Prevention of HPV Infection and Cervical Cancer. The Role of the HPV Vaccine in Kano State, Nigeria

Background: Cervical cancer induced by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) remains a leading cause of mortality for women worldwide although preventive vaccines and early diagnosis have reduced morbidity and mortality. Advanced cervical cancer can only be treated with either chemotherapy or radiotherapy but outcomes are poor. The median survival for advanced cervical cancer patients is only 16.8 months. Methods: We undertook a structural search of peer-reviewed published studies based on 1). Characteristics of programmed cell death ligand-1/programmed cell death-1(PD-L1/PD-1) expression in cervical cancer and upstream regulatory signals of PD-L1/PD-1 expression, 2). The role of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis in cervical carcinogenesis induced by HPV infection and 3). Whether the PD-L1/PD-1 axis has emerged as a potential target for cervical cancer therapies. Results: One hundred and twenty-six published papers were included in the review, demonstrating that expression of PD-L1/PD-1 is associated with HPV-caused cancer, especially with HPV 16 and 18 which account for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases. HPV E5/E6/E7 oncogenes activate multiple signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, STAT3/NF-kB and MicroRNAs, which regulate PD-L1/PD-1 axis to promote HPV-induced cervical carcinogenesis. The PD-L1/PD-1 axis plays a crucial role in immune escape of cervical cancer through inhibition of host immune response. creating an "immune-privileged" site for initial viral infection and subsequent adaptive immune resistance, which provides a rationale for therapeutic blockade of this axis in HPV-positive cancers. Currently, Phase I/II clinical trials evaluating the effects of PD-L1/PD-1 targeted therapies are in progress for cervical carcinoma, which provide an important opportunity for the application of anti-PD-L1/anti-PD-1 antibodies in cervical cancer treatment. Conclusion: Recent research developments have led to an entirely new class of drugs using antibodies against the PD-L1/PD-1 thus promoting the body’s immune system to fight the cancer. The expression and roles of the PD-L1/ PD-1 axis in the progression of cervical cancer provide great potential for using PD-L1/PD-1 antibodies as a targeted cancer therapy.

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Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cervical Cancer: From Preclinical to Clinical Data

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13092089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 2089

Author(s):

Simona Duranti ◽

Antonella Pietragalla ◽

Gennaro Daniele ◽

Camilla Nero ◽

Francesca Ciccarone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Immune Checkpoint ◽

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Hpv Infection ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Cervical Cancers ◽

Relapsed Disease

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the recognized cause of almost all cervical cancers. Despite the reduction in incidence due to a wide use of screening programs and a specific vaccine, the prognosis of cervical cancer remains poor, especially for late-stage and relapsed disease. Considering the elevated rates of PD-L1 expression in up to 80% of cervical cancers, a strong rationale supports the use of immunotherapy to restore the immune response against tumor. The aim of this review is to analyze the possible role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cervical cancer treatment, with a particular focus on the rationale and on the results of phase I and II clinical trials. An overview of ongoing phase III studies with possible future areas of development is also provided.

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Role of inflammasome genetics in susceptibility to HPV infection and cervical cancer development

Journal of Medical Virology ◽

10.1002/jmv.24514 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 88 (9) ◽

pp. 1646-1651 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

A. Pontillo ◽

P. Bricher ◽

V.N.C. Leal ◽

S. Lima ◽

P.R.E. Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Hpv Infection ◽

Cancer Development ◽

Cervical Cancer Development

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PVT1 Assumes Signifying Capacity in Cervical Cancer Diagnosis.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-57365/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shuangqing Cao ◽

Lei Zheng

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Roc Curve ◽

Mrna Level ◽

Hpv Infection ◽

Clinical Effects ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Operating Characteristics ◽

Large Tumor ◽

Diagnostic Role

Abstract Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most prevalent malignancy among women, which severely threatens patients’ health. The study was conducted to determine the diagnostic role of plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) in CC to improve patients outcomes.Methods: The qRT-PCR was used to determine the expression level of PVT1 mRNA in CC samples and healthy controls. Chi-square test was used to determine the clinical effects of patients’ features on PVT1 expression. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve with the area under the curve (AUC) was used as a tool for assessing the diagnostic role of PVT1 expression in CC.Results: The PVT1 mRNA level was significantly higher in CC samples than healthy controls (P<0.0001). Large tumor size (P=0.006), positive uterus infiltration (P=0.031) and advanced FIGO stages (P=0.011) were contributed to the elevated expression of PVT1 level. However, there was no close relationship between PVT1 expression and other clinical parameters, including age (P=0.205), family history (P=0.073), positive HPV infection (P=0.155 and histological type (P=0.159). The ROC curve showed the optimal cutoff point for PVT1 was 2.325, providing the sensitivity and specificity of 85.84% and 72.15%, respectively. Moreover, the AUC was 0.856, suggesting PVT1 level could be regarded as a diagnostic biomarker in CC (P<0.0001, 95%CI= 0.803-0.909).Conclusion: In summary, the level of PVT1 mRNA was significantly increased in CC samples and the up-regulation of PVT1 could distinguish CC patients from healthy controls.

