scholarly journals Makassar War in the Perspective of the Indonesian Total War

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslan Arief ◽  
◽  
I Wayan Midhio ◽  
Helda Risman ◽  
Syaiful Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Conflict ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Total War ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Two Sides

The purpose of writing this article is to take a lesson from history and then make a comparison in order to find the strengths and weaknesses of a nation in implementing a defense system, and it is stipulated in a state document in the form of law if we look at events that occurred in the past, the location of the port Somba Opu is located in a very strategic area, which is located between Malacca and Maluku which makes the VOC (Verenigde Oost Indische Compagnie) or the East Indies Trade Association intending to implement monopolistic practices; therefore Makassar port must be controlled and must be under VOC control. In addition, the VOC did its best to provide spices to the European market by monopolizing the spice trade in the archipelago. While also wanting the divine government to be under VOC control, this was a threat to the interests of trade and shipping on the island of Maluku for the Makassar Sultanate since the arrival of the VOC. Because of that, there was trade competition between the Kingdom of Gowa and the VOC, and it was inevitable that there would be friction which resulted in the emergence of social conflict between the Sultanate of Makassar and the VOC, which at its peak broke out in a war between the two sides known as the Makassar War in the XVII century. The conflict continued after the Bongaya agreement on November 18, 1668, which led to major changes in the Bugis-Makassar Kingdom. The VOC obtained a trade monopoly in Makassar, and all non-Dutch Europeans were forced to leave Makassar. The conflict in Makassar resulted in an unstable security situation. The universal defense system, as stated in the Republic of Indonesia Law (RI Law) Number 3 of 2002 concerning national defense, has stipulated that the Indonesian defense system is SISHANKAMRATA, where the contribution of the people in it is an important part).

scholarly journals Makassar War in the Perspective of the Indonesian Total War

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslan Arief ◽  
I Wayan Midhio ◽  
Helda Risman ◽  
Syaiful Anwar ◽  
Lukman Yudho Prakoso
Keyword(s):  
Social Conflict ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Total War ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Two Sides

The purpose of writing this article is to take a lesson from history and then make a comparison in order to find the strengths and weaknesses of a nation in implementing a defense system, and it is stipulated in a state document in the form of law if we look at events that occurred in the past, the location of the port Somba Opu is located in a very strategic area, which is located between Malacca and Maluku which makes the VOC (Verenigde Oost Indische Compagnie) or the East Indies Trade Association intending to implement monopolistic practices; therefore Makassar port must be controlled and must be under VOC control. In addition, the VOC did its best to provide spices to the European market by monopolizing the spice trade in the archipelago. While also wanting the divine government to be under VOC control, this was a threat to the interests of trade and shipping on the island of Maluku for the Makassar Sultanate since the arrival of the VOC. Because of that, there was trade competition between the Kingdom of Gowa and the VOC, and it was inevitable that there would be friction which resulted in the emergence of social conflict between the Sultanate of Makassar and the VOC, which at its peak broke out in a war between the two sides known as the Makassar War in the XVII century. The conflict continued after the Bongaya agreement on November 18, 1668, which led to major changes in the Bugis-Makassar Kingdom. The VOC obtained a trade monopoly in Makassar, and all non-Dutch Europeans were forced to leave Makassar. The conflict in Makassar resulted in an unstable security situation. The universal defense system, as stated in the Republic of Indonesia Law (RI Law) Number 3 of 2002 concerning national defense, has stipulated that the Indonesian defense system is SISHANKAMRATA, where the contribution of the people in it is an important part).

A Separate Moldovan Language? The Sociolinguistics of Moldova'sLimba de Stat

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew H. Ciscel
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Language Identity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Language And Power ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Soviet Russia

The politics of language identity have figured heavily in the history of the people of the Republic of Moldova. Indeed the region's status as a province of Russia, Romania, and then the Soviet Union over the past 200 years has consistently been justified and, at least partially, manipulated on the basis of language issues. At the center of these struggles over language and power has been the linguistic and cultural identity of the region's autochthonous ethnicity and current demographic majority, the Moldovans. In dispute is the degree to which these Moldovans are culturally, historically, and linguistically related to the other Moldovans and Romanians across the Prut River in Romania. Under imperial Russia from 1812 to 1918 and Soviet Russia from 1944 to 1991, a proto-Moldovan identity that eschewed connections to Romania and emphasized contact with Slavic peoples was promoted in the region. Meanwhile, experts from Romania and the West have regularly argued that the eastern Moldovans are indistinguishable, historically, culturally, and linguistically, from their Romanian cousins.

