scholarly journals THE MANILA WATERWORKS SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-196
Author(s):  
Ros Costelo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Modern Engineering ◽  
Infrastructure Project ◽  
Colonial Body ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City

Primarily considered a nineteenth-century feat, the Manila waterworks system which was formally inaugurated in 1882 is regarded as one if not the most important sanitary infrastructure achievements of the Spanish colonial government. A centerpiece public works project of the Inspección General de Obras Públicas (IGOP), it intended to provide solutions to the problems of health and sanitation in a rapidly urbanizing Manila. Used as a testament of modern engineering in the colony, the infrastructure was central in cleansing, domesticating, and transforming the urban body of the city. This paper tackles the techno-scientific innovations that characterized the Manila waterworks project to sanitize and domesticatethe murky, dirty, sickly and unruly body of the modern city. The paper traces how this sanitary infrastructure project was conceptualized and concretized, how water was located, pumped, stored, and distributed to the colonial capital. Furthermore, it interrogates how water was used both as a tool and symbol to cleanse and modernize the colonial body and colonial city. It discusses how water access, exclusion, and control led to an ideological and spatial transformation of Manila in the last decades of the nineteenth century

Budapest: progresso urbano a passi accelerati

STORIA URBANA ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 53-80
Author(s):  
Zsuzsa Ordasi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Urban Architecture ◽  
European State ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The City

- Unlike other great cities of Europe, Budapest did not experience any significant urban development before the nineteenth century, especially before 1867, the year of the foundation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. After that, the city became the second pole, after Vienna, of this important European state. The capital of the Kingdom of Hungary grew through the use of various types of urban architecture and especially through a "style" that was meant to express Hungarian national identity. Architects, engineers, and other professionals from Hungary and Austria contributed to this process of modernization as well as many foreigners from Germany, France and England. The city's master plan - modeled after Paris's - focused on the area crossed by the Viale Sugár [Boulevard of the Spoke] was set on the Parisian model and so covered only certain parts of the city. The Committee on Public Works (1870-1948) played a leading role in putting the plan approved in 1972 - into effect in all aspects of urban planning, architecture and infrastructure.

Deportation of “Undesirable” Chinese in the Philippines, 1837–1882

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-246
Author(s):  
Jely Agamao Galang
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The State ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Primary Materials

Abstract Between 1837 and 1882, the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines deported “undesirable” Chinese—vagrants, drunkards, unemployed, idlers, pickpockets, undocumented, and the “suspicious”—to various parts of the archipelago. Deportation, in this context, refers to the transportation or banishment of individuals deemed “dangerous” by the state to different far-flung areas of the islands or outside the colony but still within the Spanish empire. Deportation primarily served as a form of punishment and a means to rehabilitate and improve the wayward lives of “criminals.” This paper examines the deportation of “undesirable” Chinese in the nineteenth-century Philippines. Using underutilized primary materials from various archives in Manila and Madrid, it interrogates the actors, institutions and processes involved in banishing such individuals. It argues that while deportation served its punitive and reformative functions, Spanish authorities also used it to advance their colonial project in the islands. Chinese deportees formed part of the labor supply the state used to populate the colony’s frontier areas and strengthen its control over its newly-acquired territories.

The Request of the Venezuelan Colonial Government for the Extradition of Bolivar

1963 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-203
Author(s):  
Bradford Burns
Keyword(s):  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Military Commander ◽  
Simon Bolivar ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The City

The recent discovery of an unknown document in the Archivo General de la Nación, Caracas, Venezuela, revealed a new detail concerning the life of Simón Bolívar. This document shows the effort exerted by the Spanish colonial government in Venezuela to extradite Bolívar from Haiti in 1816.Bolívar was forced to seek refuge abroad following a cycle of military defeats. In early 1815, Bolívar found himself outside the walls of Cartagena in need of supplies from the revolutionary forces holding that city. General Manuel del Castillo, military commander of Cartagena and an enemy and rival of Bolívar, refused to furnish the supplies or to permit Bolívar's entrance into the city. While the two rivals glared at each other in costly stalemate, Spanish troops marched victoriously toward Cartagena, pinching Bolívar between them and the hostile Castillo forces. Under these circumstances, Bolívar concluded that it would be better to leave the scene of battle and, thus, to avoid dividing the patriot army in the presence of a strong Spanish force. Bolívar resigned his commission, and on May 9, 1815, he sailed for Jamaica aboard a British vessel.

