4E’s Are Too Many Why Enactive World-Making Does Not Need The Extended Mind Thesis

4E’s cognition – embodied, embedded, enacted, extended – replaces the cognitivist notion of world-mirroring with an active process of world-making: cognition needs no mental representation and is distributed over body, brain and environment. In recent years, the remark that extended cognition is not enactive and that the embodied approach to cognition fails to provide a definition of body raise the question of whether a postcognitivist approach to experience needs 4E’s. This contribution suggests that it does not. The enactive body as a moving sense-making-system informed by phenomenology and pragmatism and its role in the constitution of the distinctive quality of an experience are discussed.

Music as Epistemic Construct: From Sonic Experience to Musical Sense-Making

Leonardo Music Journal ◽

10.1162/lmj_a_01082 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 56-60

Author(s):

Mark Reybrouck

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Mental Representation ◽

Knowledge Construction ◽

Virtual Space ◽

Sense Making ◽

Musical Experience ◽

Dynamic Tension ◽

Cognitive Economy ◽

Discrete Processing ◽

Taking an epistemological stance towards music in a real-time listening situation entails a definition of music as a temporal and sounding art. This means that music cannot be described in abstract and detached terms as something “out there” in a virtual space but rather as something that impinges upon our senses in an actual “here and now.” Musical sense-making, therefore, should be considered a kind of ongoing knowledge construction with a dynamic tension between actual sensation and mental representation of sounding events. Four major dichotomies may be considered in this regard: the focal versus synoptic overview of the sounding music, the continuous/discrete processing of the sounds, the distinction between sensory experience versus cognitive economy, and the in-time/outside-of-time distinction. The author argues that a deliberate combination of these diverging approaches makes the musical experience a richer one.

Making Sense of Sense-Making: Reflections on Enactive and Extended Mind Theories

10.31231/osf.io/3np9g ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Evan Thompson ◽

Mog Stapleton

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Processes ◽

Extended Mind ◽

The Body ◽

Sense Making ◽

Enactive Approach ◽

Cognition And Emotion ◽

Making Sense ◽

The Status ◽

The Difference ◽

This paper explores some of the differences between the enactive approach in cognitive science and the extended mind thesis. We review the key enactive concepts of autonomy and sense-making. We then focus on the following issues: (1) the debate between internalism and externalism about cognitive processes; (2) the relation between cognition and emotion; (3) the status of the body; and (4) the difference between ‘incorporation’ and mere ‘extension’ in the body-mind-environment relation.

Extended Cognition and Extended Consciousness

Andy Clark and His Critics ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190662813.003.0002 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 9-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David J. Chalmers

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Processes ◽

Perception And Action ◽

Extended Mind ◽

Extended Cognition ◽

Mental States ◽

Global Control ◽

The Subject ◽

In Virtue Of ◽

Chapter 1 discusses two questions about the extended mind. First, what is the extended mind thesis? Second, can there be extended consciousness, and if not, why not? The chapter answers the first question by arguing that the thesis should be formulated in terms of perception and action: a subject’s cognitive processes and mental states can be partly constituted by entities that are external to the subject, in virtue of the subject’s interacting with these entities via perception and action. The second question is answered by appealing to direct availability for global control as the physical correlate of consciousness: extended processes always involve indirect availability for global control, mediated by perception and action, so there is no extended consciousness.

Extended Affectivity, Reconsidered

Andy Clark and His Critics ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190662813.003.0006 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 56-68

Author(s):

Michelle Maiese

Keyword(s):

Extended Mind ◽

Extended Cognition ◽

Human Cognition ◽

Affective States ◽

Convincing Case ◽

The Brain ◽

According to Andy Clark’s Extended Mind Thesis, the operations that realize certain forms of human cognition do not do not stay neatly in the brain, but instead span brain, body, and world. While this thesis is best known as the hypothesis of extended cognition, Clark himself has wondered whether it also might be applied to affective states. What Colombetti and Roberts call the Hypothesis of Extended Affectivity says that a variety of occurrent and dispositional affective phenomena can extend. However, there are important reasons to reject this hypothesis. First, extended functionalism is in tension with the claim that affective states are essentially embodied. Second, these authors’ examples do not make a convincing case for extended affectivity. Third, their componential approach to occurrent emotions falls short given that they fail to establish that each of the components of emotion is not merely environmentally embedded, but also can extend.

