scholarly journals Water Treatment With Conventional and Alternative Coagulants: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Ahlam Talib Salem ◽  
Nawar O.A AL-Musawi
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Aluminum Sulfate ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Socioeconomic Issues ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Removal Studies

There is no access to basic sanitation for half the world's population, leading to Socioeconomic issues, such as scarcity of drinking water and the spread of diseases. In this way, it is of vital importance to develop water management technologies relevant to the target population. In addition, in the separation form of water treatment, the compound often used as a coagulant in water treatment is aluminum sulfate, which provides good results for raw water turbidity and color removal. Studies show, however, that its deposition in the human body, even Alzheimer's disease, can cause serious harm to health and disease development. The study aims to improve the coagulation/flocculation stage related to the amount of flakes, including the absence of metal sludge formed. Initial studies were concerned with assisting and comparing natural and chemical coagulants. The key chemicals used for coagulation are aluminum sulfate (alum) and poly aluminum chloride, also known as PACL and ferric chloride.

scholarly journals Use of Aloe vera as an Organic Coagulant for Improving Drinking Water Quality

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2024
Author(s):  
Abderrezzaq Benalia ◽  
Kerroum Derbal ◽  
Amel Khalfaoui ◽  
Raouf Bouchareb ◽  
Antonio Panico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Aluminum Sulfate ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Maximum Turbidity ◽  
Optimal Ph

The coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation process is widely used for removal of suspended solids and water turbidity reduction. The most common coagulants used to conduct this process are aluminum sulfate and ferric sulfate. In this paper, the use of Aloe vera as a natural-based coagulant for drinking water treatment was tested. The bio-coagulant was used in two different forms: powder as well as liquid; the latter was extracted with distilled water used as a solvent. The obtained results showed that the use of the natural coagulant (Aloe vera) in both powder (AV-Powder) and liquid (AV-H2O) forms reduced the water turbidity at natural pH by 28.23% and 87.84%, respectively. Moreover, it was found that the use of the two previous forms of bio-coagulant for drinking water treatment had no significant influence on the following three parameters: pH, alkalinity, and hardness. The study of the effect of pH on the process performance using Aloe vera as a bio-coagulant demonstrated that the maximum turbidity removal efficiency accounted for 53.53% and 88.23% using AV-Powder and AV-H2O, respectively, at optimal pH 6.

scholarly journals Using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for pH adjustment in water treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Ali Salim Abd Al-Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
Oil Company ◽  
Clarified Water

The aim of this paper is to explain the advantages of using sulfuric acid in Qarmat Ali water treatment plant belong to Basrah Oil Company, which produces water for injection into the Rumaila reservoirs. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid providing rapid and effective pH reduction. Maintaining the coagulation pH within the optimum value (6.4) by inject specific value of sulfuric acid to RAW water enhances the clarification performances by reducing the clarified water turbidity to minimum value (5.1). It was preferable for  operating at a pH below the saturation pH to prevent the precipitation of minerals such as calcium carbonate which are contributing to blocking the surface filters installed downstream (auto back wash filters) and The clarifiers that cause increased the feed from 500 MBD  to 1000 MBD. With a fast and rapid dissociation in Water, Sulfuric acid is an effective and practical way to lower the pH on Qarmat Ali plant which producing in excess of 1,000MBD of export water.

scholarly journals Energy and Chemicals Consumption Evaluation in Water Treatment Plant. A comparative study between Bacau and Turin

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 881-886
Author(s):  
Florina Fabian ◽  
Valentin Nedeff ◽  
Narcis Birsan ◽  
Emilian Mosnegutu
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Water Treatment Process

The total energy demand of water treatment plant Bacau (WTP Bacau) was evaluated at 239.94 MW h/y, in case of SMAT (Turin-Iataly) total energy demand of the plant was evaluated at 2.235,454.9 MW h/y, and 6,9 % is for WT. Chemicals consumption, is relative and depends on raw water turbidity at WTP Bacau, during the winter period raw water is very clean and requires only a simple chlorination, on the other hand at SMAT chemicals consumption, is 5.325 t/y and 8.8% is used for water treatment process.

scholarly journals Environmental friendly flocculants for drinking water treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Mihai Stefanescu ◽  
◽  
Laurentiu Dinu ◽  
Costel Bumbac
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Aluminum Sulfate ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Initial Surface ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Environmental Friendly

Coagulation-flocculation is an important step for the treatment of drinking water obtained from surface water sources. Various types of flocculants are available in the drinking water treatment market but only some of them are friendly for the environment due to their specific structure, which includes natural compounds. Starch-based flocculants are included in this category and some types of them were tested in our research work, in similar conditions with ordinary polyelectrolytes, in order to prove their efficiencies for turbidity and organic load (COD-Mn) removal. Five types of flocculants based on starch and acrylamide were tested during the classic treatment flow coagulation-flocculation-settling with aluminum sulfate as coagulant (1-10 mg Al/L) and 0.5-10 mL/L flocculant dose (0.2% active substance). Better removal efficiencies of turbidity and organic load (COD-Mn) in case of flocculants based on starch and acrylamide copolymers: over 99% for turbidity and ~90% for COD-Mn in case of 300-400 NTU initial surface water turbidity were registered.

