scholarly journals Inequality in the Universe, Imaginary Numbers and a Brief Solution to P=NP? Problem

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesut Kavak
Keyword(s):  
Euclidean Geometry ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Riemann Geometry ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Actual Geometry ◽  
Np Problem ◽  
The Universe

While I was working about some basic physical phenomena, I discovered some geometric relations that also interest mathematics. In this work, I applied the rules I have been proven to P=NP? problem over impossibility of perpendicularity in the universe. It also brings out extremely interesting results out like imaginary numbers which are known as real numbers currently. Also it seems that Euclidean Geometry is impossible. The actual geometry is Riemann Geometry and complex numbers are real.

scholarly journals Advanced number system – The universe of all numbers where anything is possible

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balram A Shah
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Solutions ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Number System ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Indeterminate Form ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Imaginary Number ◽  
Mathematical Constant

This research introduces a new scope in mathematics with new numbers that already exist in everyday mathematics but very difficult to get noticed. These numbers are termed as advanced numbers where entire real numbers, including complex numbers are the subset of this number’s universe. Dividing by zero results in multiple solutions so it is the best practice to not divide by zero, but what if dividing by zero have a unique solution? These numbers carry additional details about every number that it produces unique results for every indeterminate form, it allows us to divide by zero and even allows us to deal with infinite values uniquely. So, related to this number, theories, framework, axioms, theorems and formulas are established and some problems are solved which had no confirmed solutions in the past. Problems solved in this article will help us to understand little more about imaginary number, calculus, infinite summation series, negative factorial, Euler’s number e and mathematical constant π in very new prospective. With these numbers, we also understand that zero and one are very sophisticated numbers than any numbers and can lead to form any number. Advance number system simply opens a new horizon for entire mathematics and holds so much detailed precision about every number that it may require computation intelligence and power in certain situations to evaluate it.

Using three elementary particles to construct the physical world

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-247
Author(s):  
Huawang Li
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Average Kinetic Energy ◽  
Particle Collisions ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Universe

In this paper, we conjecture that gravitation, electromagnetism, and strong nuclear interactions are all produced by particle collisions by determining the essential concept of force in physics (that is, the magnitude of change in momentum per unit time for a group of particles traveling in one direction), and further speculate the existence of a new particle, Yizi. The average kinetic energy of Yizi is considered to be equal to Planck’s constant, so the mass of Yizi is calculated to be <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>7.37</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>51</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> kg and the average velocity of Yizi is <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4.24</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> m/s. The universe is filled with Yizi gas, the number density of Yizi can reach <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.61</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>64</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> /m3, and Yizi has no charge. After abandoning the idealism of physics, I try to construct a physical framework from three elementary particles: Protons, electrons, and Yizis. (The elementary particles mentioned here generally refer to the indivisible particles that constitute objects.) The effects of Yizi on the conversion of light, electricity, magnetism, mass, and energy as well as the strong nuclear and electromagnetic forces are emphasized. The gravitation of electromagnetic waves is measured using a Cavendish torsion balance. It is shown experimentally that electromagnetic waves not only produce pressure (repulsion) but also gravitational forces upon objects. The universe is a combination of three fundamental particles. Motion is eternal and follows the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. There is only one force: The magnitude of change in momentum per unit time for a group of particles traveling in one direction. Furthermore, this corresponds to the magnitude of the force that the group of particles exerts in that direction. From this perspective, all physical phenomena are relatively easy to explain.

scholarly journals The basic theory of bipolars existence and their role in the examination of electric and magnetic fields

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321
Author(s):  
Farzad Haghmoradi-Kermanshahi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Basic Theory ◽  
Electrical Charge ◽  
Negative Pole ◽  
Electric And Magnetic Fields ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Universe

This article claims that the universe is composed of very fine particles, which are billions of times smaller than electrons. These particles consist of one positive pole and one negative pole similar to protons and electrons (in terms of electrical charge), respectively. They are point electric charges, which their movements and bending of their chain in space create magnetic fields and electromagnetic waves. These particles possess mass that verges on zero, due to their minute size. Then, by examining several physical phenomena, the presence of them will be proved.

scholarly journals Dark Matter in the Universe

BIBECHANA ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Devendra Adhikari ◽  
Krishna Raj Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Baryonic Matter ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Universe

Different physical phenomena, techniques, and evidences which give the proof for the existence of dark matter have been discussed. Keywords: Baryonic matter; dark matter; Chandra x-ray ObservatoryDOI: 10.3126/bibechana.v6i0.3936BIBECHANA Vol. 6, March 2010 pp.27-30

scholarly journals Concept of the development of nature and society in the works of P. Teilhard de Chardin and comparison of his views with the ideas of globalization of Z. Bauman

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Egor Sergeevich Shushakov
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Nature And Society ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Universe

