COUNTERPOINT: Theoretical and Empirical Basis for Equating Heart Rate Reserve with V̇o2 Reserve

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
David P. Swain ◽  
Barry A. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Heart Rate Reserve ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT In 1998, the American College of Sports Medicine recommended the use of % heart rate reserve (HRR) and % oxygen consumption reserve (V̇o2R) for providing equivalent exercise intensities based on limited research regarding the relationship of HR and V̇o2 from rest to maximal exercise. It further emphasized that the percentage of aerobic capacity, or %V̇o2max, does not provide equivalent intensities to %HRR and that this discrepancy is greater for individuals with lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, especially at low exercise intensities. This point/counterpoint examines additional research to evaluate these relationships.

Energy expenditure by elite midget male ice hockey players in small-sided games

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles-Mathieu Lachaume ◽  
François Trudeau ◽  
Jean Lemoyne
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Treadmill Testing ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to investigate the energy expenditure and heart rate responses elicited in elite male midget ice hockey players during small-sided games. Nine players (aged 15.89 ± 0.33 years) participated in the study. Maximal progressive treadmill testing in the laboratory measured the relationship of oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) to heart rate before on-ice assessments of heart rate during six different small-sided games: 1v1, 2v2, 2v2 with support player, 3v3 with support player, 3v3 with transitions, and 4v4 with two support players. Heart rate was recorded continuously in each game. 3v3 T small-sided game was the most intense for all four intensity markers. All six small-sided games reached 89% HRmax or more with heart rate peaks in active effort repetition. These findings demonstrate that such small-sided games are considered as high intensity games and are an effective training method for ice hockey players.

The relationship between oxygen uptake reserve and heart rate reserve is affected by intensity and duration during aerobic exercise at constant work rate

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 839-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe A. Cunha ◽  
Adrian W. Midgley ◽  
Walace D. Monteiro ◽  
Felipe K. Campos ◽  
Paulo T.V. Farinatti
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Reserve ◽  
Constant Work Rate ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR) and percentage of oxygen uptake reserve (%VO2R) has been recommended for prescribing aerobic exercise intensity. However, this relationship was derived from progressive maximal exercise testing data, and the stability of the relationship during prolonged exercise at a constant work rate has not been established. The main aim of this study was to investigate the stability of the %VO2R–%HRR relationship during prolonged treadmill exercise bouts performed at 3 different constant work rates. Twenty-eight men performed 4 exercise tests: (i) a ramp-incremental maximal exercise test to determine maximal heart rate (HRmax) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and (ii) three 40-min exercise bouts at 60%, 70%, and 80% VO2R. HR and VO2 significantly increased over time and were influenced by exercise intensity (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). A 1:1 relationship between %HRR and %VO2R, and between %HRR and %VO2max, was not observed, with mean differences of 8% (t = 5.2, p < 0.001) and 6% (t = 4.8, p < 0.001), respectively. The VO2 values predicted from the ACSM running equation were all significantly higher than the observed VO2 values (p < 0.001 for all comparisons), whereas a difference for HR was observed only for the tenth min of exercise at 80% VO2R (p = 0.041). In conclusion, the main finding of this study was that the %HRR–%VO2R relationship determined by linear regression, obtained from progressive maximal exercise testing, did not apply to prolonged treadmill running performed at 3 work rates.

scholarly journals An examination of single day vs. multi-day heart rate variability and its relationship to heart rate recovery following maximal aerobic exercise in females

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Bechke ◽  
Brian Kliszczewicz ◽  
Cherilyn McLester ◽  
Mark Tillman ◽  
Michael Esco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Graded Exercise Test ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Active Cool

