scholarly journals Matrix tablet: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
D. Prakash Chandra ◽  
R. Archana ◽  
B. Vinoda ◽  
S. Jakir Hussen ◽  
A. Aejaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Substance ◽  
Matrix Tablet ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Therapeutic Purpose ◽  
Delivery Route ◽  
Active Substances

In order to achieve the therapeutic purpose, the choice of the most suitable delivery route is of indisputable importance. Therefore, certain factors must be taken into consideration when delivering a active substance, namely its own properties, the disease to be diagnosed and the desired beneficial time. The active substances can be directly to the target tissue or organ or can be delivered by systemic routes.

XVIII.—The Physical Properties of Mixed Solutions of Independent Optically - Active Substances

1907 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 172-180
Author(s):  
Clerk Ranken ◽  
W. W. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Optically Active ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Systematic Examination ◽  
Mixed Solutions ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Optically Active Substances

The two systems containing one of a pair of optically-active stereoisomers and an independent optically-active substance present many points of interest and importance, but have not hitherto been investigated with any degree of completeness. What is known about them may fairly be said to consist of a series of isolated facts. The present communication also contributes a few more isolated observations, and is, in reality, a preliminary to a more systematic examination of the whole subject.

scholarly journals Influence of irrigation and row spacing on the growth, seed yield and active substance of milk thistle (Silybum marianum)

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Karimzedah ◽  
R. Omidbaigi ◽  
Bakhshai D.
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Suitable Amount ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Active Substances

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) has been used in medicine since ancient times, but it has been cultivated as a medicinal plant only in recent decades. The ripe fruit of milk thistle contains flavonoids, which are used to prepare anti-hepatotoxic drugs. The main purpose of this study was to substantiate the effects of irrigation and row spacing on growth, seed yield and the content of active substances (silybin and silymarin) in milk thistle. The results showed that the suitable amount of irrigation was 20 mm and the appropriate row spacing was 25 cm.  

scholarly journals Shadow Zones: Transparency and Pesticides Regulation in the European Union

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 243-272
Author(s):  
Olivia HAMLYN
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Risk Regulation ◽  
Member States ◽  
Product Regulation ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
The Eu

AbstractIn recent years, pesticides have captured the attention of both policymakers and the general public. A particular focus has been the transparency of the EU-level procedure for approving active substances, spurred by controversies surrounding the active substance glyphosate. Active substances are the ingredient in pesticides with the pesticidal effect. Once an active substance is approved at EU level, the pesticide containing that active substance must be authorised by each Member State. For this purpose, the EU's 2009 Plant Protection Product Regulation divides Member States into three zones—Northern, Central, and Southern—within which, zonal rapporteur Member States evaluate applications for authorisation. National authorisation decisions are based on these zonal evaluations. This novel system governing pesticides is under-researched. Furthermore, unlike active substance approval, the transparency of pesticide authorisation escapes public and policy scrutiny. Drawing on empirical research conducted for the European Parliament, this article evaluates the transparency of the zonal pesticide authorisation procedure. It thus contributes to the literature on transparency a detailed exploration of transparency in a highly complex, decentred, and polycentric risk regulation regime. While it finds that the zonal pesticide authorisation procedure, generally speaking, does not operate transparently, it argues further that levels of transparency within the regime as a whole may vary significantly depending on multiple different factors. It introduces the concept of ‘chiaroscuro regulation’ to characterise and understand these varying levels of transparency across different elements of the regime and considers some of its implications.

scholarly journals Synthetic Surface-active Substances Abstraction from Water Solutions with Hydrolytic Lignin

2011 ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Medium ◽  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Surface Active Substance ◽  
Chemical Adsorption ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
Hydrolytic Lignin ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Active Substances

Regularities of akyltrimethylammoniachloride sorption abstraction from water solutions with hydrolytic lignin have been studied. Two characteristic pH areas of a cation surface-active substance concentration different in the nature of sorbate/sorbent interaction have been singled out. In the acid medium the sorbate’s adsorption by hydrolytic lignin takes place due to physical adsorption. In the subacid and alkaline medium the sorbate/sorbent interaction occurs due to chemical adsorption.

scholarly journals Detection of phase transitions in the studies of active substances and solid dosage forms