scholarly journals Intelligent system for improving dosage control

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Cosme Rodrigues dos Santos ◽  
André Felipe Henriques Librantz ◽  
Cleber Gustavo Dias ◽  
Sheila Gozzo Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Coagulant Dosage

Coagulation is one of the most important processes in a drinking-water treatment plant, and it is applied to destabilize impurities in water for the subsequent flocculation stage. Several techniques are currently used in the water industry to determine the best dosage of the coagulant, such as the jar-test method, zeta potential measurements, artificial intelligence methods, comprising neural networks, fuzzy and expert systems, and the combination of the above-mentioned techniques to help operators and engineers in the water treatment process. Current paper presents an artificial neural network approach to evaluate optimum coagulant dosage for various scenarios in raw water quality, using parameters such as raw water color, raw water turbidity, clarified and filtered water turbidity and a calculated Dose Rate to provide the best performance in the filtration process. Another feature in current approach is the use of a backpropagation neural network method to estimate the best coagulant dosage simultaneously at two points of the water treatment plant. Simulation results were compared to the current dosage rate and showed that the proposed system may reduce costs of raw material in water treatment plant. 

scholarly journals A review of seventeen years of bank filtration in Brazil: results, benefits and challenges - Part 2: states of Pernambuco and Minas Gerais

Revista DAE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (233) ◽  
pp. 149-163
Author(s):  
Marcelo Luiz Emmendoerfer ◽  
Marcelle Martins ◽  
Bruno Segalla Pizzolatti ◽  
Marcus Bruno Domingues Soares ◽  
Aline Maria Signori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Bank Filtration ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Sandy Sediments

This work is the second part of “A Review of seventeen years of bank filtration in Brazil: results, benefits, and challenges”. Part 2 describes the research on water treatment carried out in the states of Pernambuco (Olinda city, metropolitan region of Recife and region of Garanhuns) and Minas Gerais (Viçosa city). The main benefit of bank filtration (BF) is that it is an alternative way of obtaining a higher quality raw water compared to the traditional water supply methods when local geological conditions are favorable. BF technology highlights other relevant aspects: it may become one of the main water pretreatments in rivers or lakes with sandy sediments; it is possible to obtain quality water in a well up to the first impenetrable layer (30 m deep); the technology removes 100% of total and fecal coliforms; it may reduce water turbidity at high levels; its pretreatment application may reduce the amount of inputs in the water and, consequently, the generated sludge. Keywords: Bank Filtration. Water Treatment. Local Geological Conditions. Pretreatment. Impenetrable Layer.

Experimental evaluations of water treatment systems using a pilot-scale plant for adaptations to a sharp increase in raw-water turbidity caused by climate change

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
Y. Kobayashi ◽  
M. Itoh ◽  
T. Yamada ◽  
M. Akiba ◽  
Y. Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Water Turbidity

One effect of climate change on the water supply systems in Japan may be a sharp increase in the raw-water turbidity following heavy rain. The objective of this study was to evaluate water treatment performance with a sharp increase in raw-water turbidity. This evaluation was carried out from the perspective of turbidity response by a pilot-scale plant using sand filtration and membrane filtration with coagulation–sedimentation pretreatment. Two coagulants were used; namely, polyaluminum chloride with a basicity of either 72% (PACl-72%) or 51% (PACl-51%). Raw-water turbidity was increased from 5 to 300 TU by adding kaolin suspension. In the case of sand filtration, the filtered-water turbidity increased during the filter stabilization period. An increase in the coagulant dosage produced a more rapid decrease in the filtered-water turbidity and shortened the filter stabilizing period. Filtered-water turbidity decreased more rapidly for PACl-72% than for PACl-51%. In the case of membrane filtration, an increase in raw-water turbidity caused no significant increase in filtered-water turbidity or transmembrane pressure. These results demonstrated that, although neither filtration technique completely failed, membrane filtration was more robust than sand filtration against a sharp increase in raw-water turbidity.

Epigenetics, Nutrition, Disease and Drug Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 386-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Lundstrom
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Novel Drug

Epigenetic mechanisms comprising of DNA methylation, histone modifications and gene silencing by RNA interference have been strongly linked to the development and progression of various diseases. These findings have triggered research on epigenetic functions and signal pathways as targets for novel drug discovery. Dietary intake has also presented significant influence on human health and disease development and nutritional modifications have proven important in prevention, but also the treatment of disease. Moreover, a strong link between nutrition and epigenetic changes has been established. Therefore, in attempts to develop novel safer and more efficacious drugs, both nutritional requirements and epigenetic mechanisms need to be addressed.

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