Engineers and waterpower on the Lachine Canal, 1843–1871

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-348
Author(s):  
Larry Mc Nally
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Strong Stimulus ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Unresolved Conflict ◽  
Rapid Industrialization ◽  
The City

As a result of the reconstruction of the Lachine Canal in the 1840s, waterpower became available within the city of Montreal. This power source was a strong stimulus to Montreal's rapid industrialization starting in the 1850s. However, the efforts of the Commissioners of Public Works of the Province of Canada to balance the competing demands of shipping and manufacturing resulted in many problems. The civil engineers, who designed and built the canal, were drawn into an unresolved conflict with other engineers who were interested in utilizing waterpower. Engineers were also in conflict with a variety of non-engineers over the building of waterpower installations and factories. This case study of waterpower on the Lachine Canal demonstrates the opportunities and conflicts for engineers in mid-nineteenth century Canada. Key words: waterpower, industrialization, turbine, hydraulic engineering, canal, Montreal, Lachine Canal.

scholarly journals Alle radici della moderna ingegneria

2010 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Engineering Studies ◽  
Academic System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City ◽  
Engineering Industries

The subject around which the contributions in this volume gravitate is the creation of a higher institute of engineering studies in Florence in the late nineteenth-century. On the eve of the unification of Italy, Florence was a promising centre for a Polytechnic, in view of the experience of the Corpo di Ingegneri di Acque e Strade, the precocious railway building, the importance of the mining sector and the solidity of the Istituto Tecnico Toscano. Despite this, unlike what took place in Milan and in Turin, the Istituto Tecnico Toscano was not transformed into a Polytechnic for the training of engineers. The reasons for this non-development can be traced to the lack of "industrialist" propensities in the managerial group that emerged victorious from the "peaceful revolution" of 1859, to a desire for independence from the national academic system built on the Casati law, and to a local demand for engineering skills that was less dynamic than expected. Consequently, the prevailing winds were those of "normalisation" blowing from the government, the universities and the most prestigious Colleges of Engineers. Nevertheless, Florence continued to represent an important technological centre, especially in relation to railway infrastructures, public works, and the mechanical engineering industries (for example Pignone and Galileo). In the end it was not until one hundred years after unification that the city finally became the seat of a Faculty of Engineering.

Tahkāl: the nineteenth–century record of two lost Gandhāra Sites

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-324
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Errington
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Clear Picture ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Precise Location ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
The City

The name Tahkā is today remembered by archaeologists only as the provenance of the famous Gandhāra statue of Kuvera in the Lahore Museum (fig. 1:Lahore 3/G101). Little is now known concerning the site itself, its precise location, or whether any architecural remains are still visible on the ground. Yet a hundred years age, the area around Tahkāl contained the most prominent Gandhāra ruins in the immediate neighbourhood of Peshawar, attracting the attention of all interested visitors who came to the city. It is moreover possible to construct a clear picture of the remains from their contemporary descriptions and from the forgotten archaeological record of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In particular, the recent rediscovery of Punjab Public works Department reports of the 1870s, printed in the Punjab Government Gazette, provides many details concerning the precise nature of two of the three major Buddhist structures in this area.

scholarly journals Socialización de la salud y urbanismo en Elche a finales del siglo XIX

2020 ◽  
pp. 323-349
Author(s):  
María Rosa Gómez Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Cholera Epidemic ◽  
Urban Distribution ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
New City ◽  
The City

Este artículo trata de analizar la respuesta municipal que produce la epidemia de cólera de 1884 en cuanto a la deconstrucción urbanística y arquitectónica de la ciudad según criterios de salud pública e higienismo, en Elche, ciudad del Mediterráneo occidental. Esta deconstrucción se desarrolla según cuatro categorías: la distribución urbana en calidad de nueva ciudad; extinción de la ciudad rural, que se traduce en la superación de la dialéctica huertos-espacios urbanos; la necesidad de obra pública; la apertura de espacios públicos de ventilación y la concienciación de higiene pública/privada. Cuatro categorías que sintetizan los contenidos de una intervención municipal que situamos en el contexto de biopolítica del Estado a finales del siglo XIX en Europa. This article tries to analyze the municipal response produced by the cholera epidemic of 1884 regarding the urban and architectural deconstruction of the city according to the criteria of public health and higiene, in Elche, city of the western Mediterranean. This deconstruction is developed according to four categories: urban distribution as a new city;the extinction of the rural city, which translates into overcoming the urban-urban spaces dialectic; the need for public works; the opening of public ventilation spaces and public / private hygiene awareness. Four categories that synthesize the contents of a municipal intervention that we place in the context of state bipolitics at the end of the nineteenth century in Europe.

scholarly journals HISTÓRIA AMBIENTAL: O SANEAMENTO DA CIDADE DO RIO DE JANEIRO

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinéa Da Silva Figueira Rodrigues ◽  
Antonio Carlos de Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
City Center ◽  
Current Form ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City

