scholarly journals Environmental valuation using bargaining games: an application to water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Gáfaro ◽  
Cesar Mantilla
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Environmental Valuation ◽  
Bargaining Game ◽  
Bargaining Games ◽  
Monetary Transfers ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Cost

We characterize a general bargaining game useful for environmental valuation purposes. In this game, a jointly endowed asset is divisible into smaller units of two types: those with and without an associated costly attribute. Bargaining parties can use monetary transfers to their counterpart in exchange for accruing more units of the jointly endowed asset. We show that the cost of the attribute is perfectly absorbed by the transfer in a broad set of game solutions. Outcomes differing in the allocation of the units with the costly attribute allows us to identify whether the players' valuation of the attribute corresponds to its value induced in the game (i.e., its cost) or whether this attribute is over-or under-valued. We show an application to the valuation of water in a lab-in-the-field experiment conducted with Colombian farmers. We find evidence that the players' valuation of in-plot access to water dwells between 2.1 and 3.5 times its induced cost in the experiment.

scholarly journals Tagging Oil-Residues in Tankers with Microparticles

1973 ◽  
Vol 1973 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
P. O. Agnedal
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Oil Transport ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Aspect

ABSTRACT The increase in pollution by oil spills in the Baltic has lead to the Minister of Transport to set up a committee with the task to find methods for identifying ships responsible for oil spills. A preliminary study of the oil transport situation in Sweden had shown that the fingerprint method for identification will be difficult to use. The study also showed that microparticles of plastic and metal as tags might be used. In most cases the oil spills in the Baltic are due to pumping out residues mixed with ballast. In the present paper the merits of different methods for tagging these residues, including the cost aspect, are treated as well as identification of recovered oil samples. In a field experiment the oil residues in a tanker were tagged. Some of its tanks were tagged with plastic particles and some with metal particles. The tanks were treated in different ways for cleaning and the oil-water mixtures were then pumped out in the sea under controlled conditions. The different spills were kept inside an enclosure for a fortnight and samples were taken every day. In all analysed samples the tagged substance could be recovered and identified. A plan for testing this method on a larger scale is under preparation.

scholarly journals Assessment of Bio-efficacy of Insecticides against Mites and Thrips Insect Pest of Chilli

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
Deepak Thakur ◽  
V. R. Upadhyay ◽  
Annu Ahirwar
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Untreated Plot ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Thrips Population ◽  
Different Doses

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2018-19 in Samajik Vigyan Kendra, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Bordi, Sehore (M.P.) – INDIA. To assess the bio-efficacy of insecticides against mites and thrips insect pest of chilli pests. The bio-efficacy of three different insecticides, namely (i) Chlorfenapyr 240 SC - spray four time with different-different doses, (ii) Fipronil 5% SC and (iii) Imidacloprid 17.8 SL. One untreated plot was also used to   investigate against Mites and Thrips. Among these insecticides, Chlorfenapyr 240SC doses 288 g.a.i/hac gram active ingredient per hactare) has reduced maximum mites and thrips population and it is most effective  insecticides in chilli. The highest reduction of mites population recorded in treatment T4- (97.17%) followed by T3- chlorofenapyr (95.13%), T6- Imidacloprid (91.67%), T5- Fipronil 5% SC (85.35%), T2- chlorofenapyr (85.27%) and it was least in T1- chlorofenapyr (81.40%. Further, the thrips number  was maximum reduced in treatment T4- chlorofenapyr (90.69%) followed by T3- chlorofenapyr (89.80%), T5- Fipronil 5% SC (89.51%), T6- Imidacloprid (74.18%), T2- chlorofenapyr (69.74%) and T1- chlorofenapyr (68.44 %). Hence, present study was clearly indicated that the treatment T4- chlorofenapyr 240SC@288 proved, the most effective insecticides. The cost benefit ratio was noted higher in Fipronil 5% SC@ 10 g.a.i ha-1 (3.20) followed by imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 50 g.a.i ha-1 (2.99).

Evaluation of a formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis against waxmoths in stored honeycombs

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC McKillup ◽  
DG Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Cost

Waxmoths cause significant damage to stored honeycombs of the Western honeybee Apis mellifera in Australia. A field experiment was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial formulation (Certan) of the biological control agent Bacillus thuringiensis in preventing this damage.Treatment applied at the manufacturer's recommended rate of 855 units per cm2 of honeycomb almost completely prevented damage, while untreated combs showed an average of 76% damage. The cost and practicality of applying the formulation of B. thuringiensis are discussed, together with the recommendation that new control methods for waxmoths should be researched.

Advisability of Pretest Designs in Psychological Research

1980 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Oliver ◽  
Philip K. Berger
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Change ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
States Of Nature ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Unambiguous Interpretation

The advantages, disadvantages, and appropriateness of pretest designs vis-a-vis posttest-only investigations are reviewed from a pragmatic perspective. Generally, pretests provide information on pretreatment states of nature and allow analysis of change scores, but they also tend to introduce main effects and interactions as well as difficulties in analysis which preclude an unambiguous interpretation of treatment effects. These problems are illustrated with data from a field experiment conducted in the manner of a Solomon (1949) design. The results showed that three alternative analyses of pretested subjects yielded conclusions which conflicted with those obtained in both an after-only group analysis and a factorial analysis of the complete Solomon design. It was concluded that pretesting may introduce more interpretative problems than it resolves and that the cost-efficient posttest-only design may be adequate in many cases.