Extended Mind and Epistemic Responsibility in a Digital Society

Epistemology & Philosophy of Science ◽

10.5840/eps202158470 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 209-227

Author(s):

Sergei Yu. Shevchenko ◽

Keyword(s):

Virtue Epistemology ◽

Extended Mind ◽

Extended Cognition ◽

Epistemic Responsibility ◽

Digital Society ◽

Current Trends ◽

Causal Responsibility ◽

The Subject ◽

Conceptual Foundations ◽

The article deals with the problem of compatibility of the extended mind thesis with the concept of epistemic responsibility. This compatibility problem lies at the intersection of two current trends in Virtue Epistemology (VE): the study of extended cognition, and the return of VE to the topic of epistemic responsibility. I give objections to two seemingly independent positions; their acceptance makes it difficult or even impossible to make the concept of epistemic responsibility applicable to the agents of digital society whose cognition is extended. The core of both positions can be illustrated by the following thesis: “Since the subject cannot voluntarily change his/her beliefs, we cannot ascribe to him/her either epistemic responsibility or intellectual virtues that allow him/her to take responsibility”. The counter-arguments to this thesis are based on the distinction between the causal (responsibility-in) and normative (responsibility-for) components of responsibility. The absence of the former allows us to characterize the subject as not responsible, the absence of the latter as irresponsible. I propose two conceptual foundations that can make possible the consistent talk about the epistemic responsibility of an extended subject. 1) The subject may not be responsible for the beliefs taken from the epistemic environment, but the subject bears significant responsibility for what environment he finds himself in. 2) Being epistemically responsible means deliberately reducing the number of possible causal excuses – excuses based on agent’s unresponsibiity due to his causal dependence on his epistemic environment (‘cognitive extensions’).

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010008170x ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 168-169

Author(s):

K. T. Tokuyasu

Keyword(s):

Surface Tension ◽

Water Surface ◽

Thin Layers ◽

The Other ◽

Positive Staining ◽

Frozen Sections ◽

The Past ◽

Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

The Influence Of The Led Luminaires Electrical Parameters On Their Correlated Colour Temperature During Operation Mode

Light & Engineering ◽

10.33383/2020-025 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 89-96

Author(s):

Sergei S. Kapitonov ◽

Alexei S. Vinokurov ◽

Sergei V. Prytkov ◽

Sergei Yu. Grigorovich ◽

Anastasia V. Kapitonova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Operation Mode ◽

Light Sources ◽

Electrical Parameters ◽

Colour Temperature ◽

Radiation Spectra ◽

Service Period ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Definition Of ◽

Comprehensive Study

The article describes the results of comprehensive study aiming at increase of quality of LED luminaires and definition of the nature of changes in their correlated colour temperature (CCT) in the course of operation. Dependences of CCT of LED luminaires with remote and close location of phosphor for 10 thousand hours of operation in different electric modes were obtained; the results of comparison between the initial and final radiation spectra of the luminaires are presented; using mathematical statistics methods, variation of luminaire CCT over the service period claimed by the manufacturer is forecast; the least favourable electric operation modes with the highest CCT variation observed are defined. The obtained results have confirmed availability of the problem of variation of CCT of LED luminaires during their operation. Possible way of its resolution is application of more qualitative and therefore expensive LEDs with close proximity of phosphor or LEDs with remote phosphor. The article may be interesting both for manufacturers and consumers of LED light sources and lighting devices using them.

Assessment of multimorbidity of diseases in geriatric practice

Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine) ◽

10.33920/med-10-2001-02 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 17-21

Author(s):

Mark Oprenko

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

The Core ◽

The definition of the multimorbidity concept reveals insufficient specificity of the comorbidity and multimorbidity definitions and, as a result, confusion in the use of these terms. Most authors are unanimous that the “core” of multimorbidity is presence of more than one disease in a patient. These coexisting diseases can be pathogenetically interconnected and non-interconnected. Regardless, the degree of multimorbidity always affects prognosis and quality of life.

Guaranteed values – the basis of the analysis of the quality of individual products

Informacionno-technologicheskij vestnik ◽

10.21499/2409-1650-2019-2-20-33 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 20-33

Author(s):

D. N. Kalacheva

Keyword(s):

Frequency Distribution ◽

Distribution Law ◽

Basic Characteristics ◽

Herein, the main features and rules of using guaranteed values when analyzing the quality of rocket - space equipment products are considered. The definition of the guaranteed value and the form of its presentation is given. It is indicated that guaranteed value is distributed and is characterized by the frequency distribution law. The main methods of representation and conversion of guaranteed values are statistical. Examples of determining the basic characteristics of guaranteed values are given.

The first flush in sewer systems

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1996.0186 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 33 (9) ◽

pp. 101-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Agnès Saget ◽

Ghassan Chebbo ◽

Jean-Luc Bertrand-Krajewski

Keyword(s):

Treatment Strategy ◽

Real Data ◽

First Flush ◽

Clear Definition ◽

Controversial Subject ◽

Sewer Systems ◽

Wet Weather ◽

Definition Of ◽

Appearance Frequency

The first flush phenomenon of urban wet weather discharges is presently a controversial subject. Scientists do not agree with its reality, nor with its influences on the size of treatment works. Those disagreements mainly result from the unclear definition of the phenomenon. The objective of this article is first to provide a simple and clear definition of the first flush and then to apply it to real data and to obtain results about its appearance frequency. The data originate from the French database based on the quality of urban wet weather discharges. We use 80 events from 7 separately sewered basins, and 117 events from 7 combined sewered basins. The main result is that the first flush phenomenon is very scarce, anyway too scarce to be used to elaborate a treatment strategy against pollution generated by urban wet weather discharges.