offers opportunities for intervention by external facilitators, and it provides a discussion platform through which traditional images can be challenged and recognition can be awarded. (Romani, language planning, standardization, language policy, transnationalism)*


2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY S. BROWN

This article examines the life and times of Richard Scheringer, an army officer and supporter of Adolf Hitler who became famous during the early 1930s for his high-profile conversion to communism. Known in the closing years of the Weimar Republic as a point-man for Communist efforts to win support from the radical right, Scheringer survived the Third Reich to become a leading figure in the postwar Communist Party. His well-documented but little-studied career, bridging critical caesurae of modern Germany history, highlights the unique political constellation of the interwar period, demonstrating fundamental continuities in the relationship of German communism to the nation before and after 1945.


2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Taylor-Leech

Language choice in the newly independent Republic of East Timor can be usefully examined in the wider context of language policy in multilingual states. The present article reports on ethnographic research investigating official and popular discourses of language and identity in East Timor and the role of past and present language policies and practices in shaping national and social identity. It focuses on the discursive reconstruction of identity through five official instruments of language policy development. Hostile discourses in the Australian and Indonesian press towards the choice of Portuguese (the former colonial language) and Tetum (the endogenous lingua franca) as official languages provided the context for the investigation. A persistent theme in these discourses is that English and/or Indonesian would be preferable choices. The article puts these discourses into perspective by presenting findings from two data sets: (i) the 2004 National Census and (ii) analysis of the discourses of 78 participants in semi-structured interviews and student focus groups. The census shows clear signs of the revival of Portuguese and the reinvigoration of Tetum. It also shows how diverse linguistic identities have become in East Timor. The research findings show that there is less hostility to official language policy than claimed in the Australian and Indonesian press. However, the findings also emphasise the urgent need to reconstruct an inclusive, plurilingual national identity that can encompass diversity.


Author(s):  
Shahrzad Mahootian

Throughout its history, Iran has been a richly multilingual nation, with documented evidence reaching back nearly three millennia. Today, estimates of the number of languages spoken in modern Iran vary, with numbers ranging from fifty-four to seventy-six living languages. This chapter presents a general description of societal bilingualism, how bilingual communities come about, the relationship between language and identity in multilingual contexts, and how best to describe the kind(s) of bilingualism found in Iran, including the use of English. The chapter then turns to bilingualism in Iran from a historical perspective, with the goal of understanding why there are so many languages in present-day Iran. Finally, it addresses the status of English in pre- and post-revolutionary Iran and issues of language maintenance.


2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 361-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norig Neveu

Abstract In the Emirate of Transjordan, the interwar period was marked by the emergence of the Melkite Church. Following the Eastern rite and represented by Arab priests, this church appeared to be an asset from a missionary perspective as Arab nationalism was spreading in the Middle East. New parishes and schools were opened. A new Melkite archeparchy was created in the Emirate in 1932. The archbishop, Paul Salman, strengthened the foundation of the church and became a key partner of the government. This article tackles the relationship between Arabisation, nationalisation and territorialisation. It aims to highlight the way the Melkite Church embodied the adaptation strategy of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches in Transjordan. The clergy of this national church was established by mobilising regional and international networks. By considering these clerics as go-between experts, this article aims to decrypt a complex process of territorialisation and transnationalisation of the Melkite Church.


2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-333
Author(s):  
Lydia Catedral

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between Russian language use and language planning in the context of newly independent, post-soviet Uzbekistan (1991–1992). It is guided by the question: In what ways does the use of Russian loanwords in Uzbek language newspapers accomplish language planning in newly independent Uzbekistan? The main finding from this analysis is that post-independence use of Russian loanwords from particular semantic classes in particular contexts reinforce overtly stated ideologies about Russian and construct difference between soviet Uzbekistan and independent Uzbekistan. These findings demonstrate the need to reexamine the role of Russian language in post-soviet contexts, and they contribute a unique approach to analyzing links between lexical items and ideology in language planning.


2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (35) ◽  
pp. 246-273
Author(s):  
Victor de Oliveira Pinto Coelho

ABSTRACT The theme of this article is Ernst Jünger’s work in the interwar period, especially the essay The Worker (1932). Our focus is to point out, in the Jüngerian appropriation of technique, its character of anti-liberal political mythology. We dialogue with the political and intellectual horizon of the time (including authors such as Simmel, Kracauer and Benjamin), seeking to establish a problematization framework about the technique in Germany, where also emerges the so-called “Conservative Revolutionary Movement.” We point out in Jünger’s work the relationship between the “type” or “figure of the worker” and the notion of the sacrifice of individuality in favor of the total mobilization of technique, in the terms of reactionary modernism. Finally, as there are no references to authors and works in The Worker, we raise the hypothesis of an underlying dialogue with the intellectual tradition of Romanticism by confronting Jünger’s work with the theme of “asymptotic completion” (Lacoue-Labarthe) -the impossibility, in modern times, of sustaining a pre-established harmony.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Plosnita ◽  

One of the main figures of the Romanian ethnographic museography of the interwar period was Petre Ștefănucă, the first Bessarabian who developed the concept of an ethnographic museum and for the first time expressed the idea of organizing a Bessarabian ethnographic museum in Chișinău. The author makes an analysis of the concept elaborated by P. Ștefănucă, concluding that the scientist defined an ethnographic museum as: – a means of saving and researching the ethnographic heritage and as a real living school of knowledge of the Romanian people between the Prut and the Dniester; – a scientific institution discussing a broad issue, that of integrating ethnology into history and, in its light, the relationship between a historical museum and an ethnographic museum; – a general museum, whose collections are based on a large typological diversity of cultural values, but with an emphasis on folk architecture and traditional techniques; – a repository of intangible heritage, suggesting that elements of this heritage be collected from peasants who are keepers of old beliefs and customs. P. Ștefănucă believed that the developed concept can be implemented only when the necessity and usefulness of the ethnographic museum for Bessarabia is realized by the whole society.


Author(s):  
Antonello Tancredi

This chapter addresses the development, after World War II, of two different currents of thought inherited by the Italian international law doctrine from the interwar period: dogmatism and structuralism. The analysis of some fundamental writings concerning topics such as the foundation and the social structure of the international legal order tries to offer a reading lens on some of the most important scientific trends (especially ‘realism’ and ‘neo-normativism’) of the post-World War II period and on the scholars that animated such approaches. Thanks to the identification of some structuring ideas, it will then be possible to briefly examine other issues concerning, for instance, the relationship between international and domestic law after the 1948 Republican Constitution, sovereignty, etc. The evolution of the methodology of international law will have a relevant part in the analysis of theoretical approaches developed by Italian scholars in this period.


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