scholarly journals KONSEP HAK MENGUASAI NEGARA TERHADAP TANAH DALAM HUKUM TANAH (UUPA) DAN KONSTITUSI

GANEC SWARA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 991
Author(s):  
NI LUH ARININGSIH SARI
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Control ◽  
Land Law ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The People ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right

     The concept of the State's Right to Control over Land in Land Law (UUPA) and the Constitution are things that need to be clarified based on law. The type of research in this research is normative research, namely research on legal principles related to the concept of the State's right to control over land seen from the aspects of the Basic Agrarian Law and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The approach method used in this research is the statutory approach (the statute approach), the conceptual approach, which utilizes the views and thoughts of experts regarding the concept of the rule of law and the historical approach is carried out by examining what background. which underlie a development of the implementation of the right to control the State. The results of the study show that the concept of the right to control of the State which is regulated in the 1945 Constitution and the UUPA, is different from the legal relationship which is ownership between the State and land based on the Domeinverklaring principle which is regulated in the Land Law for the Administration of the Dutch East Indies Government which has been revoked in the UUPA. The principle of Domeinverklaring contradicts the legal awareness of the Indonesian people and the principles of an independent and modern State, especially in the 1945 Constitution which regulates State control of all agrarian resources which are essentially intended for the greatest prosperity of the people (Article 33 paragraph (3)).

scholarly journals OPTIMALISASI SISHANKAMRATA MELALUI PENERAPAN LIMA PILAR TOTAL DEFENCE SEBAGAI UPAYA MEWUJUDKAN NEGARA INDONESIA YANG BERDAULAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-167
Author(s):  
Wahyu Beny Mukti Setiyawan ◽  
Bagus Hanindyo Mantri ◽  
Amir Junaidi
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
World Population ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
National Goal ◽  
Defence System ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic

AbstrakMenurut data statistik kependudukan dunia megatakan bahwa Negara Indonesia memliki jumlah penduduk terbanyak ke-empat, sebanyak 237,6 juta jiwa. Indonesia juga merupakan negara kepulauan yang terbesar di dunia (the biggest archipelago state in the world). Keadaan tanahnya yang subur, dan terletak diantara dua benua serta dua samudera besar, membuat posisi geografis Indonesia sangat strategis. Hal ini menyebabkan banyak negara lain di dunia sejak dulu ingin menguasai bumi nusantara ini. Pembukaan UUD NRI 1945 merupakan sumber dorongan terbesar tekad bangsa Indonesia untuk mencapai suatu tujuan bangsa. Salah satu upayanya adalah dengan memperkuat pertahanan dan keamanan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Namun, pada penerapanya saat ini SISHANKAMRATA belum berjalan secara optimal dalam melindungi dan mempertahankan kedaulatan negara Indonesia. Hal ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor seperti rendahnya kualitas SDM, lemahnya ketahanan ekonomi Indonesia, kurang harmonisnya hubungan TNI dan Polri, rendahnya stabilitas politik, dan pudarnya rasa nasionalisme pada generasi muda. Untuk itu diperlukannya sebuah Kebijakan Pembangunan Kekuatan Pertahanan mencakup pembangunan kemampuan nasional. Konsep Optimalisasi SISHANKAMRATA dengan 5 Pilar Total Defence System sebagai pembaharuan dan penguatan dari pertahanan nasional dengan menggabungkan konsep SISHANKAMRATA Indonesia dengan konsep Total Defence System Singapura yang selaras dengan cita-cita Dasar Negara. Jenis penelitian yang akan digunakan penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis-normatif dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan perundang-undangan (statue-approach), pendekatan konseptual (conseptual approach), dan pendekatan komparatif (comparative approach), Konsep Optimalisasi SISHANKAMRATA dengan lima Pilar Total Defence System memberikan solusi yang solutif dalam awal langkah baru menyongsong negara Indonesia yang Berdaulat dengan Pengoptimalan Sistem Pertahanan Nasional Indonesia dalam Kerangka SIHANKAMRATA.Kata kunci: SISHANKAMRATA,Sumber daya Manusia.AbstrakAccording to world population statistics, Indonesia has the fourth largest population, 237.6 million. Indonesia is also the largest archipelago country in the world (the biggest archipelago state in the world). The condition of the fertile land, and is located between two continents and two large oceans, makes Indonesia's geographical position very strategic. This has caused many other countries in the world to have always wanted to dominate this archipelago. The preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is the greatest source of encouragement for the Indonesian nation's determination to achieve a national goal. One of the efforts is to strengthen the defense and security of the Republic of Indonesia. However, in its current implementation, SISHANKAMRATA has not been running optimally in protecting and defending the sovereignty of the Indonesian state. This is due to several factors such as the low quality of human resources, the weak resilience of the Indonesian economy, the lack of harmony between the TNI and the Police, low political stability, and a fading sense of nationalism in the younger generation. For this reason, a Defense Force Development Policy is needed which includes building national capabilities. The concept of optimizing SISHANKAMRATA with 5 Pillars of Total Defense System as a renewal and strengthening of national defense by combining the Indonesian SISHANKAMRATA concept with the Singapore Total Defense System concept which is in line with the Basic ideals of the State. The type of research that the writer will use in this research is juridical-normative research using the statue-approach method, the conceptual approach, and the comparative approach, the SISHANKAMRATA Optimization Concept with the five Pillars of Total Defense. The system provides a solution that is a solution in the beginning of a new step towards welcoming the Sovereign Indonesian state by optimizing the Indonesian National Defense System in the SIHANKAMRATA Framewor.Keywords: SISHANKAMRATA,Human Resources.