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of a single day measure of heart rate variability (HRV), and the averaged baseline measures of HRV to heart rate recovery (HRR) following maximal exercise. Thirty females (22.9 ± 3.2 years, 64.8 ± 8.4 kg) completed four visits (V1–V4), where a 10-min HRV was recorded. Upon completing the V4 recording, a treadmill graded exercise test (GXT) was performed, followed by a 5-min active cool down. HRV was assessed through time domain measures [natural log of root mean square of successive R–R differences (lnRMSSD) and standard deviation of normal to normal intervals (lnSDNN)] and natural log frequency domain measures [low frequency (lnLF) and high frequency (lnHF)]. Variables collected over V1–V4 were measured as; day of (DO) GXT, 3 day (AV3), and 4 day average (AV4). HRR was calculated as the maximal HR achieved minus the HR at: 30-s (HRR30), 1-min (HRR1), 2-min (HRR2), 3-min (HRR3), 4-min (HRR4) or 5-min (HRR5) of recovery. Pearson’s Product correlations revealed significant correlations (P = < 0.05) between all HRVDO measures to each HRR measure and are presented in ranges: lnSDNN (r = 0.442–0.522), lnRMSSD (r = 0.458–0.514), lnLF (r = 0.368–0.469), lnHF (r = 0.422–0.493). For HRVAV3, lnRMSSDAV3 and HRR1 were positively correlated (r = 0.390, P = 0.033). Last, HRVAV4 showed positive relationships (P = < 0.05) between lnRMSSDAV4 and HRR30 (r = 0.365, P = 0.048); and for HRR1 and lnSDNNAV4 (r = 0.400, P = 0.029), lnRMSSDAV4 (r = 0.442, P = 0.014), and lnHFAV4 (r = 0.368, P = 0.045); and lnRMSSDAV4 and HRR3 (r = 0.381, P = 0.038). Within the current study HRVDO displayed the strongest correlations to HRR therefore, averaged resting HRV measures do not strengthen the prediction of cardiovascular recovery following a GXT in this population.

Effects of Heart Rate on Coronary Flow and Cardiac Oxygen Consumption

1956 ◽  
Vol 185 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Laurent ◽  
C. Bolene-Williams ◽  
F. L. Williams ◽  
L. N. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Coronary Flow ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Cardiac Work ◽  
Spontaneous Change ◽  
Ordinary Type ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Oxygen Difference

The effects of electrically-induced heart rate (up to 300 beats/min.) on coronary flow and cardiac oxygen consumption has been studied in an open-chested intact preparation. A significant correlation between heart rate, coronary flow and cardiac oxygen consumption has been found at each level of cardiac work. Coronary flow and cardiac oxygen consumption increase with a rise in heart rate and seem to approach a limit at extremely rapid heart rates. Nomograms relating heart rate, work and oxygen consumption of the heart have been constructed. From these it is seen that heart rate is an important factor in determining the myocardial oxygen consumption; this is true at each level of cardiac work. The significance of these findings have been discussed relative to the unanesthetized animal. Under conditions of excessive heart rate or cardiac load which presumably lead to unusually high energy requirements, a radical departure from the expected ‘normal’ values was found in coronary flow, coronary A-V oxygen difference and cardiac oxygen consumption. This confirms the presence of ‘spontaneous’ change previously described by us. Its meaning and significance is discussed. Under these conditions of ‘spontaneous’ change coronary flow was increased, oxygen consumption decreased and coronary venous oxygen was raised as the coronary A-V oxygen difference declined. This ‘spontaneous’ change shifted the relationship of coronary flow to oxygen consumption. Furthermore, it led to a rise in coronary flow despite an elevation in coronary venous oxygen. It would seem that at this time the energy metabolism of the heart must change in that less oxygen is extracted from the blood despite an increase in its availability. The heart may therefore operate anaerobically in part or may make use of other hydrogen acceptors in the blood. The fact that this kind of metabolism may last as long as an hour or more, excludes the ordinary type of ‘oxygen debt.’

scholarly journals Heart Rate Dependency and Inter-Lead Variability of the T Peak – T End Intervals

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Andršová ◽  
Katerina Hnatkova ◽  
Martina Šišáková ◽  
Ondřej Toman ◽  
Peter Smetana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rate Dependency ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Heart Rate Correction ◽  
Ecg Leads ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vector Magnitude

