scholarly journals Communicating safety precautions can help maintain in-person voter turnout during a pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Merkley ◽  
Thomas Bergeron ◽  
Peter John Loewen ◽  
Angelo Elias ◽  
Miriam Lapp
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Safety Perceptions ◽  
Negative Effect

Scholars have linked cost and life stress to lower voter turnout with clear implications for voting during the COVID-19 pandemic. We ask whether COVID-19 reduces turnout intention and how election agencies can mitigate this effect. We use a series of six survey and conjoint experiments implemented in samples totalling over 28,000 Canadian respondents collected between July and November of 2020 to show that: 1) priming people to think about COVID-19 reduces turnout intention, especially among those who feel most threatened by the disease; 2) safety measures for in-person voting, such as mandatory masks and physical distancing, can improve safety perceptions and willingness to vote in-person, and 3) providing people information about safety precautions for in-person voting mitigates the negative effect of priming COVID-19. These studies illustrate the importance of both the implementation and communication of measures by election agencies designed to make people safe – and feel safe – while voting in-person.

Sanctuary Cities, Crime, and Incorporation

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-152
Author(s):  
Loren Collingwood ◽  
Benjamin Gonzalez O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Crime Reporting ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Chief Complaints ◽  
Negative Effect

One of the chief complaints raised against sanctuary cities is that they can increase crime, while one argument in their favor is that they can increase the incorporation of Latino and immigrant communities. This chapter analyzes both the positive and negative effects of sanctuary polices, finding that these policies have no effect on crime rates when comparable cities are compared to one another and when crime rates pre/post sanctuary are examined. The findings show that sanctuary policies can have positive effects, potentially increasing both Latino voter turnout and police force representation. While sanctuary policies are found to have few downsides and potential positive benefits, antisanctuary legislation like Texas’s SB4 are found to have a negative effect. In high-immigrant areas, antisanctuary legislation is found to depress the number of 911 calls, suggesting that antisanctuary legislation does in fact reduce crime reporting, as opponents claim.

scholarly journals Does immigration decrease far-right popularity? Evidence from Finnish municipalities

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Lonsky
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Intergroup Contact Theory ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Plausible Mechanism ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Across Europe, far-right parties have made significant electoral gains in recent years. Their anti-immigration stance is considered one of the main factors behind their success. Using data from Finland, this paper studies the effect of immigration on voting for the far-right Finns Party on a local level. Exploiting a convenient setup for a shift-share instrument, I find that a 1 percentage point increase in the share of foreign citizens in a municipality decreases the Finns Party’s vote share by 3.4 percentage points. Placebo tests using pre-period data confirm this effect is not driven by persistent trends at the municipality level. The far-right votes lost to immigration are captured by the two pro-immigration parties. Turning to potential mechanisms, immigration is found to increase voter turnout, potentially activating local pro-immigration voters. Moreover, the negative effect is only present in municipalities with high initial exposure to immigrants, consistent with the intergroup contact theory. Finally, I also provide some evidence for the welfare-state channel as a plausible mechanism behind the main result.

Election Administration and the Pure Effect of Voter Registration on Turnout

2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry C. Burden ◽  
Jacob R. Neiheisel
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Voter Registration ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Closing Date ◽  
Election Administration ◽  
Administrative Capacity ◽  
Local Election ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Negative Effect

Voter registration is thought to have a substantial negative effect on American voter turnout. The authors clarify this understanding in two ways. First, using a natural experiment in Wisconsin, they estimate the pure effect of registration, stripped of aspects such as the closing date. Registration lowers turnout by about 2 percentage points. Second, the authors argue that administrative capacities of local election officials are important moderators of how much registration affects turnout. Municipalities with less capacity are associated with bigger decreases in turnout. Researchers and policy makers should consider administrative capacity as a component in the equal application of voting laws.

scholarly journals For better or worse: reduced adult lifespan following early-life stress is transmitted to breeding partners

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1729) ◽  
pp. 709-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Monaghan ◽  
Britt J. Heidinger ◽  
Liliana D'Alba ◽  
Neil P. Evans ◽  
Karen A. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Adult Lifespan ◽  
Early Stress ◽  
Negative Effect