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HPV vaccine knowledge and coverage among female students in a medical college, Kerala

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184779 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (12) ◽

pp. 5133

Author(s):

Niveditha Das E. ◽

Paul T. Francis

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Medical Students ◽

Hpv Vaccine ◽

General Public ◽

Preventive Intervention ◽

Target Population ◽

Hpv Infection ◽

Multiple Sexual Partners ◽

Medical College ◽

School Of Medicine

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in developing countries including India. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection of the cervix is the most common risk factor for cervical cancer. HPV infection is widespread and occurs soon after becoming sexually active. Lack of hygiene and multiple sexual partners increases the risk of chronic HPV infection. HPV vaccine offers protection against cervical cancer. However the knowledge about HPV and vaccine is very limited among the general public. Knowledge among doctors is essential to provide timely advice to the target population. This study aims to measure the awareness among female medical students in a medical college in Kerala.Methods: 1st to 4th year female medical students of Amrita School of Medicine were administered an anonymous, validated self-administered pretested questionnaire. Only students who had volunteered and given consent were included in the study. 165 students participated in the study.Results: The overall knowledge about cervical cancer its causation and prevention was good only in about 40%. However 83% had a positive attitude towards HPV vaccine and were willing to take the vaccine. Only 6% had been vaccinated against HPV.Conclusions: There is a need to emphasize the aetiology and preventive measures of cervical cancer in the curriculum of MBBS students. In-depth knowledge among future doctors is essential for dissemination of knowledge to general public and timely preventive intervention.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine acceptance and perceived effectiveness, and HPV infection concern among young New Zealand university students

Sexual Health ◽

10.1071/sh10005 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 394 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Carol Chelimo ◽

Trecia A. Wouldes ◽

Linda D. Cameron

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Hpv Vaccine ◽

Hpv Vaccination ◽

Hpv Infection ◽

Infection Risk ◽

Vaccine Acceptance ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Behavioural Characteristics

Two-hundred undergraduate students completed an anonymous questionnaire after viewing a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine television commercial. Eight-four percent of participants would accept a free HPV vaccine, whereas 47% were unconcerned about future personal HPV infection risk. Males were less likely to accept a free HPV vaccine and to be concerned about future personal HPV infection risk. Perceived HPV vaccine effectiveness was significantly greater among participants who had previously heard of the vaccine and who knew that HPV is sexually transmitted. More education on the role of sexual behavioural characteristics of both males and females in HPV transmission is necessary to promote awareness and concern of personal HPV infection risk and acceptance of HPV vaccination.

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Role of Regulatory B Cells in the Progression of Cervical Cancer

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2019/6519427 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Zhifang Chen ◽

Yuejie Zhu ◽

Rong Du ◽

Nannan Pang ◽

Fengbo Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

T Cells ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Hpv Infection ◽

Control Group ◽

Cell Percentage

This study is to investigate the role of regulatory B (Breg) cells in cervical cancer. In total, 70 cases of cervical cancer, 52 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and 40 normal controls were enrolled. The percentage of Breg cells was detected by flow cytometry. Serum levels of IL-10 were measured by ELISA. The correlation between Breg cells and the clinical characterizations of cervical cancer was analyzed. The inhibition effect of Breg cells on CD8+ T cells was tested by blocking IL-10 in vitro. The percentage of CD19+CD5+CD1d+ Breg cells and the level of IL-10 of patients with cervical cancer or CIN were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). And the postoperative levels of Breg cells and IL-10 were significantly lower than the preoperative levels (P<0.05). Breg cells and the IL-10 level were positively correlated in cervical cancer patients (r=0.516). In addition, the Breg cell percentage was closely related to the FIGO stages, lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation, HPV infection, and the tumor metastasis of cervical cancer (P<0.05). The Breg cell percentage was negatively correlated with CD8+ T cells of cervical cancer patients (r=‐0.669). The level of IL-10 in the culture supernatant of Bregs treated with CpG was significantly higher than that of non-Bregs (P<0.05). After coculture with Bregs, the quantity of CD8+ T cells to secrete perforin and Granzyme B was significantly decreased, and this effect was reversed after blocking IL-10 by a specific antibody. Breg cells are elevated in cervical cancer and associated with disease progression and metastasis. Moreover, they can inhibit the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells.

