scholarly journals Sex hormones as an emerging weapon to combat COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qasim Mehmood ◽  
Priyanka Chahal ◽  
Parth Patel ◽  
Prasant Upadhyay ◽  
Arisha Nawaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started as an epidemic in Wuhan in 2019 and was declared pandemic by WHO in March 2020. The virus has been identified and named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This novel coronavirus strain is the causative agent of COVID-19, and continues to rapidly spread worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus that spreads through respiratory droplets and unprotected close contact.(1)“COVID‑19 outbreak, which has caused >95 millions confirmed infections and >2 million coronavirus related deaths, is one of the most disastrous worldwide crises in recent years. Several methods have been used to examine SARS-CoV-2 infections.” i.e. RT-qPCR for viral RNA detection, and rapid screening procedures for antibody or virus detection. COVID-19 shows an incubation period of 3–7 days globally. Approximately 80% of the cases remain mild or asymptomatic, 15% are severe and 5% infectious cases turn to critical, requiring ventilation.(2) Several clinical trials have been proposed for its treatment and management with supportive aim of mortality reduction.(1). By glancing a view on fig 1, it can be evidently seen that COVID-19 cases have started to rise significantly since last few months. Furthermore, as per World Health Organization (WHO), there have been 131,020,967 confirmed cases of COVID-19 at a global level recently. COVID-19 shows a clear gender disparity in clinical outcome. Globally, infection rates between men and women are similar; yet epidemiological data revealed that men are more likely to have enhanced severity and mortality. “In the current corona pandemic, as well as in both the 2003 SARS-CoV and the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome epidemics, females have substantially lower fatality rates than males as most of the immune regulatory genes are encoded by X chromosomes, resulting in women’s generally stronger inflammatory response(2). This sex disparity in immune response is postulated to be largely driven by sex hormones.(3)”

scholarly journals Sex hormones as an emerging weapon to combat COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Dattatreya Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started as an epidemic in Wuhan in 2019 and was declared pandemic by WHO in March 2020. The virus has been identified and named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This novel coronavirus strain is the causative agent of COVID-19, and continues to rapidly spread worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus that spreads through respiratory droplets and unprotected close contact. “COVID‑19 outbreak, which has caused >95 million confirmed infections and >2 million coronavirus related deaths, is one of the most disastrous worldwide crises in recent years. Several methods have been used to examine SARS-CoV-2 infections.” i.e. RT-qPCR for viral RNA detection, and rapid screening procedures for antibody or virus detection. COVID-19 shows an incubation period of 3–7 days globally. Approximately 80% of the cases remain mild or asymptomatic, 15% are severe and 5% infectious cases turn to critical, requiring ventilation [2]. Several clinical trials have been proposed for its treatment and management with supportive aim of mortality reduction [1]. By glancing a view on fig 1, it can be evidently seen that COVID-19 cases have started to rise significantly since last few months. Furthermore, as per World Health Organization (WHO), there have been 131,020,967 confirmed cases of COVID-19 at a global level recently.

scholarly journals Sex hormones as an emerging weapon to combat COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Dattatreya Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started as an epidemic in Wuhan in 2019 and was declared pandemic by WHO in March 2020. The virus has been identified and named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This novel coronavirus strain is the causative agent of COVID-19, and continues to rapidly spread worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus that spreads through respiratory droplets and unprotected close contact. “COVID‑19 outbreak, which has caused >95 million confirmed infections and >2 million coronavirus related deaths, is one of the most disastrous worldwide crises in recent years. Several methods have been used to examine SARS-CoV-2 infections.” i.e. RT-qPCR for viral RNA detection, and rapid screening procedures for antibody or virus detection. COVID-19 shows an incubation period of 3–7 days globally. Approximately 80% of the cases remain mild or asymptomatic, 15% are severe and 5% infectious cases turn to critical, requiring ventilation [2]. Several clinical trials have been proposed for its treatment and management with supportive aim of mortality reduction [1]. By glancing a view on fig 1, it can be evidently seen that COVID-19 cases have started to rise significantly since last few months. Furthermore, as per World Health Organization (WHO), there have been 131,020,967 confirmed cases of COVID-19 at a global level recently.

scholarly journals Overview of coronavirus - Understanding origin, pathogenesis, clinical features & diagnostic approach to COVID-19 in Indian scenario

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Bilolikar AK ◽  
Reddy SG ◽  
Banerjee J ◽  
Fatima R ◽  
Poonam AR
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Alveolar Type ◽  
Protein Receptor ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