Stressful conditions early in life can give rise to exaggerated stress responses, which, while beneficial in the short term, chronically increase lifetime exposure to stress hormones and elevate disease risk later in life. Using zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata , we show here that individuals whose glucocorticoid stress hormones were experimentally increased for only a brief period in early post-natal life, inducing increased stress sensitivity, had reduced adult lifespans. Remarkably, the breeding partners of such exposed individuals also died at a younger age. This negative effect on partner longevity was the same for both sexes; it occurred irrespective of the partner's own early stress exposure and was in addition to any longevity reduction arising from this. Furthermore, this partner effect continued even after the breeding partnership was terminated. Only 5 per cent of control birds with control partners had died after 3 years, compared with over 40 per cent in early stress–early stress pairs. In contrast, reproductive capability appeared unaffected by the early stress treatment, even when breeding in stressful environmental circumstances. Our results clearly show that increased exposure to glucocorticoids early in life can markedly reduce adult life expectancy, and that pairing with such exposed partners carries an additional and substantial lifespan penalty.

scholarly journals The Study of Co2 Concentration in A Classroom During The Covid-19 Safety Measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Jurgis Zemitis ◽  
Raimonds Bogdanovics ◽  
Snezana Bogdanovica
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Closed Set ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Safety Procedures ◽  
Very High

The COVID-19 crisis has affected the process of how the study procedures are organized at schools in Latvia. Three different options were available for the school to choose from. However, most schools have opted for option A which states that the classes are organized face-to-face but various safety measures must be ensured. Each class or group is equated to a closed set where there are no distance requirements. In turn, the distance between the classes must be observed. This means that students stay in the same class all day and are accompanied by teachers of the respective classes. This can lead to improper ventilation as for most of the schools in Latvia it is organized through the opening of windows. To test this, measurements of CO2 concentration were done in a classroom Secondary School in Daugavpils. The results showed that the CO2 concentration was very high and often reached and exceeded the maximum measuring capacity of the device - 4000 ppm. It indicates that following the special safety procedures cause a negative effect on IAQ as the classrooms are not properly ventilated. This can lead to a drop in the performance of pupils as well as stimulate the transmission of other infectious diseases. Further measurements are necessary to gather data from different schools and best practices must be found.

scholarly journals Comorbidity of TMD and malocclusion

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. e191679
Author(s):  
Beatriz Moraes D’Avilla ◽  
Michelle Cristina Berbet Pimenta ◽  
Vivian Fernades Furletti ◽  
Mario Vedovello Filho ◽  
Giovana Cherubini Venezian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Wald Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Effect

Aim: to evaluate the synergic impact of muscular TMD and malocclusion on quality of life, masticatory capacity and emotional features of young adults. Methods: this cross-sectional study comprised 4 groups (n= 15): G1, individuals without TMD or malocclusion; G2, with TMD and malocclusion; G3, with TMD and without malocclusion, and G4, without TMD and with malocclusion. Muscular TMD was diagnosed by RCD/TMD. Data included quality of life (OHIP-14), masticatory capacity test (X50), emotional stress (PSS-14), depression (MDI), pain intensity and salivary cortisol. Comparative statistical analysis included One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test (X50, stress and cortisol) and GENMOD followed by Wald test (OHIP-14 and pain data). Fisher's and Pearson's association analysis were carried out. Results: Comorbidity of muscular TMD and malocclusion leads to significant lower masticatory capacity (p<0.05). TMD groups independently of the occlusal condition had considerably lower OHIP-14 scores and higher stress levels (self-perceived and hormonal) (p<0.05).  There was no statistically significant difference of emotional depression among groups. A significant positive correlation was observed among quality of life, stress and pain perception. Conclusion: muscular TMD in the overlap of malocclusion potentializes their negative effect on masticatory capacity. In addition, the hindering effect of the comorbidity is variable, however, TMD has a greater negative impact on quality of life and stress, whilst malocclusion on mastication.