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Łaszcz ◽  
Kinga Trzcińska ◽  
Anna Witkowska
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Solid Dosage Forms ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Solid Dosage ◽  
Amorphous Forms ◽  
Crystalline Forms ◽  
Active Substances

Polymorphism is the ability of a compound in the solid state to exist in different crystalline forms. Molecules, having the same chemical composition, exhibit different spatial arrangements and/or exist in different configurations and conformations. In pseudopolymorphs (solvates) molecules of solvents are incorporated into the crystal lattice. Contrary to the crystalline forms of polymorphs, amorphous forms are characterized by the lack of long-range molecule arrangements. The spatial arrangement of molecules in an active substance determines its physical properties and influences the bioavailability and stability of a drug product. The most frequent phase transitions that can be present in an active substance include: polymorphic transition, hydration, dehydration, amorphisation and crystallization. The knowledge about the phase transitions which can arise during the active substance manufacturing, formulation process and stability studies is very important. Phase transitions may lead to the formation of an undesirable phase of the active substance with different properties than its desirable form. Studies of phase transitions in an active substance contained in a solid dosage form are very complicated, because there are many additional factors to consider, including a small concentration of the active substance, the presence of crystalline and amorphous placebo constituents, as well as the interactions between the active substance and the excipients. There are a number of methods used to characterize crystalline and amorphous forms of the active substance. A definitive evidence of polymorphism or pseudopolymorphism is the demonstration of a nonequivalent structure by single crystal X-ray diffraction. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction (VT-XRPD) can also be used to provide an unequivocal proof of polymorphism and pseudopolymorphism. Other methods, including e.g. differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as well as Raman (RS) and infrared spectroscopes (IR), help to further characterize the crystalline and amorphous forms. In this presentation, a few examples of phase transition studies in the active substances and solid dosage forms will be discussed: structural and physicochemical studies of olopatadine hydrochloride conformational polymorphs, phase transitions of dutasteride performed by the VT-XRPD method, erlotynib polymorphism studies performed by means of RS and the evaluation of analytical methods for the detection of phase transitions in tablets containing aripiprazole and imatinib.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATING BETANIN STABILITY, RELEASE PROFILE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHYL CELLULOSE MICROPARTICLE CONTAINING BEETROOT (BETA VULGARIS, LINN) EXTRACT

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
ANITA SUKMAWATI ◽  
SETYO NURWAINI ◽  
UMI BUDI RAHAYU ◽  
APRILIANA P. C. WIDAWAN ◽  
ANITA SAFITRI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Ethyl Cellulose ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Release Profile ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Active Substances

Objective: The objective of this research is to evaluate the ability of ethyl cellulose (EC) microparticle to protect the beetroot (Beta vulgaris, Linn) active substance. In addition, this research also investigates the effect of polymer concentration during microparticle preparation toward physical characteristics of microparticle, release profile of betanin as well as antioxidant activity of microparticle. Methods: The microparticle was produced using the emulsification method using various concentrations of EC in the organic phase and beetroot extract as the active substances. The physical characterization was carried out including the imaging of microparticle using scanning electron microscope (SEM), zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency (EE). The stability test for an active substance in microparticle was carried out at temperature 40 °C for 28 d. The release profile was evaluated using the dissolution method and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).Results: The result showed that the EC concentration strongly influenced the physical characteristics and EE of beetroot extract in microparticle. The microparticles also had good protection for betanin during storage. The release of active substance from microparticle following Higuchi kinetic. The highest antioxidant activity was found in the microparticle using EC 20%. Conclusion: The EC microparticle is the potential to protect the degradation of antioxidant substance from natural product. However, the physical properties, EE, the ability to prevent degradation of active substance, release rate and antioxidant activity, are strongly influenced by the EC polymer concentration during microparticle preparation.

scholarly journals Development of methods for standardization of the active substance, namely the model mixture based on decamethoxine and thiotriazoline

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-707
Author(s):  
L. I. Kucherenko ◽  
O. O. Chonka ◽  
O. O. Portna
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Model Mixture ◽  
State Enterprise ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Active Substances