The electrocardiographic (ECG) assessment of the T peak–T end (Tpe) intervals has been used in many clinical studies, but several related physiological aspects have not been reported. Specifically, the sources of the Tpe differences between different ECG leads have not been systematically researched, the relationship of Tpe duration to underlying heart rate has not been firmly established, and little is known about the mutual correspondence of Tpe intervals measured in different ECG leads. This study evaluated 796,620 10-s 12-lead ECGs obtained from long-term Holters recorded in 639 healthy subjects (311 female) aged 33.8 ± 9.4 years. For each ECG, transformation to orthogonal XYZ lead was used to measure Tpe in the orthogonal vector magnitude (used as a reference for lead-to-lead comparisons) and to construct a three-dimensional T wave loop. The loop roundness was expressed by a ratio between its circumference and length. These ratios were significantly related to the standard deviation of Tpe durations in different ECG leads. At the underlying heart rate of 60 beats per minute, Tpe intervals were shorter in female than in male individuals (82.5 ± 5.6 vs 90.0 ± 6.5 ms, p &lt; 0.0001). When studying linear slopes between Tpe intervals measured in different leads and the underlying heart rate, we found only minimal heart rate dependency, which was not systematic across the ECG leads and/or across the population. For any ECG lead, positive Tpe/RR slope was found in some subjects (e.g., 79 and 25% of subjects for V2 and V4 measurements, respectively) and a negative Tpe/RR slope in other subjects (e.g., 40 and 65% for V6 and V5, respectively). The steepest positive and negative Tpe/RR slopes were found for measurements in lead V2 and V4, respectively. In all leads, the Tpe/RR slope values were close to zero, indicating, on average, Tpe changes well below 2 ms for RR interval changes of 100 ms. On average, longest Tpe intervals were measured in lead V2, the shortest in lead III. The study concludes that the Tpe intervals measured in different leads cannot be combined. Irrespective of the measured ECG lead, the Tpe interval is not systematically heart rate dependent, and no heart rate correction should be used in clinical Tpe investigations.

scholarly journals Demam pada Penggunaan Analgesia Persalinan Epidural

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-9
Author(s):  
Alfan Mahdi Nugroho ◽  
Yusmein Uyun ◽  
Annemarie Chrysantia Melati
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Epidural Analgesia ◽  
Neonatal Seizure ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Fetal Infection ◽  
Labour Epidural Analgesia ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
The Relationship

Analgesia epidural telah diperkenalkan secara rutin sebagai salah satu modalitas analgesia pada proses persalinan sejak lama. Hubungan antara analgesia epidural persalinan dengan demam intrapartum pada maternal sudah disebutkan pada beberapa literatur. Demam didefinisikan sebagai peningkatan suhu tubuh lebih dari 38 oC yang didapat dari dua kali pemeriksaan. Beberapa teori yang disebutkan antara lain perubahan termoregulasi, infeksi pada ibu-janin dan inflamasi non-infeksi yang dimediasi oleh sitokin proinflamasi. Namun demikian berbagai mekanisme analgesia epidural dapat menyebabkan demam masih terus diteliti. Identifikasi demam pada ibu saat persalinan merupakan hal yang penting untuk dilakukan karena memiliki konsekuensi klinis pada ibu dan neonatus. Pada ibu ditemukan suhu yang meningkat dikaitkan dengan peningkatan denyut jantung ibu, curah jantung, konsumsi oksigen, dan produksi katekolamin. Sedangkan pada janin demam intrapartum dapat menyebabkan sepsis, perubahan skor APGAR, peningkatan kebutuhan bantuan napas dan kejadian kejang. Efek demam pada ibu dan janin masih terus dipelajari, sehingga suatu saat didapatkan cara pencegahan yang paling baik yang pada akhirnya menghindarkan keraguan untuk melakukan analgesia persalinan.   Fever during labour epidural analgesia Abstract Epidural analgesia has been routinely introduced as one of the analgesia modalities during labour. Literature has mentioned the relationship between epidural analgesia and intrapartum fever among mothers. Fever is defined as increased temperature above 38 oC in more than two measurements. Several theories have been proposed, inculing thermoregulation changes, mother-fetal infection, and non-infectious inflammation mediated by proinflammatory cytokines. However, these mechanisms have been continued to evolve. Fever identification in pregnant women is essential to recognize clinical consequences to both mothers and neonates. Increased temperature in mothers is associated with increased heart rate, cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and catecholamines production. Meanwhile, in neonates intrapartum fever is related to sepsis, APGAR score changes, the need of respiratory support and incidence of neonatal seizure. Therefore, these consequences are extensively studied in order to determine the appropriate prevention.