Stalin’s terror and the long-term political effects of mass repression

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri M Zhukov ◽  
Roya Talibova
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Stalin Era ◽  
Political Effects ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Election Results

Repression has a long-term negative effect on political participation. Using millions of arrest records from archival documents, and polling station-level election results, we examine how exposure to Stalin-era repression affects voter turnout in Putin’s Russia. To estimate the effect of repression on voting, we exploit exogenous variation in repression due to the structure of mid-century Soviet railroads, and travel distances to prison camps. We find that communities more heavily repressed under Stalin are less likely to vote today. The electoral legacy of Stalin’s terror – decades after the Soviet collapse, and across multiple election cycles (2003–12) – is systematically lower turnout. To show that our result is not unique to the Putin regime, we replicate our analysis in Ukraine (2004–14), and find similar patterns. These results highlight the negative consequences of repression for political behavior, and challenge the emerging view that exposure to violence increases political engagement. While past research has emphasized the short-term effects of repression over several months or years, we show that these effects may be durable over generations and even changes of political regime. Our findings also demonstrate that repression need not be collective or indiscriminate to have community-level effects.

scholarly journals Safety disconnect: Analysis of the role of labor experience and safety training on work safety perceptions

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Lafuente ◽  
Jesús Abad ◽  
Yancy Vaillant
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Safety Training ◽  
Work Safety ◽  
Codified Knowledge ◽  
Customized Training ◽  
Safety Perceptions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Ordered Probit Models

Purpose: This study analyzes work safety perceptions among workers and safety experts in the construction industry. Furthermore, we evaluate whether experiential learning—i.e., labor experience—and knowledge-enhancing practices—that we link to safety training—explain the differences in work safety perceptions of workers and safety experts by triggering different types of overconfidence biases.Design/methodology/approach: The proposed hypothesis are tested by applying ordered probit models on a unique dataset comprising information for 558 employees and 215 safety experts working in the Spanish construction sector.Findings: The results reveal that previous labor market experience has a significantly negative effect on perceived work safety, that is, risk awareness decreases with respect to labor experience. However, the findings indicate that differences in perceived work safety between workers and safety experts are not explained by previous labor experience. Furthermore, the results suggest that higher levels of safety training—which we link to the acquisition of codified knowledge—negatively impacts workers’ safety perceptions, while this effect turns positive among safety experts. This result suggests that safety experts’ perceived work safety is affected by overconfidence that results from their greater safety-specific training (over-precision bias).Originality/value: Work safety constitutes a relevant key performance indicator. The proposed analysis of the role of labor experience and safety training on perceived work safety in different types of employees contributes to better understand how organizations can improve the management of their workforce by triggering specific actions—such as the design of customized training programs—that may help in reducing the safety disconnect between employees, in terms of perceived work safety.

scholarly journals Medical Students’ Experience of and Reaction to Stress: The Role of Depression and Anxiety

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coumaravelou Saravanan ◽  
Ray Wilks
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Private University ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Stressful Environment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Effect

Background. Medical school is recognized as a stressful environment that often has a negative effect on students’ academic performance, physical health, and psychosocial well-being. Previous studies have not identified differences between depressed and nondepressed and anxious and nonanxious medical students’ experiences of stress or their reactions to stressors. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence of depression and anxiety among a sample of 358 medical students attending a private university in Malaysia and to examine differences according to participants’ gender, year of study, and stage of training (preclinical and clinical). Additionally, this study examined the extent to which stress predicts depression and anxiety, differences between depressed and nondepressed medical students’ experiences of and reactions to stressors, and differences between anxious and nonanxious medical students’ experiences of and reactions to stressors.Methods. The Student Life Stress Inventory was used to measure stress and reaction to stressors and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale was used to measure depression and anxiety.Results. The results showed that 44% (n=158) of the students were anxious and 34.9% (n=125) were depressed. More female students exhibited anxiety compared to male students. Stress is a predictor for depression and anxiety. A significant difference was found between depressed and nondepressed and anxious and nonanxious students’ experience of stressors due to frustration, change, and their emotional reaction to stressors.Conclusion. Overall, depressed and anxious students were found to experience more stress and react differently to stressors compared to nondepressed and nonanxious students.

scholarly journals How Effective Are Monetary Incentives to Vote? Evidence from a Nationwide Policy

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-326
Author(s):  
Mariella Gonzales ◽  
Gianmarco León-Ciliotta ◽  
Luis R. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Voter Registration ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Compulsory Voting ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Nonmonetary Incentives

We study voters’ response to marginal changes to the fine for electoral abstention in Peru, leveraging variation from a nationwide reform. A smaller fine has a robust, negative effect on voter turnout, partly through irregular changes in voter registration. However, representation is largely unaffected, as most of the lost votes are blank or invalid. We also show that the effect of an exemption from compulsory voting is substantially larger than that of a full fine reduction, suggesting that nonmonetary incentives are the main drivers behind the effectiveness of compulsory voting. (JEL D72, K16, O17)

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