Today, the important problem is the creation of new decamethoxine and thiotriazoline based drugs for the treatment of stomatitis. The aim of the work is to develop a method for quantitative determination of decamethoxine and thiotriazoline in the model mixture (1:25) by spectrophotometry. Materials and methods. Series 6 model mixtures were made at the ratio of decamethoxine and thiotriazoline 1:25. We used certified substances: thiotriazoline series GTT 3460911 (manufacturer: State Enterprise Chemical Reagents Plant, Kharkiv), decamethoxine series № 010915 (manufacturer: LLC “PHARMCHIM”). Optizen POP spectrophotometer, polyvinyl alcohol, hydrochloric acid, and eosin were used. Results. A method for quantitative determination of decamethoxine and thiotriazoline in MS was developed. It was established that the content of active substances in MS is thiotriazoline from 0.5021 to 0.5096, decamethoxine from 0.0207 to 0.0211. Conclusions. A method for quantitative determination of decamethoxine and thiotriazoline in MS has been developed. The method of quantitative determination of decamethoxine and thiotriazoline in MS is reproducible.

Study of the composition of drugs for the treatment of diseases of the nose cavity

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Zh.P. Parashchyn ◽  
◽  
I. P. Lobur ◽  
A.O. Kyrychuk ◽  
O. R. Bryda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Combination Drugs ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Synthetic Origin

Drugs of group R01, according to the АTC- classification used in the treatment of diseases of the nasal cavity by composition and dosage form, were studied. The dependence of the therapeutic effect of drugs on the chemical structure of the active substance, possible combinations of active substances belonging to different pharmacological groups (sympathomimetics, corticosteroids, and antihistamines), which determine their specific effect on the human body, are analyzed. These active substances are found in both mono- and multi-component drugs. In combination drugs, other compounds of natural and synthetic origin are also used to enhance the therapeutic effect.

From the carrier of active substance to drug delivery systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Barbara Jadach
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Biocompatible Polymers ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Improve Form ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Active Substances

Development and innovation all the time are in interests of pharmaceutical science and evaluation of different dosage forms. They are concerned with the aim of compliance of patients. All the time different research groups try to develop and improve form of drugs to receive better bioavailability or strict control of dose, place and time of action of active substances. This is possible by using different excipients; biodegradable, biocompatible polymers that work like a carriers; developing simple drug delivery systems, which in time became more and more complicated; nanotechnology that control size, shape and multi-functionality of particulate drug delivery systems. This review shows the main points in the evaluation of pharmaceutical researches from simple carriers of active substances to drug delivery systems.

scholarly journals Occupational Exposure to Pesticides and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia in the MCC-Spain Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5174
Author(s):  
Yolanda Benavente ◽  
Laura Costas ◽  
Marta Maria Rodríguez-Suarez ◽  
Juan Alguacil ◽  
Miguel Santibáñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Job Exposure Matrix ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Active Substances

We aimed to study the association between occupational exposure to pesticides and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in Spain. Occupational exposure to pesticides (four insecticides, four herbicides and two fungicides) was evaluated using a job-exposure matrix for the Spanish population (MatEmESp) among 302 CLL cases and 1567 population controls in five regions of Spain, 2010–2013. Cumulative exposure scores (CES) were obtained by summing across the exposed jobs the product of prevalence, intensity and duration of exposure to each active substance. Principal components analysis (PCA) and logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, region, education and occupational exposure to solvents were used. Around 20% of controls and 29% of cases were exposed to one or more pesticides. Compared to non-exposed, subjects in the highest tertile (3rd tertile) of CES of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides were more likely to have CLL [OR (95% CI), P-trend; 2.10 (1.38; 3.19), 0.002; 1.77 (1.12; 2.80), 0.12; and 1.67 (1.06; 2.64), 0.10, respectively). Following PCA, the first component (PC1, explaining 70% of the variation) equally led by seven active substances (the insecticide pyrethrin, all herbicides, all fungicides) was associated with a 26% higher odds of having CLL for 1-standard deviation increase in PC1 (95% CI: 1.14 to 1.40). These results confirm previous associations between CLL and exposure to pesticides and provide additional evidence by application groups and active substance. However, more research is needed to disentangle independent effects of individual active substances.

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