The Nuclear Obsession: V. The “Stately Minuet” of the A.B.M. Debate

Worldview ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
Jack Walker
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Missile Defense ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
National Elections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ballistic Missile Defense ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The U.S

The currently emerging debate on the desirability of the U.S. undertaking to deploy an anti-ballistic missile defense system (A.B.M.) threatens to become the next national defense issue to have an impact on national elections. In the past we have all become familiar with real or alleged “bomber gaps,” “missile gaps,” and “conventional gaps.” The basis for all these “gaps” was a deep fear that potential enemies would subject ns to nuclear blackmail, or that our own failure to develop other kinds of military forces would require us to respond to any emergency with an all-out nuclear attack.In an earlier essay, I pointed out how our obsession with nuclear war had encouraged us to discount the significance of conventional war. I want now to turn to an examination of how specific groups in the U.S. have changed their positions in recent years on the subject of defensive weapons. In doing so I have borrowed the term used in 1960 by Henry Kissinger to describe the shifting arguments of the Air Force and Navy.

scholarly journals Memory of the Caucasian War in Monuments on the Territory of the Republic of Adygea

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-112
Author(s):  
Maryana Adamovna Malish
Keyword(s):  
Historical Memory ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Republic

The paper raises the problem of preserving the his-torical memory of the Caucasian War. The author examines the contribution of long-term republican target programs in the development of the region and the education of youth. It is said about the ap-pearance of traditions associated with monuments dedicated to the memory of this war in Adygea. The paper analyzes the attitude of state authorities and public organizations to the establishment of monu-ments of this type. A brief description of the monu-ments to the victims of the Caucasian War is given. It was revealed that the first initiator of their estab-lishment in the North Caucasus, in particular in Adygea, is the International Circassian Association. The role of the media in the study and dissemination of information about the monuments of the region is indicated. It is concluded that memorials testify-ing to the tragic events of the Caucasian War are symbols of historical memory and reflect the atti-tude of the people to the past.

scholarly journals Contemporary Irregular Warfare: Defense Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sotardodo Siahaan ◽  
◽  
Helda Risman
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Irregular Warfare ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Defense Strategy ◽  
Military Threat ◽  
The People

