Dimensioning of a permanent magnet synchronous machine for electric vehicles according to performance and integration requirements

Finding the optimum design of electrical machines for a certain purpose is a time-consuming task. First results can be achieved, however, with scaling known machine designs in length and turns per coil by means of analytical equations, while scaling in diameter requires finite element analysis (FEA), since electromagnetic properties change significantly. In this paper, the influence of diameter, length and turns per coil on the torque, power and efficiency of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) are investigated in a sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, their impact on energy consumption in different drive cycles and different vehicle types is outlined. A highway car and a city car are compared in a highway cycle, a city cycle and the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle test Cycle. The results describe significant differences in energy consumption for different machine designs in one application but also between different applications. This highlights the necessity to decide whether or not the powertrain should be optimized for a single purpose or for universal use.

Inter-Comparison of Particle and Gaseous Pollutant Emissions of a Euro 4 Motorcycle at Two Laboratories

The Euro 4 regulation, applicable since 2016 for L-category vehicles (i.e., two and three-wheelers, and mini cars) reduced the emission limits, but also introduced a new cycle, the WMTC (World Harmonized Motorcycle Test Cycle). The emission studies of Euro 4 motorcycles are limited, and most importantly there are no published studies comparing the results of different laboratories applying the new cycle. In this study we compared the particle and gaseous pollutants of one Euro 4 motorcycle measured in two laboratories in 2017 and 2020. The gaseous pollutant results had a variance (one standard deviation of the means) of 0.5% for CO2, 4–19% for CO, NOx, HC (hydrocarbons) and SPN (Solid Particle Number). The particulate matter mass results had higher variance of 50–60%. Additional tests with open configuration to mimic dilution at the tailpipe gave equivalent results to the closed configuration for the gaseous pollutants and SPN. The total particles (including volatiles) had significant differences between the two configurations, with the closed configuration giving higher results. The main conclusion of this study is that the new procedures have very good reproducibility, even for the SPN that is not regulated for L-category vehicles. However, the measurement of total particles needs attention due to the high sensitivity of volatile particles to the sampling conditions.

Investigation of the influence of modification of the working tool for the manufacture of niobium case products

The main production of machine-building enterprises of various industries is the production of metal parts and products, 90-95% of which are manufactured using metal processing by pressure. Ensuring the stability of the technological processes of cold stamping is impossible without the use of interoperative coatings, which play the role of lubrication, preventing the diffusion “setting” (interpenetration at the atomic-molecular level) of the processed materials and tools. Therefore, one of the tasks in constructing the technology for manufacturing parts from these materials is to conduct a test cycle to establish the most acceptable coatings at the intermediate stages of processing. In the process of studying the operability and manufacturability, it is also advisable to use new methods for evaluating quality indicators at separate stages of processing semi-finished products and at the stages of control of finished products, which allows practically eliminating defects due to internal defects, ensuring the uniformity of the microstructure and predicting the operability of finished products during operation. Ensuring the quality of stamped semi-finished products made of refractory metals (niobium, molybdenum) is an urgent task due to the significant proportion of defects during cold stamping of these parts.

Experimental derivation of a condition monitoring test cycle for machine tool feed drives

Due to their critical influence on manufacturing accuracy, machine tool feed drives and the monitoring of their condition has been a research field of increasing interest for several years already. Accurate and reliable estimates of the current condition of the machine tool feed drive’s components ball screw drive (BSD) and linear guide shoes (LGSs) are expected to significantly enhance the maintainability of machine tools, which finally leads to economic benefits and smoother production. Therefore, many authors performed extensive experiments with different sensor signals, features and components. Most of those experiments were performed on simplified test benches in order to gain genuine and distinct insights into the correlations between the recorded sensor signals and the investigated fault modes. However, in order to build the bridge between real use cases and scientific findings, those investigations have to be transferred and performed on a more complex test bench, which is close to machine tools in operation. In this paper, a condition monitoring test cycle is developed for such a test bench. The developed test cycle enables the recording of a re-producible data basis, on which models for the condition monitoring of BSDs and LGSs can be based upon.

Characterization of a Lightly Loaded Underfloor Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filter in a Turbocharged Light Duty Truck

A test program to characterize the benefits and challenges of applying a European series production catalyzed gasoline particulate filter (GPF) to a U.S. Tier 2 turbocharged light duty truck (3.5L Ecoboost Ford F150) in the underfloor location was initiated at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The turbos and underfloor location keep the GPF relatively cool and minimize passive regeneration relative to other configurations. This study characterizes the relatively cool GPF in a lightly loaded state, approximately 0.1 to 0.4 g/L of soot loading, using four test cycles: 60 mph steady state, 4-phase FTP, HWFET, and US06. Measurements include GPF temperature, soot loading, GPF pressure drop, brake thermal efficiency (BTE), CO2, PM mass, elemental carbon (EC), filter-collected organic carbon (OC), CO, THC, and NOx emissions. The lightly loaded underfloor GPF achieves 85–99% reduction in PM mass, 98.5–100.0% reduction in EC, and 65–91% reduction in filter-collected OC, depending on test cycle. The smallest reductions in PM and EC occur in the US06 cycle due to mild GPF regeneration caused by GPF inlet temperature exceeding 500°C. EC dominates filter-collected OC without a GPF, while OC dominates EC with a GPF. Composite cycle CO, THC, and NOx emissions are reduced by the washcoat on the GPF but the low temperature location of the GPF does not make best use of the catalyzed washcoat. Cycle average pressure drop across the GPF ranged from 1.25 kPa in the 4-phase FTP to 4.64 kPa in the US06 but did not affect BTE or CO2 emissions in a measurable way in any test cycle.

Research on Cooperative Braking Control Algorithm Based on Nonlinear Model Prediction

To address the coordinated distribution of motor braking and friction braking for the regenerative braking system, a cooperative braking algorithm based on nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is proposed, with braking energy recovery power, tire slip rate, and motor torque variation as the optimization objectives, and online optimization of the coordinated distribution of motor braking and friction braking. Using the offline model built in Matlab/Simulink, the cooperative braking algorithm is tested for energy efficiency and braking safety. The results show that when based on World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC), the energy recovery rate can reach 30.4%, and with a single high braking intensity, the braking safety can still be ensured.

Increasing Mathematics Students Achievement of SMAN 8 Takalar Grade XII MIPA through the Application of Cooperative Learning Model

The objective of this research is to determine the increase of mathematics student achievement with applying of the cooperative learning model of statistical material. This research is classroom action research (CAR) where the research subjects are students of grade XII MIPA 1 SMAN 8 Takalar as many as 33 students which were carried out in the even semester of the 2019/2020 school year. From the results of the study, it can be seen the percentage of classical completeness from the initial test (pre-test), cycle I, and cycle II. In the initial test before getting treatment using cooperative learning model, the average score of the student achievement test reached 60.21. Furthermore, after getting treatment, the learning outcomes test in the first cycle increased to 71.39, then there was an increase again in the second cycle to 78.12. Likewise, the achievement of the minimum completeness criteria (KKM) which is 72, namely the number of students who achieve the KKM score on the initial test is 14 students or 42.42%, in the first cycle it increases to 20 students or 60.60%, while in the second cycle, an increase of 26 students or 78.78%. So it can be concluded that there is an increase in student achievement seen from the test and the student achievement of KKM scores which increase significantly. while in the second cycle, an increase of 26 students or 78.78%. So it can be concluded that there is an increase in student achievement seen from the test and the achievement of KKM scores which increase significantly.