RESUMOO objetivo central deste estudo é analisar o processo histórico do saneamento na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no final do século XIX, principalmente, nas suas três últimas décadas, com enfoque nos aspectos socioambientais,a partir de fontes acadêmicas contemporâneas e primárias. Acreditamos que através desta perspectiva histórica seja possível discutir, também, de forma atual, os diversos temas interdisciplinares principalmente em educação ambiental. A cidade do Rio de Janeiro, nas últimas décadas do século XIX, passa por graves problemas de habitação, sobretudo com o crescimento populacional,acentuou-se ainda mais o esgotamento de grande parte dos mananciais que abasteciam a cidade. Esse cenário potencializa as doenças epidêmicas e, em contrapartida,cria-seuma medicina urbana. Assim, forma-se um saber ‘médico-administrativo’ que visava a ‘higienização’ da cidade e o seu ‘embelezamento’. O modelo são as cidades europeias, com a ‘limpeza e o arejamento do ar’ e, principalmente, com o afastamento da população pobre do centro da cidade. Assim, fundam-se as bases para a normatização e para o controle da sociedade. Palavras-chave: saneamento; educação ambiental; socioambiental; história ambientalABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to investigate the historical process ofsanitation improvement in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in the late nineteenth century, mainly in its last three decades, with a focus on socialenvironmental aspects, from contemporary and primary academic sources. We believe that through this historical perspective it is possible to discussal so the current form, the various interdisciplinary themes in the environmental education.Rio de Janeiro city, in the last decades of the nineteenth century, undergoes severe housing problems, especially with population growth, deepened further depletion of most fountains that supplied the city. This scenario is seasonable toepidemic diseases and, on the other hand,an urban medicine is created. Thus, they form a knowledge 'medical-administrative' aimed at 'cleaning' of the city and its 'embellishment'. The modelsareEuropean cities, with the 'cleaning and aeration of the air', and especially with the removal of the poor from the city center. Therefore, the basis for the regulation and control of society are founded.Key words: sanitation, environmental education, socio environmental; environmental history

Reverberations: Mexico City’s 1985 Earthquake and the Transformation of the Capital

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane E. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Richter Scale ◽  
The City

On September 19, 1985, at 7:14 a.m. an earthquake reaching a magnitude of 8.1 on the Richter scale and lasting almost two full minutes hit the coast of Mexico, rocking its capital city and shaking its buildings and its people. The next day, at 7:38 p.m., Mexico City experienced a second tremor of an almost equal magnitude on the Richter scale, 7.5. What has come to be known as the Mexico City earthquake, then, was in actuality two earthquakes, although those who experienced it lived through a single disaster whose longer-term reverberations were as powerful as the first set of tremors that hit the city on that initial day in September. The earthquake, or those two days of tremors big and small, produced a physical disaster on a scale not seen since the destruction of the city in 1521, when Hernán Cortés’s forces defeated the ancient Aztec city of Tenochtitlan. This same battle site later served as the seat of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Spanish colonial power and subsequently marked the place where the majority of the 1985 earthquake damage occurred. After the first day alone, 250 buildings were completely destroyed with 50 more at risk of collapsing; thousands of others were damaged or considered to be unusable. Five thousand people were injured with more than 1,000 still trapped under the debris; more than 250,000 people were homeless. The city lacked telephone and electricity services. After the second day’s quake, when more reliable statistics began flowing in, 2,000 were officially confirmed dead (although close to 7,000 cadavers had been identified) with 28,000 still listed as missing; more than 7,000 victims were being treated at relief stations, with 30,000 at gyms and other sites turned into shelters. More than 800,000 residents were ultimately forced to abandon their homes and sleep in the open air. Official statements later acknowledged 5,000 killed and 14,000 injured; but an independent final tally accounted for 2 million residents temporarily made homeless and thousands dead, tens of thousands injured, 100,000 damaged building units (mostly residential), and hundreds of thousands of residents made permanently homeless.

Smelling Civic Peril

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Mack
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Water Tunnel ◽  
The Public ◽  
Chicago River ◽  
The City ◽  
Commercial Expansion

This chapter focuses on the public debate over the pollution of the Chicago River between the Civil War and the 1871 effort to “reverse” its flow. The Chicago River, which served as the fountainhead of the city's commercial expansion in the second half of the nineteenth century, constituted a potent sensory nuisance; the obnoxious odors forced a raw confrontation with water pollution that sometimes left residents feeling physically ill. The river offended the eyes and tongue too, but the stenches generated the most complaint. The chapter first explores the reasons why the Chicago River's malodors offended the senses of the affluent classes before discussing how the control of odors figured in broader efforts to create a healthy urban order throughout the city. It examines two of Chicago's most substantial public works projects in the context of the stench of the Chicago River: a water tunnel under Lake Michigan for drinking water and the deepening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal to change the flow of the river.

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