Globalization influenced by the development of science and technology has brought the world into the era of industrial revolution 4.0. It led to an unstable and confusing situation, which implies the emergence of VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity) conditions. VUCA created the term Irregular Warfare as a new form of war, which is defined as a violent struggle between state and non-state actors to gain legitimate influence on the people relevant in the form of terrorist attacks, subversion, and rebellion or separatism. Irregular Warfare in Indonesia is known as a non-military threat, which must be faced by state institutions outside the defense sector as the main element. This study aims to develop a non-military defense strategy in dealing with non-military threats through the collaboration between the ministry of defense with ministries/agencies and local governments as the main elements under the mandate of the defense law. This study used qualitative research methods and phenomenological descriptive-analytical design and supported by relevant theories such as; strategy theory and synergy theory. This study indicates that the synergy of the ministry of defense with the ministries/agencies and local governments is significant in realizing a reliable national defense system.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF MODERNIZATION OF MAIN EQUIPMENT OF BEKANG BATTALION DEFENSE SYSTEM ON THE PREPARATION OF LOGISTIC SUPPORT FOR INDONESIAN ARMY

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Boby Wijayanto ◽  
Nanang Eko Ismurdianto ◽  
Andyka Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Equipment Modernization ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Logistic Support

<p>The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is one of the countries with a strategic path to world trade, and this has become a favorable supporting factor in various sectors in Indonesia. The territory of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia, which is also very broad, has implications for national defense that is complex and very open so that it is easily entered by anyone from various directions. The territory of the Republic of Indonesia consists of 7.7 million km2, stretching from Sabang to Merauke, from P. Miangas to P. Rote consisting of 17,504 islands united by vast seas and oceans. The problem that arises now is where the Army defense equipment especially in the Bekang Battalion is old and ineffective in supporting logistical activities. However, technically, the modernization of the Army defense equipment prior to comprehensive considerations, mainly based on the effectiveness of activities that can support the main tasks and the use of defense equipment in an effective and efficient operation, besides that in terms of modernizing military equipment and weapons in addition to supporting logistical activities, they must also be able to be tested in Combat Proven. In fulfilling modern defense equipment, it is highly expected to support the main tasks of the Army, especially support for defense equipment in the Bekang Battalion, the fulfillment of modern logistical transport vessels. This study analyzes the effect of modernization of the Bekang Battalion defense system on the readiness of the Army logistical support with a research sample in the Bekang Battalion Unit of the Army with data analysis using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) method to obtain an objective assessment of the effect of the readiness of the support units of the data analysis on the basic tasks of the Army. With the modernization of defense equipment, it is hoped that Battalion's readiness can be maximized in carrying out its duties in the future.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> defense equipment, modernization, logistics, SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science)</p>

Commemoration

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Kathryn Barbier
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
World War ◽  
War Memorials ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Fireworks Displays ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Battle Of The Somme

Societies commemorate past events in different ways, and in many cases, decisions about how to honor those who fought and died, as well as those who survived, are contested ones. There are many manifestations of the rituals of commemoration, including monuments of varying sizes, songs such as “The Battle Hymn of the Republic,” poems and other forms of literature, parades such as those on Veterans’ Day or Memorial Day, festivals, fireworks displays on the Fourth of July and other important days, and moments of silence. The Gettysburg battlefield is littered with monuments—small, unimposing ones and large, attention-grabbing ones. Landscapes can be dominated or shaped by monuments, such as the Menin Gate Memorial in Ypres, Belgium, or the Battle of the Somme Memorial at Thieval. Memorials can be both temporary and permanent. Some are stark, while others overwhelm the viewer with multiple images. Numerous factors shape commemorations. One factor that determines the ritual is the nature of the event that is being memorialized. Because battles and wars have multiple effects on society, it is perhaps not surprising that decisions about commemorating these events are frequently contentious. In some cases, major conflicts ultimately shape the future identity of a nation. Such is the case with World War I and Great Britain. The books and articles included here reflect interest in these commemorations. Authors argue that what is included in commemorations is just as important as what is omitted. While some of the authors present superficial views of war memorials, others delve deeper and seek the meaning of the images and texts used. Many endeavor to discern what the rituals and memorials say about the people who construct them and how these commemorations shape a nation’s or a people’s identity. These books and articles are about the legacy of war, about remembering and honoring the dead, about celebrating those who survived, about the emergence of battlefield tourism and what that says about a society, and about how societies mourn and recover. They make the distinction between individual and collective memory, between private and public rituals of remembrance. In sum, they are about societies: how they think, how they mourn, how they connect the past to the present, and how they incorporate the past into who and what they are.

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