Dosage Forms and Formulations for Drug Administration to the Respiratory Tract

Introduction. Effective delivery of ophthalmic drugs is challenging. The eye has a number of protective systems and physiological barriers, which is why ophthalmic dosage forms have a low bioavailability, usually not exceeding 5 %. Topical drug administration is relatively easy to use and is most commonly prescribed by physicians for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases, especially the anterior segment of the eye. However, when using traditional delivery systems, a number of problems arise: patients' violation of the drug administration technique, and, as a consequence, a decrease in treatment compliance, restriction of drug delivery to the target eye tissues due to low epithelial permeability and rapid clearance after drug administration. Maintaining a constant therapeutic drug level is another challenge that traditional delivery systems often fail to cope with.Text. The article discusses the types of ophthalmic delivery systems. Traditional ones are represented by such dosage forms as eye drops, ointments, gels. Modern ophthalmic dosage forms are represented by: eye films, contact lenses and eye implants. The characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of each type of delivery systems and their promising directions of development, as well as modern developments in this area are given.Conclusion. Currently, most of the scientific research on the development of ophthalmic delivery systems is devoted to obtaining dosage forms capable of maintaining a constant concentration of the drug in the target tissue, providing the transport of active ingredients to them. This is achieved by using modern advances in nanotechnology and polymer chemistry. Receive liquid and soft dosage forms with micro-, nano- and micro-nano-carriers. Polymeric delivery systems such as films, lenses and implants are being actively developed and studied. The development of modern technological approaches opens up new possibilities for the treatment of a wide range of ophthalmic diseases by reducing the side effects often induced by the intrinsic toxicity of molecules, reducing the frequency of the administered dose and maintaining the pharmacological profile of the drug. Thus, the use of modern ophthalmic delivery systems can significantly limit the use of invasive treatments.

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A Focus Group Study about Oral Drug Administration Practices at Hospital Wards—Aspects to Consider in Drug Development of Age-Appropriate Formulations for Children

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics12020109 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 109 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maria Rautamo ◽

Kirsi Kvarnström ◽

Mia Sivén ◽

Marja Airaksinen ◽

Pekka Lahdenne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Healthcare Professionals ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

Oral Dosage ◽

Oral Drug ◽

Patient Centered ◽

Holistic View ◽

Age Appropriate ◽

Oral Dosage Forms ◽

Hospital Wards

Oral drug administration to pediatric patients is characterized by a lack of age-appropriate drug products and the off-label use of medicines. However, drug administration practices at hospital wards is a scarcely studied subject. The aim of this study was to explore the oral drug administration practices at pediatric hospital wards, with a focus on experiences and challenges faced, methods used to mitigate existing problems, drug manipulation habits, perceptions about oral dosage forms and future needs of oral dosage forms for children. This was a qualitative study consisting of focus group discussions with physicians, nurses and clinical pharmacists in a tertiary university hospital with the objective of bringing forward a holistic view on this research topic. These healthcare professionals recognized different administration challenges that were classified as either dosage form-related or patient-related ones. A lack of depot formulations developed especially for children as well as oral pediatric dosage forms of drug substances currently available as intravenous dosage forms was recognized. The preferred oral dosage forms were oral liquids and orodispersible tablets. Patient-centered drug administration practices including factors facilitating drug administration both at hospital wards and at home after patient discharge were identified. Among all healthcare professionals, the efficient cooperation in drug prescribing and administration as well as in educating the child’s caregivers in correct administration techniques before discharge and improving the overall discharge process of patients was emphasized. This study complements the prevalent understanding that new dosage forms for children of varying ages and stages of development are still needed. It also brings a holistic view on different aspects of oral drug administration to pediatric patients and overall patient-centered drug administration practices.

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STUDY OF THE QUALIT Y OF PHARMACEUTICAL INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OFTHE PROPER USE OF ANTI-ASTHMATIC DRUGS

MODERN ORGANIZATION OF DRUG SUPPLY ◽

10.30809/solo.4.2021.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 21-32

Author(s):

T.V. Shestakova ◽

I.A. Kirshchina

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Bronchial Asthma ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