scholarly journals Cost analysis of manual bund shaping in paddy fields: Economical and physiological

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
Ritesh Ranjan ◽  
Prabhanjan Kumar Pranav
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Maximum Volume ◽  
Physiological Cost ◽  
Expenditure Rate ◽  
Maximum Aerobic Capacity ◽  
The Cost

Bund shaping is one of the essential operations in preparing a paddy transplanting field. This operation is undertaken manually by spades in a traditional way as this has not been mechanised thus far. Therefore, this study was conducted to expose this operation by evaluating the economic, as well as physiological, cost involved in the bund shaping. For the economic cost, the study was conducted in nine different districts of Assam (India). The bund length for the estimated area was measured and estimated for one ha of land. The average rate of manual bund shaping was also measured to calculate the cost involved in this operation. Moreover, for the physiological cost, ten experienced subjects were calibrated and measured for their maximum aerobic capacity by sub-maximal exercise in laboratory condition. Furthermore, the heart rate was measured during the manual bund shaping and was then correlated with the calibrated data. It was found that the average required bund shaping length per ha was 3 669 m which was associated with a cost of 2 062.8 rupees. It was found that the bund shaping consumed 76.96% of the maximum volume of the oxygen consumption capacity of the subjects; however, the energy expenditure rate with respect to time and bund length were 7.37 kcal·min<sup>–1</sup> and 4.33 kcal·m<sup>–1</sup>, respectively. Hence, bund shaping in a paddy field comes under a severe workload category which emphasises the need of mechanisation for the bund shaping operation.

On Respiration in the Dragonet Callionymus Lyra L

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-582
Author(s):  
G. M. HUGHES ◽  
SHUN-ICHI UMEZAWA
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Respiratory Rhythms ◽  
Normal Ventilation

1. The usefulness of a bottom-living fish, the dragonet (Callionymus lyra), in experiments on fish respiration is described. The position and nature of its opercular opening made it possible to determine directly the volume of water pumped over the gills and the PO2 of the mixed expired water. The normal ventilation volume for a 100 g. fish was about 30 c.c./min. 2. The relationship between cardiac and respiratory rhythms was investigated and showed a variety of ratios. The heart usually beats more than once during each respiratory cycle. Individual variations in the coupling between these rhythms was common and close couplings were observed in the absence of anaesthetic and at normal PO2s. 3. Changes in minute volume produced by altering the hydrostatic pressure across the respiratory system did not affect the heart rate. Percentage utilization fell at higher flow rates. Changes in flow per cm. of water pressure gradient was less with negative gradients than when the static pressure on the mouth side exceeded that in the opercular collecting chamber. 4. Oxygen consumption of the fish is directly related to the ambient PO2 over a wide range (30-120 mm. Hg). Sudden lowering of the PO2 in the inspired water leads to compensatory responses in which the minute volume is maintained or increased as a result of a rise in stroke volume and lowered respiratory frequency: there is also a marked bradycardia. During recovery the increased oxygen consumption of the fish resulted from a rise in utilization rather than a change in the respiratory rate or ventilation volume. 5. Analysis of the time course of the changes in heart rate and ventilation volume in experiments in which PO2 was changed supports the view that the receptors mediating bradycardia occur on the gills and respond directly to the change in PO2 rather than to the secondary increase in flow produced by the hypoxia.

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