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Deregulation of miR-21 and miR-29a in Cervical Cancer Related to HPV Infection

MicroRNA ◽

10.2174/2211536607666181017124349 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 110-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sara Zamani ◽

Amir Sohrabi ◽

Seyed Masoud Hosseini ◽

Marjan Rahnamaye-Farzami ◽

Abolfazl Akbari

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Progression ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽

Hpv Infection ◽

Micro Rna ◽

Internal Reference ◽

Specific Primers ◽

Papilloma Virus

Background:Early diagnosis is an important factor to improve the survival of Invasive Cervical Cancer (ICC) patients. Molecular biomarkers such as micro RNA (miRNA) can be used in the early detection of ICC. The expression of miR-21 and miR-29a are deregulated in many types of human cancers.Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in miR-21 and miR-29a expression patterns in the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and various grades of cervical cancer among Iranian women.Methods:Small RNAs were extracted from positive for HPV, cervical cancer and healthy samples from 43, 50 and 46 individuals, respectively. Expression levels of miR-21 and miR-29a were analyzed by SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR using specific primers, and 5s rRNA as the internal reference gene.Results:Results have shown a significant increase in miR-21 and decrease in miR-29 in cancerous samples in comparison with the control groups (P < 0.0001).Conclusion:This study illustrated that miR-21 and miR-29a could be operated as an oncogene and tumor-suppressor in cervical cancer progression. More studies are needed to demonstrate the role of miR-21 and miR-29a as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of cervical cancer in future investigations.

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HPV AND HEAD NECK MALIGNANCIES – ROLE OF VACCINATION

UP STATE JOURNAL OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND HEAD AND NECK SURGERY ◽

10.36611/upjohns/18.4 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol VOLUME 6 (VOLUME 6 NUMBER 2 DECEMBER 2018) ◽

pp. 22-26

Author(s):

Sumit Sharma

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Hpv Vaccine ◽

Hpv Infection ◽

Sexual Contact ◽

Dna Virus ◽

Modes Of Transmission ◽

Male Sex ◽

Head Neck

Human papillomavirus is a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family and it not only causes genital and anal cancers, but also causes a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. It has both sexual and non sexual modes of transmission, former being predominant. Other factors associates with higher risk of HPV induced carcinogenesis are -- Smoking and HIV-infection, male sex and older age. Vaccines are available to prevent HPV infection and are to be given to boys and girls between 14-26 years of age preferably before first sexual contact, and if you already have an HPV infection, getting the HPV vaccine can’t treat it, but it can protect you from getting other types of HPV infections.

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Positivity and prevalence of human papillomavirus among a large population of women in southeastern China

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/0300060519870918 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (12) ◽

pp. 6171-6181 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sudong Liu ◽

Xiaodong Gu ◽

Ruiqiang Weng ◽

Jing Liu ◽

Zhixiong Zhong

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Hpv Vaccine ◽

Large Population ◽

Hpv Infection ◽

Southeastern China ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Specific Distribution ◽

Luminex Technology ◽

Hpv Genotypes

Objective To formulate strategies for prevention of cervical cancer, we investigated the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the age-specific distribution among female participants in southeastern China. Methods From January 2016 to July 2018, 36,871 women from Meizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University were enrolled in this prospective study. HPV genotypes were detected using Luminex technology. Results HPV infection was observed in 18.34% of the participants, and 79.98% were infected with high-risk HPVs. The five most prevalent genotypes were HPV52 (18.18%), HPV16 (16.06%), HPV58 (11.37%), HPV53 (8.82%), and HPV39 (6.42%). The 9-valent HPV vaccine efficiently reduced the HPV infection rate by more than 10%, which is twofold the rate of other vaccines. Most HPV infections were observed in women age 40 to 49 years, and those age 30 to 59 years accounted for 79.62% of positive patients. Conclusion Our findings regarding HPV genotypes and the age-specific distribution of HPV infection in the study area will contribute to the development of cervical cancer screening programs and vaccine strategies.

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