Muschelseide – Goldene Gewänder aus dem Meer

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Norma Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Synthetic Fibers ◽  
Pinna Nobilis ◽  
Pen Shell ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Mediterranean

Zu den tierischen Rohstoffen, die der Mensch vor Erfindung der synthetischen Fasern nutzte, gehört eine besonders feine und seltene Faser zur Herstellung von Kleidungsstücken, die Byssus- oder Muschelseide. Hierbei handelt es sich um die Haftfäden der Edlen Steckmuschel Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 aus dem Mittelmeer, die bei erwachsenen Exemplaren bis 20 cm lang werden können. Schon in der Antike wurden aus diesen Fasern kostbare goldglänzende Gewänder in feinster mühevoller Handarbeit gefertigt. Nach einer Blütezeit während des Römischen Reichs wurde sie in den folgenden Jahrhunderten bis in das 20. Jh. zu Kleingegenständen, wie Handschuhe, Strümpfe oder Stickereien, verarbeitet. Die Zentren der Muschelseidenverarbeitung lagen im Golf von Tarent und auf Sardinien. Aufgrund von Überfischung kamen die Bestände fast zum Erlöschen und 1992 wurde die Art unter Schutz gestellt. Heute wird die Verarbeitung der Muschelseide nur noch zur Bewahrung eines alten Kunsthandwerks betrieben. In der Zoologischen Sammlung Rostock werden zwei Paar Handschuhe aus Muschelseide aus der 2. Hälfte des 18. Jh. aufbewahrt. Shell silk – golden robes from the sea Abstract: A particularly fine and rare fiber belongs to the animal raw materials that man used to make clothes, before the invention of synthetic fibers. It is byssus- or shell silk. This is the adhesive threads of the noble pen shell Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 from the Mediterranean Sea, which can grow up to 20 cm long in adult specimens. Even in ancient times, these fibers were used to make precious shiny gold garments with the finest of painstaking craftsmanship. After a heyday during the Roman Empire, it was processed in the following centuries until the 20th century to small items such as gloves, stockings or embroidery. The centers of shell silk processing were in the Gulf of Taranto and in Sardinia. Due to overfishing, the stocks almost became extinct and were placed under protection in 1992. Today, the processing of mussel silk is only carried out to preserve an old craft. Two pairs of gloves made of mussel silk from the 2nd half of the 18th century are kept in the Rostock Zoological Collection.

scholarly journals Tracking a mass mortality outbreak of pen shell Pinna nobilis populations: A collaborative effort of scientists and citizens

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Cabanellas-Reboredo ◽  
Maite Vázquez-Luis ◽  
Baptiste Mourre ◽  
Elvira Álvarez ◽  
Salud Deudero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Model ◽  
Mass Mortality ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Pinna Nobilis ◽  
Mass Mortality Event ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Pen Shell ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract A mass mortality event is devastating the populations of the endemic bivalve Pinna nobilis in the Mediterranean Sea from early autumn 2016. A newly described Haplosporidian endoparasite (Haplosporidium pinnae) is the most probable cause of this ecological catastrophe placing one of the largest bivalves of the world on the brink of extinction. As a pivotal step towards Pinna nobilis conservation, this contribution combines scientists and citizens’ data to address the fast- and vast-dispersion and prevalence outbreaks of the pathogen. Therefore, the potential role of currents on parasite expansion was addressed by means of drift simulations of virtual particles in a high-resolution regional currents model. A generalized additive model was implemented to test if environmental factors could modulate the infection of Pinna nobilis populations. The results strongly suggest that the parasite has probably dispersed regionally by surface currents, and that the disease expression seems to be closely related to temperatures above 13.5 °C and to a salinity range between 36.5–39.7 psu. The most likely spread of the disease along the Mediterranean basin associated with scattered survival spots and very few survivors (potentially resistant individuals), point to a challenging scenario for conservation of the emblematic Pinna nobilis, which will require fast and strategic management measures and should make use of the essential role citizen science projects can play.

scholarly journals The Construction of the Mediterranean Refugee Problem from the Italian Digital Press (2013-2015): Emergencies in a Territory of Mobility