scholarly journals The Price of Prejudice

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Størling Hedegaard ◽  
Jean-Robert Tyran
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Statistical Discrimination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethnic Prejudice ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Productive Worker ◽  
Observed Behavior

We present a new type of field experiment to investigate ethnic prejudice in the workplace. Our design allows us to study how potential discriminators respond to changes in the cost of discrimination. We find that ethnic discrimination is common but highly responsive to the “price of prejudice,” i.e., to the opportunity cost of choosing a less productive worker on ethnic grounds. Discriminators are on average willing to forego 8 percent of their earnings to avoid a coworker of the other ethnic type. The evidence suggests that animus rather than statistical discrimination explains observed behavior. (JEL C93, J15, J24, J31, J71)

Application of Temporary Plugging-Acidulation Technology in Low Permeability and Inhomogeneous Reservoirs

2012 ◽  
Vol 616-618 ◽  
pp. 1027-1032
Author(s):  
Zeng Li Xiao ◽  
Peng Kong ◽  
Jing Quan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
Temporary Plugging Agent ◽  
Thin Interlayer ◽  
The Cost

For low permeability and inhomogeneous reservoirs, defective effects such as water content increasing are usually resulted from traditional acidization. The principle of temporary plugging - acidization in Low permeability and inhomogeneous reservoirs, well selection and treatment requirements are introduced in this article. The temporary plugging agent selected from laboratory was used for field experiment. Result shows that: for wells of multiplayer and thin interlayer, temporary plugging – acidization technique can acidify the formation by the subsequence from high to low permeability, thus significantly increase the effectiveness of acidization, decrease the requirement of treatment operation and save the cost of production; the price of selected temporary plugging agent is comparative low, and the field process can be easily realized without affecting the progress of traditional acidization which has a good practicability and value to extend and apply.

scholarly journals Mathematic Model Design Of Solar Pumping For Drip Irrigation Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001-1013
Author(s):  
Mhamdi Hicham, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Asynchronous Motor ◽  
Mathematic Model ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Water Pumping ◽  
Solar Generator ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Photovoltaic Generators ◽  
System Operating

The use of solar energy in isolated sites for different applications, such as water pumping, is of primary interest to people in developing countries who do not have safe access to water drinking. But photovoltaic generators have two major drawbacks that are a low yield and a high blow. In order to increase the performance of these systems. Proper adaptation between the solar generator and the load reduces the cost of installation. The choice of an energy system must obey and comply with certain rules. The selected energy system must show as a preliminary its competitiveness with respect to other systems for the same rendered service.  The present study have a propose the modeling, simulation, sizing and realization of a photovoltaic pumping system operating over the sun. This system consists of a set of interacting elements; namely the photovoltaic panels, the voltage inverter, the asynchronous motor, the centrifugal pump and the hydraulic circuit.

Can We Reduce Deception in Elite Field Experiments? Evidence from a Field Experiment with State Legislative Offices

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-507
Author(s):  
Michelangelo Landgrave
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Field Experimentation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
State Legislative

The use of deception is common in elite correspondence audit studies. Elite audit studies are a type of field experiment used by researchers to test for discrimination against vulnerable populations seeking to access government resources. These studies have provided invaluable insights, but they have done so at the cost of using deception. They have relied on identity, activity, and motivation deception. In addition, they request unnecessary work. Is there a less deceptive alternative? In this article, I present results from a field experiment with state legislative offices that minimize the use of deception. Consistent with elite correspondence audit studies, I find evidence of discrimination against Hispanics among state legislative offices. In addition, I find that discrimination is mitigated when subjects believe their behavior will be public knowledge. This suggests that discrimination can be mitigated through increased monitoring. This article advances the discussion on how to minimize the use of deception in elite field experimentation and how to mitigate discrimination against vulnerable populations.

scholarly journals K-Implementation

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 37-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Monderer ◽  
M. Tennenholtz
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Strategies ◽  
Interested Party ◽  
Desirable Outcome ◽  
Dominated Strategies ◽  
Monetary Transfers ◽  
Agent Interaction ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rational Players ◽  
Made In

This paper discusses an interested party who wishes to influence the behavior of agents in a game (multi-agent interaction), which is not under his control. The interested party cannot design a new game, cannot enforce agents' behavior, cannot enforce payments by the agents, and cannot prohibit strategies available to the agents. However, he can influence the outcome of the game by committing to non-negative monetary transfers for the different strategy profiles that may be selected by the agents. The interested party assumes that agents are rational in the commonly agreed sense that they do not use dominated strategies. Hence, a certain subset of outcomes is implemented in a given game if by adding non-negative payments, rational players will necessarily produce an outcome in this subset. Obviously, by making sufficiently big payments one can implement any desirable outcome. The question is what is the cost of implementation? In this paper we introduce the notion of k-implementation of a desired set of strategy profiles, where k stands for the amount of payment that need to be actually made in order to implement desirable outcomes. A major point in k-implementation is that monetary offers need not necessarily materialize when following desired behaviors. We define and study k-implementation in the contexts of games with complete and incomplete information. In the latter case we mainly focus on the VCG games. Our setting is later extended to deal with mixed strategies using correlation devices. Together, the paper introduces and studies the implementation of desirable outcomes by a reliable party who cannot modify game rules (i.e. provide protocols), complementing previous work in mechanism design, while making it more applicable to many realistic CS settings.

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