In early December 2019, an outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as it is now called, occurred in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. On January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Vaccines to prevent human coronavirus infections are not yet available. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads primarily when people are in close contact with small droplets produced by an infected person, identified as “super spreaders”. COVID-19 can be fatal among high-risk groups patients >60 yr. The envelope spike “S” protein receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 use host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter the cells of airway epithelium and alveolar type 2 (AT2) pneumocytes, and pulmonary cells. The most common clinical features are fever (80-90%), cough (60-80%) and breathlessness (18-46%). The other symptoms include myalgia, sore throat, loss of taste and smell, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Infection control practices to be followed stringently by Health Care Workers (HCW). Standard precautions to be maintained. Specimen to be packed in triple container packing. Cold temperature to be maintained during transport and storage. Laboratory tests of COVID-19 are broadly categorized into two methods: (1) Nucleic acid based assay: RT-PCR, TrueNAT, CBNAAT & (2) Immunoassay: Can be broadly divided into 2 types: Antigen based assay: Rapid antigen test, Antibody based assay: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; laboratory diagnosis; SARS-CoV-2

scholarly journals Techniques of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy—Do We Need to Change Anything?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Prakash Zacharias ◽  
Hasim Ahamed
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractNovel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to different parts of the world and was declared a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). Health care workers are at increased risk of contracting the disease due to their nature of work and close contact with the patients. Staff in endoscopy need to be aware of this risk due to the aerosol-generating nature of procedures and the presence of virus particles in stool samples of infected persons. The risk of asymptomatic patients spreading the disease is also a cause for concern. This article intends to provide guidance and recommendations for techniques and practice of gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy to prevent infection in endoscopy unit.

scholarly journals Outbreak of strains of SARS CoV-2, its prevalence & preventive measures taken by different Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar Yadav ◽  
Arpana Vibhuti ◽  
Anjali Priyadarshini ◽  
Archana Gupta ◽  
V. Samuel Raj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health It ◽  
Preventative Intervention ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Social Gathering ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

World Health Organization (WHO) announced the official name of the 2019 novel coronavirus associated diseases coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the reference name for the virus is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).Transmission of SARS CoV-2 in humans occurs mainly via respiratory droplet or aerosols, close contact with an infected person, exposed to coughing, sneezing and likely in oral-faecal. The COVID-19 outbreak started in different countries at different times, and now those countries are at different stages. By comparing infection trajectories from the 100th case mark, we have been able to observe the rapid spread of the virus in various countries. To date, no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines are available for the control of SARS CoV-2. The experts at global level suggest implementation of strict measures such as practicing quarantine, social distancing, avoiding social gathering to reduce the number of COVID-19 cases. This is a dynamically unfolding pandemic that will require the concerted efforts of counties around the world to control. Given the unfold of the new coronavirus and its impacts on human health, it becomes pertinent to device methods for handling this public health emergency at the community, national, and international levels. it's vital to additional investigate a preventative intervention to halt the unfold of the COVID-19 infection, because it has been discovered that not all countries have constant fate concerning infection and fatality. It becomes vital to acknowledge and study the factors accountable and also the underlying mechanisms for this.

scholarly journals An updated overview on 2019 novel coronavirus

Biomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-419
Author(s):  
Sanjukta Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Amino Acid Homology ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
To Come ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Coronavirus (CoV) has been associated with several infectious disease outbreak in humans in the past two decades, including Severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV] in 2002-2003 and Middle East respiratory coronavirus [MERS-CoV] in 2012. An unexpected and unexplained respiratory infection commenced at Wuhan city, China, during the end of 2019, which was named as novel coronavirus disease [2019-nCoV or COVID-19] by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is considered to be a zoonotic disease, as it has nearly similar amino acid homology to SARS-CoV. Reports have revealed an unexpected increase in number of cases worldwide (214 countries and territories along with 2 international conveyances), which intimidates the public with human to human escalation through respiratory droplets and contact routes. This pandemic was declared as a public health emergency of international concern. It follows an extremely heterogeneous course from mild Flu like symptoms [fever, cough, sore throat, dyspnoea, fatigue, headache and malaise] to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. According to epidemiological data, old age and pre-existing medical co-morbidities are considered to be the risk factors for COVIOD-19. Currently, laboratory-based "Real time-reversed transcription Polymerase chain reaction" [rtRT-PCR] remains the molecular test of choice for the etiologic diagnosis. That apart, several hematological, biochemical markers along with various inflammatory cytokines (lymphopenia, serum level of C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin, Interleukin-6, cardiac troponin I) may be used to assess disease severity. As of now, there have been approximately more than 36 million cases worldwide and more than one million succumbed to the illness (2.91% estimated mortality rate).  Based on reports, India has become the second worst coronavirus hit country with a total number of cases reaching 68 lakhs. The dearth of selected medication (anti-CoV) and unusual transmission ability of 2019-nCoV continue to be responsible for this uninterrupted escalation. Woefully, specific vaccines are yet to come up. Treatment options like broad-spectrum antiviral Remdesivir, and oxygen therapy are being evaluated to control this unprecedented health crisis, although none of these drugs are FDA (Food and drug administration) approved. The path of this pandemic is very undetermined and unpredictable. In the present scenario, efficacious prevention needs swift action from the standpoint of public health strategies, which entails strict surveillance, rapid detection, and implementation of a containment plan to curb this outbreak. This review article highlights the updates on novel coronavirus 2019 and the uninterrupted apocalyptic progress concerning the present situation. It also highlights various perspectives of effective therapeutic strategies to restrain this viral outbreak.

scholarly journals An Explication of Pandemic Public Health Emergency, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Pant ◽  
A. K. Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Ssrna Virus ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