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Frame Analysis ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Critical Events ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Refugee Problem

The Mediterranean Sea is a historical stage of mobilities and has been a witness to important movements of people and goods since ancient times. In this liquid territory, different social processes of globalization can be observed; yet, in recent years, it has been predominantly depicted as an emergency scene, a crossing platform for those in search of refuge in Europe. This scenario becomes connected to a set of dimensions of securitization and quests for control that redirect the debates about national and European responsibilities regarding maritime territories. In this article, this issue is addressed exploring the construction and development of the social problem of refugees in the Mediterranean, departing from a frame analysis of news items thematically filtered from the digital platforms of two Italian newspapers in 2013-2015. The problem is contextualized in time and content progression, deepening the framing of some critical events, and reframing the Mediterranean as a referent/emergent territory of mobility. 

scholarly journals Mitochondrial DNA Reveals Genetic Structuring of Pinna nobilis across the Mediterranean Sea

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. e67372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Sanna ◽  
Piero Cossu ◽  
Gian Luca Dedola ◽  
Fabio Scarpa ◽  
Ferruccio Maltagliati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Pinna Nobilis ◽  
The Mediterranean

Resistance of juveniles of the Mediterranean pen shell, (Pinna nobilis) to hypoxia and interaction with warming

2015 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Basso ◽  
Iris Hendriks ◽  
Alexandra Steckbauer ◽  
Carlos Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Pinna Nobilis ◽  
Pen Shell ◽  
The Mediterranean

scholarly journals Coinage of the Cilician Cities as a Mirror of Historical and Cultural Changes (V c. BCE – III c. CE)

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 113-135
Author(s):  
Edward Dąbrowa
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Taurus Mountains ◽  
Religious Influences ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Local Traditions ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Over Time

In antiquity Cilicia was a small but important area. The geographical setting, between the Taurus Mountains, the Mediterranean Sea and Anatolia, and the fact that territory of Cilicia was crossed by several routes connecting Anatolia with the Mediterranean sea shore and Syria determined its strategic significance. The geography of the area held importance for its cultural development as well. The northern part of Cilicia, Cilicia Aspera, was mountainous, sparsely populated and poorly urbanized; cities were few and located mainly on the seashore. The southern part, Cilicia Pedias, was much more prosperous and intensively urbanized. Its location made it a bridge for various cultural and religious influences coming from neighboring countries, but also an object of their expansion. Both parts of Cilicia experienced governance of many powers: Achaemenid Persia, local rulers, Hellenistic kings, and the Romans. Each of them left own political and cultural imprint on the area. Effects of this cultural mixture are clearly visible in archaeological excavations and in many types of artefacts. Another type of evidence which reflects the complicated past of Cilicia is also available: numismatic evidence. There are a few Cilician cities in which coins were minted from the Achaemenid times to the Roman Empire. This paper attempts to look into the iconography of their coinage and analyze political and religious symbols and their subjects of depiction. The aim is to find out how specific powers ruling over cities influenced local traditions, what were the remnants of those, and how they eventually evolved over time.

scholarly journals Statistics in Ancient History

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-162
Author(s):  
Peter Temin
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Roman Republic ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
Wheat Market ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Late Roman

This chapter uses new data to extend the argument that there was an integrated wheat market in the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. I explore the meaning of randomness when data are scarce, and I investigate how we recreate the nature of ancient societies by asking new questions that stimulate the discovery of more information. The case for a prosperous Roman society extending the length of the Mediterranean Sea is strong. This chapter draws on and extends work reported in my book: The Roman Market Economy (2013).

scholarly journals Forgotten Mediterranean calving grounds of grey and North Atlantic right whales: evidence from Roman archaeological records

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1882) ◽  
pp. 20180961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana S. L. Rodrigues ◽  
Anne Charpentier ◽  
Darío Bernal-Casasola ◽  
Armelle Gardeisen ◽  
Carlos Nores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Ecosystem Impacts ◽  
Right Whales ◽  
North Atlantic Right Whales ◽  
Commercial Whaling ◽  
Whaling Industry ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern North Atlantic