Manufacturing Companies ◽

Human Respiratory Tract ◽

Oncological Diseases ◽

Improper Use ◽

Microsoft Office

RELEVANCE. Bronchial asthma, along with cardiovascular and oncological diseases, is one of the three most common chronic non- communicable diseases. For the most part, anti-asthmatic drugs (LP) are presented in the form of aerosols, powders, solutions for inhalation and other dosage forms intended for administration directly into the human respiratory tract. It is obvious that misunderstanding of the method of application and / or insufficient effectiveness of LP due to improper use can lead to a decrease in patients’ adherence to the prescribed therapy. In this regard, the availability of pharmaceutical information in the instructions becomes important, i.e. the more accessible the information in the instructions is to the patient, the higher the probability of proper use of the drug, maintaining patient compliance and preserving the patient’s quality of life. PURPOSE. The aim of the study was to analyze the completeness of pharmaceutical information provided in the instructions for the medical use of anti-asthmatic drugs (LP) and on the websites of manufacturing companies, from the standpoint of patients’ compliance with the rules for the use of LP. The main objectives of the analysis were: identification of the proportion of anti- asthmatic drugs that have a detailed scheme of use in the instructions; analysis of the instructions of anti-asthmatic drugs from the position of having indications of additional features of the use / use of drugs; analysis of instructions for anti-asthmatic drugs, the use of which is possible for groups of patients with physical or cognitive disabilities; identification of the share of companies producing anti-asthmatic drugs that support patients by conducting a specialized consulting service on the use of drugs. METHODS. The assessment of the quality of pharmaceutical information for patients was carried out on the basis of an analysis of 165 instructions for the medical use of pharmacotherapeutic groups of drugs designated in GINA-2021 (Global Initiative for Asthma-2021) and Federal Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment of Bronchial Asthma of the Russian Respiratory Society (2019) as anti-asthmatic drugs. The analysis was also carried out in relation to the information content of the websites of anti-asthmatic LP manufacturers, additionally, by creating a direct search query, the presence of a private page on the Internet for specific LP was determined. In the course of the research, methods of logical, comparative analysis, as well as generalization and grouping were used. To process the results obtained, the Excel computer program of the Microsoft Office 10 package was used. RESULTS. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the vast majority of anti-asthmatic drugs of all the studied pharmacotherapeutic groups are intended for administration directly into the respiratory tract, the article presents the results of a study on the ratio of inhaled and non-inhaled dosage forms in the context of the analyzed pharmacotherapeutic groups. The article presents data on the proportion of anti-asthmatic drugs that have a detailed description in the instructions in addition to the standard method of application (figure, diagram, pictogram) the method of introduction / use of LP. The fact of the absence of a detailed method of application in the instructions of various pharmacotherapeutic groups has been established. The results of the analysis of the number of instructions with the additional properties of LP indicated in them, allowing the use of LP data in patients with physical or cognitive characteristics (limitations), are presented. The number of companies producing anti-asthmatic drugs that have posted detailed information for consumers regarding the use of these drugs on their websites, as well as the number of drugs that have their own website, has been revealed. CONCLUSION. The information in the instructions for the medical use of anti-asthmatic drugs and on the official websites of the manufacturing companies (holders of registration certificates) of the studied drugs is not always exhaustive in terms of the use of inhaled dosage forms, which does not fully ensure the safe and effective receipt of anti-asthmatic pharmacotherapy. According to the authors, improving the quality of information for patients about the rules of using drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma will simplify the use of dosage forms specific for its therapy, increase patients’ adherence to prescribed pharmacotherapy, reduce the risks from insufficient effectiveness of anti-asthmatic pharmacotherapy and preserve the quality of life of patients associated with the disease.

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Definitions, Dosage Forms and Routes of Drug Administration

Fundamental and Applied Pharmacology for Nurses ◽

10.5005/jp/books/11279_1 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

Meena Shrivastava

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

Routes Of Drug Administration

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Innovations in the training of the respiratory muscles (literature review)

Journal of New Medical Technologies eJournal ◽

10.12737/11911 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 0-0

Author(s):

Федоров ◽

S. Fedorov ◽

Троицкий ◽

M. Troitskiy ◽

Борисова ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Physical Modeling ◽

Initial Phase ◽

Peak Load ◽

Respiratory Muscles ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

Mathematical And Physical Modeling ◽

Effective Models ◽

Powdered Drug

A developed stand of physical modeling of inhalation allows us to estimate the distribution of the powdered drug in the respiratory tract, depending upon the device and method of inhalation. The created means of mathematical and physical modeling of inhalation can be used in the purchase of dosage forms overseas pro-duction to determine the most effective models. The authors propose and justify a new way of training of the respiratory muscles and the corresponding device implementing peak load in the initial phase of inhalation and exhalation. Most effectiveness of the proposed respiratory simulator compared to simulators throttle type is identified.

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An Outbreak ofPseudomonas aeruginosaRespiratory Tract Infections Associated with Intrinsically Contaminated Ultrasound Transmission Gel

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/671268 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (8) ◽

pp. 850-853 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Paul Chittick ◽

Victoria Russo ◽

Matthew Sims ◽

Barbara Robinson-Dunn ◽

Susan Oleszkowicz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Drug Administration ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Cardiovascular Surgery ◽

Food And Drug Administration ◽

Product Safety ◽

Appropriate Use ◽

Safety Alert ◽

Tract Infections

We describe an outbreak ofPseudomonas aeruginosarespiratory tract infections related to intrinsically contaminated ultrasound gel used for intraoperative transesophageal echocardiograms in cardiovascular surgery patients. This investigation led to a product safety alert by the Food and Drug Administration and the development of guidelines for appropriate use of ultrasound gel.

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Pulmonary drug delivery systems of antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory tract infections

Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica ◽

10.33892/aph.2019.89.43-62 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

pp. 43-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ildikó Csóka ◽

Keyhaneh Karimi ◽

Mahwash Mukhtar ◽

Rita Ambrus

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

High Dose ◽

Particle Engineering ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Inhaled Antibiotics ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Key Aspects

Respiratory infections cause an extensive health problem in the world. The common treatment for respiratory infections is the administration of antibiotics orally or parenterally in a high dose. Unfortunately, these therapies of high-dose antimicrobials have many disadvantages, such as severe side effects. Consequently, the development of an inhaled formulation provides the delivery of the therapeutic dose of the drug to the organ of interest without overt systemic effects. Novel technological advances have led to the development of inhaled antibiotics. Recent particle engineering techniques for dry powder inhalers (DPI) or mesh nebulizers have higher aerosolization efficiencies and promote the delivery of high-dose antibiotics to the lungs. However, advanced formulation strategies are in high demand for the development of new formulations for more types of antibiotics. Despite all the current research, patient compliance with pulmonary dosage forms remains to be very low because of the inappropriate administration techniques. Hence, this review focuses on three key aspects of the pulmonary dosage forms of antibiotics; the marketed products, the formulation approaches under research and innovative formulation strategies for achieving drug delivery through the respiratory tract.

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