In December 2019 a series of acute atypical respiratory disease occurred in Wuhan, China. The first clusters of cases were identified in association with the South China Seafood Market. In subsequent investigations it was found to be a novel coronavirus. It is suggested to have zoonotic origin. On December 31st 2019, China notified the outbreak to the World Health Organization. During the New Year, the massive migration of Chinese fuelled the epidemic. Cases in other provinces of China and other countries (South Korea, Thailand and Japan in quick succession) were reported in people who were returning from Wuhan. On 11 February, on the basis of existing rules on taxonomy the virus was names as SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of coronaviruses. It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus. It has a single linear RNA segment. On the same day WHO announced the new name for the disease i.e. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The WHO and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) say it is primarily spread directly due to close contact between people through small droplets produced during coughing, sneezing or talking within a range of about 1-3 meters. It may even transmit through indirect contact via fomites. While there are concerns it may spread by feces, this risk is believed to be low. Soon, the number of cases started increasing exponentially and on March 12, 2020 WHO announced COVID-19 a pandemic. COVID-19 has been impacting a large number of people worldwide, being reported in approximately 200 countries and territories. It was identified that Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) act as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 follows sex differences, age differences, race differences in as well as underlying disease conditions i.e. comorbidities aggravated the severity of this disease.  The most common symptoms being reported are fever, dry cough or chest tightness, and dyspnoea. It is now widely recognized that respiratory symptoms of COVID-19 are extremely heterogeneous, ranging from minimal symptoms to significant hypoxia with ARDS. Diagnosis is done with the help of history, clinical signs and serological testing. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is considered the standard method of testing. Several have been tested in clinical trials but none of them have been proven to be a definite therapy yet. The evolution of the current outbreak has seen extraordinary measures put in place to control transmission, including the ‘shut-down’ and ‘quarantine’. Researchers are trying to develop a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 but at present, no vaccine is available. One should strictly follow all the preventive measures as directed by WHO and CDC and along with this, one should boost up its natural immunity to lessen the chances of getting infection.

scholarly journals The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and neonates

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Zhilla Damanabad ◽  
Leila Valizadeh ◽  
Sadollah Yeghanedoost ◽  
Fariborz Roshangar
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Family Education ◽  
The World ◽  
Neonatal Immune System ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

In late December 2019, Wuhan, China, became the center of an unknown outbreak of pneumonia that spread rapidly throughout China and around the world, including Iran, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel disease a public health emergency with global concern. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, many studies have been performed on epidemiological data and clinical signs in adults. However, coherent studies in this field are very rare in infants, and support and attention to infants in the pandemic situation should be doubled due to the weakness and underdevelopment of the neonatal immune system. Therefore, the present study aimed to review COVID-19 infection in infants in which there are discussions on topics such as diagnostic tests, clinical manifestations, recommendations on breastfeeding, the criteria for discharge, and family education in pandemic conditions. The literature review shows no existing evidence of COVID-19 placental transmission from mother to infant, and that all samples prepared from amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood and breast milk in mothers with COVID -19 was negative for COVID-19 infection, and the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 were non-specific in infants, especially premature infants. Given that there is a limited number of births from a mother with COVID-19, and because the epidemiological and clinical pattern of COVID-19 in infants is unclear, this review study describes diagnostic tests, clinical manifestations, breastfeeding considerations, discharge criteria, and family education in the current understanding of COVID-19 infection in newborns and provides information for better management of SARS-CoV-2 infection in newborns.

scholarly journals HEALTHY LIVING PATTERNS TO PREVENT COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Indri Seta Septadina
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Influenza H1n1

Viruses are one of the causes of infectious diseases that need to be watched out for. In the last 20 years, several viral diseases have caused epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002-2003, influenza H1N1 in 2009 and Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) which was first identified in Saudi Arabia in year 2012. On December 31, 2019, China reported a case of mysterious pneumonia of unknown cause. Within 3 days, the number of patients with these cases was 44 patients and continues to increase until now there are millions of cases. Initially, the epidemiological data showed that 66% of patients were related to or exposed to a seafood market or live market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Samples of isolates from patients were studied with the results showing the presence of coronavirus infection, a new type of betacoronavirus, named 2019 novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). On February 11, 2020, the World Health Organization named the new virus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease name as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The corona virus is the main pathogen causing an outbreak of respiratory disease. On March 11, 2020, WHO announced that COVID-19 was becoming a pandemic in the world.

Review of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Based on Current Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takele S ◽  
◽  
Kedir M ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The coronaviruses are a group of RNA-containing agents known to cause respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. This virus has caused two largescale pandemics in humans in the past two decades, SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes the disease Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been isolated from in a seafood and poultry market in the Chinese city of Wuhan in 2019. Cases have been detected in most countries worldwide, and on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization characterized the outbreak as a pandemic. The virus spreads from person-to-person via close contact, respiratory droplets, or surface contact. The disease is mild in most people, yet may progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ dysfunction, and even death. Treatment is essentially supportive as the role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. At the moment, is known relatively little about COVID-19, except that it is a highly pathogenic and possibly zoonotic agent. Therefore, the objective of this review paper is to summarize the current published evidence on the genomic structure, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).

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