Right whales ( Eubalaena glacialis ) were extirpated from the eastern North Atlantic by commercial whaling. Grey whales ( Eschrichtius robustus ) disappeared from the entire North Atlantic in still-mysterious circumstances. Here, we test the hypotheses that both species previously occurred in the Mediterranean Sea, an area not currently considered part of their historical range. We used ancient DNA barcoding and collagen fingerprinting methods to taxonomically identify a rare set of 10 presumed whale bones from Roman and pre-Roman archaeological sites in the Strait of Gibraltar region, plus an additional bone from the Asturian coast. We identified three right whales, and three grey whales, demonstrating that the ranges of both of these species historically encompassed the Gibraltar region, probably including the Mediterranean Sea as calving grounds. Our results significantly extend the known range of the Atlantic grey whale, and suggest that 2000 years ago, right and grey whales were common when compared with other whale species. The disappearance of right and grey whales from the Mediterranean region is likely to have been accompanied by broader ecosystem impacts, including the disappearance of their predators (killer whales) and a reduction in marine primary productivity. The evidence that these two coastal and highly accessible species were present along the shores of the Roman Empire raises the hypothesis that they may have formed the basis of a forgotten whaling industry.

Sławna pielgrzymka do Jerozolimy ciągnąca się przez trzy znakomitsze części świata

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Stanisław Wolski
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Latin Description ◽  
The Way

The Polish translation of the Latin description of the journey by Tomasz Stanisław Wolski (born 1700, died probably after 1766) was based on the printed version of his account ("Illustris Peregrinatio Ierosolimitana latius protracta per tres insigniores mundi partes...,"), which first appeared in print in 1737 in Lwów, and then it was published three more times: in 1748, 1764, and 1766. Wolski came from the Sieradz Voivodeship nobility, and it is known that he was born in Uniejów. The source presents a brief outline of the author's life until 1725, and more extensive descriptions of his travels abroad from 1724 to 1731. First, in 1724-1725, he travelled to Italy, then he made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and Egypt in 1725-1726. In 1728, he travelled to France and England. Finally, in 1729-1731, he gave an account of his journey through several cities in Italy, the Aegean Sea and Istanbul, from where he returned to Poland. He also recorded his next journey to Vienna and Rome, and then back to Vienna. Wolski's narrative is an example of travel prose of the 18th century, a typical Old Polish account of a journey. It contains many interesting descriptions of events, including sensational threads and observations made about people encountered along the way. The author presented a lot of information about sailing in the Mediterranean Sea and the hardships encountered by travellers in the Holy Land. His book also provides a lot of information on religious issues in the places visited around Europe and the Middle East.

De grenzen van het Romeinse Rijk

Lampas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-136
Author(s):  
Rien Polak
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Military Installations ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Concise Overview ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Military ◽  
Different Climates

Summary In the second century AD the Roman Empire reached its largest extent. By that time the military infrastructure at the periphery of the Empire stretched over thousands of kilometres, across the three continents surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Rome had to exert its power in very different climates and landscapes, and deal with external threats varying from the highly developed Parthian Empire to hardly organised nomadic groups. The military infrastructure at its boundaries was therefore quite diverse, but nevertheless the military installations show many similarities across the Empire, due to the frequent displacements of army units and their commanders. This paper provides a concise overview of the frontier sections on all three continents and a brief discussion of differences and similarities.

The Sailor in the Middle Ages

1948 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Middle Ages

The sailor will not be kept from the sea, even though empires fall and foreign invaders multiply. Yet we cannot expect to hear much of him in such troubled times. We know, however, that although European ships no longer sailed to India, yet, after the barbarian destruction of the Roman Empire, overseas trade did revive, and the foundations of such famous maritime states as Venice were laid. We know, too, that although the Arabs overran the whole length of the Mediterranean Sea, they were pushed back out of the islands by sea-borne expeditions from Italy and Catalan Spain, while when the Holy Places in Palestine were captured by the Turks (who were not ‘gentlemen’ like the Arabs), there were ships and sailors ready and able to carry crusading armies to the East, and to provision them while they were there.

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