The object of this research is the concept of evolutionary development of the universe of P. Teilhard de Chardin and the concept of &ldquo;liquid&rdquo; reality&rdquo; of Z. Bauman. The subject is the methodology of P. Teilhard de Chardin and his idea of the future of social development, as well as Z. Bauman&rsquo;s description of the key characteristics of globalization. Emphasis is placed on the methodology of P. Teilhard de Chardin (interaction of tangential and radial energies), as within the framework his concept, the social, biological and physical phenomena do not have fundamental differences and abide the general universal laws. In broad outlines, the article reconstructs the idea of P. Teilhard de Chardin on social development and the theses of Z. Bauman about the key characteristics of modern globalization. The novelty of the research lies in the attempt to present the methodology of P. Teilhard de Chardin as acceptable for modern science and highlight its predictive power; as well as in comparative analysis of the ideas of Z. Bauman and P. Teilhard de Chardin on the processes of global social integration. The following conclusions are made: both scholars advance the idea on the progressing polarization of society; 2) globalization in their works correlates with the process of individualization of social actors, and defense of own identity.

Encircling Graphs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Benjamin ◽  
Gary Chartrand ◽  
Ping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Real Number ◽  
Traveling Salesman Problem ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Traveling Salesman ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Hamiltonian Graphs ◽  
The World ◽  
The Traveling Salesman Problem

This chapter considers Hamiltonian graphs, a class of graphs named for nineteenth-century physicist and mathematician Sir William Rowan Hamilton. In 1835 Hamilton discovered that complex numbers could be represented as ordered pairs of real numbers. That is, a complex number a + b i (where a and b are real numbers) could be treated as the ordered pair (a, b). Here the number i has the property that i² = -1. Consequently, while the equation x² = -1 has no real number solutions, this equation has two solutions that are complex numbers, namely i and -i. The chapter first examines Hamilton's icosian calculus and Icosian Game, which has a version called Traveller's Dodecahedron or Voyage Round the World, before concluding with an analysis of the Knight's Tour Puzzle, the conditions that make a given graph Hamiltonian, and the Traveling Salesman Problem.

Unbounded Positive Definite Functions

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 1309-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Abelian Group ◽  
Positive Measure ◽  
Positive Definite Function ◽  
Positive Definite ◽  
Locally Compact Abelian Group ◽  
Definite Function ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Stieltjes Transform ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Image Position

Let G be an abelian group, written additively. A complexvalued function ƒ, defined on G, is said to be positive definite if the inequality1holds for every choice of complex numbers C1, …, cn and S1, …, sn in G. It follows directly from (1) that every positive definite function is bounded. Weil (9, p. 122) and Raïkov (5) proved that every continuous positive definite function on a locally compact abelian group is the Fourier-Stieltjes transform of a bounded positive measure, thus generalizing theorems of Herglotz (4) (G = Z, the integers) and Bochner (1) (G = R, the real numbers).If ƒ is a continuous function, then condition (1) is equivalent to the condition that2

scholarly journals Handling of Complex Numbers in the CHProgramming Language

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry H. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Variable Number ◽  
Language Design ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Computer Language ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Complex Arithmetic ◽  
Complex Functions ◽  
Complex Features ◽  
Branch Cuts

The handling of complex numbers in the CHprogramming language will be described in this paper. Complex is a built-in data type in CH. The I/O, arithmetic and relational operations, and built-in mathematical functions are defined for both regular complex numbers and complex metanumbers of ComplexZero, Complexlnf, and ComplexNaN. Due to polymorphism, the syntax of complex arithmetic and relational operations and built-in mathematical functions are the same as those for real numbers. Besides polymorphism, the built-in mathematical functions are implemented with a variable number of arguments that greatly simplify computations of different branches of multiple-valued complex functions. The valid lvalues related to complex numbers are defined. Rationales for the design of complex features in CHare discussed from language design, implementation, and application points of views. Sample CHprograms show that a computer language that does not distinguish the sign of zeros in complex numbers can also handle the branch cuts of multiple-valued complex functions effectively so long as it is appropriately designed and implemented.

Didactic Features of Studying the Real Numbers in the School Course of Mathematics

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Алексеенко ◽  
A. Alekseenko ◽  
Лихачева ◽  
M. Likhacheva
Keyword(s):  
Real Number ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Algebraic Structures ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Irrational Numbers ◽  
The Real ◽  
Clear Idea

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of real numbers in the discipline &#34;Algebra and analysis&#34; in the secondary school. The theme of &#34;Real numbers&#34; is not easy to understand and often causes difficulties for students. However, the study of this topic is now being given enough attention and time. The consequence is a lack of understanding of students and school-leavers, what constitutes the real numbers, irrational numbers. At the same time the notion of a real number is required for further successful study of mathematics. To improve the efficiency of studying the topic and form a clear idea about the different numbers offered to add significantly to the material of modern textbooks, increase the number of hours in the study of real numbers, as well as to include in the school course of algebra topics &#34;Complex numbers&#34; and &#34;Algebraic structures&#34;.

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