scholarly journals Economic sector, demographic composition, educational attainment, and earnings in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral ◽  
Samantha Haussmann Rodarte Faustino ◽  
Guilherme Quaresma Gonçalves ◽  
Bernardo L Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Education Groups ◽  
Male Workers

Brazil experienced population ageing and improvement in educational attainment between 1980–2010. Proportion of workers in the formal economic sector increased between 2000–2010. Earnings decreased from 1980 to 1991 and increased in 2000. However, earnings in the formal economic sector decreased again in 2010. We estimate associations of individual- and area-level variables with individual earnings of male workers living in urban areas in Brazil. Ordinary least squares regressions estimate variations on earnings of male workers, using the 1980–2010 Demographic Censuses. Individual independent variables include age, education, economic sector, race/color, marital status, religion, and region of residence. Contextual independent variables consider demographic, educational, and economic sector compositions by areas of residence. Considering individual-level variables, older and better educated workers have higher earnings. Workers in the formal economic sector have higher earnings than in the informal sector. For area-level variables, higher proportions of people working in the formal economic sector have positive associations with earnings. Proportions of people in age-education groups have negative associations with earnings mostly among older workers. For models by economic sector, proportions in age-education groups have higher positive coefficients in the informal sector, compared to the formal sector. Transitions in demographic, educational, and economic sector compositions are correlated with earnings. These effects generate greater economic inequality in the informal sector than in the formal sector. Our main contribution is the estimation of models about associations of individual earnings with individual and area-level variables, which can be replicated for other countries.

Gender And Access To Credit In Micro And Small Enterprises In Mutare, Zimbabwe

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. 224-243
Author(s):  
David Damiyano ◽  
Nirmala Dorasamy
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Gender

The research study sought to investigate the relationship between access to credit and gender in urban areas of Zimbabwe in which the informal sector is larger than the formal sector. In order to achieve this, the study used the Grameen Theory of micro-lending in Bangladesh, the MC2 theory and ROSCAs theories. The study used secondary data obtained from ZIMSTATS, World Bank, Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI), the Wisrod website and other publications. E-Views was used to analyze the data using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) for estimation. The results obtained revealed that gender and age of the client are insignificant in determining accessibility of credit from MFIs. Work attendance, loan repayment ability and profit per day have a positive relationship with access to credit; and firm age has a negative relationship with access to credit in Zimbabwe. In light of these results, the study recommended the government to increase access of credit so as to increase economic activity where there is a large informal sector.  In addition, it also recommended that the government should implement policies which enable the participation of women and also use credit creation multipliers as a way to increase economic activity leading to economic growth.

scholarly journals WARUNG TEGAL: RELASI KAMPUNG MENYANGGA KOTA JAKARTA (Studi Kasus Pada Warung Tegal di Jakarta Timur)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Maflahah Maflahah ◽  
Akhmad Ramdhon
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Big City ◽  
The City

<p>Abstract : Low of skills and education background lead Tegal society was unable to access the economic formal sector in urban areas. Then, they choose the informal sectors such as street vendors, pedicab, and others to get money. Warung Tegal is one of to be a solution to keep them alive in the city. Warung Tegal become one of the solution to address this problem, moreover Warung Tegal is does not need high education and specific skills to do. The purpose of this research is to identified how Warung Tegal as a informal sector can stay and keep growing as high as city’s development to be a buffer the economic of the city. Theory that use in this research is Pierre Bourdieu’s social capital. The method that use in this research is qualitative research. The approach that use is case study and the sampling method is purposive sampling. Warung Tegal can be one of solution that can stay and compete in economic of the city. It prove that Warung Tegal can give a economic welfare to Tegal society. It can be seen that there are a lot of warteg with high persistent, mutual cooperation, and high social capital between warteg seller give a power to each other to stay in the city. Although they live in a long term in Jakarta, but they do not forget their hometown. Aplusan is a chance for them to back to their hometown. Tegal that seen as a village and Jakarta as a big city can make a strong bond between them. The conclution is Warung Tegal as a informal sector give a different point of view of city, not just a city that full of luxury but a city that look through informal sector as economic buffer zone.<br />Keywords : City, informal sector, social capital, village, warung tegal</p><p>Abstrak : Rendahnya keterampilan dan latar belakang pendidikan menyebabkan masyarakat Tegal tidak dapat mengakses sektor formal ekonomi di daerah perkotaan. Kemudian, mereka memilih sektor informal seperti pedagang kaki lima, becak, dan lain-lain untuk mendapatkan uang. Warung Tegal adalah salah satu solusi untuk membuat mereka tetap hidup di kota. Warung Tegal menjadi salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi masalah ini, terlebih lagi Warung Tegal tidak membutuhkan pendidikan tinggi dan keterampilan khusus untuk melakukannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana Warung Tegal sebagai sektor informal dapat tetap dan terus tumbuh setinggi perkembangan kota untuk menjadi penyangga ekonomi kota. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah modal sosial Pierre Bourdieu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah studi kasus dan metode pengambilan sampel adalah purposive sampling. Warung Tegal dapat menjadi salah satu solusi yang dapat bertahan dan bersaing dalam ekonomi kota. Ini membuktikan bahwa Warung Tegal dapat memberikan kesejahteraan ekonomi bagi masyarakat Tegal. Dapat dilihat bahwa ada banyak warteg dengan persistensi, kerja sama timbal balik, dan modal sosial yang tinggi antara penjual warteg memberikan kekuatan untuk satu sama lain untuk tinggal di kota. Meskipun mereka hidup dalam jangka panjang di Jakarta, tetapi mereka tidak melupakan kampung halaman mereka. Aplusan adalah kesempatan bagi mereka untuk kembali ke kampung halaman mereka. Tegal yang dilihat sebagai desa dan Jakarta sebagai kota besar dapat membuat ikatan yang kuat di antara mereka. Kesimpulannya adalah Warung Tegal sebagai sektor informal memberikan sudut pandang yang berbeda dari kota, bukan hanya kota yang penuh kemewahan tetapi kota yang melihat melalui sektor informal sebagai zona penyangga ekonomi.</p><p>Kata Kunci: Kota, sektor informal, modal sosial, desa, warung tegal</p>

scholarly journals Constraints to growth in informal sector activities and formalisation: A case study of Ghanaian slums

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darma Mahadea ◽  
Luther-King Junior Zogli
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Pca Method

Background: Globally, people often migrate from rural to urban areas in search of employment. Lack of adequate employment opportunities in cities forced individuals to engage in slum informal economic activities out of necessity.Aim: The informal sector presently employed about 86% of labour in Ghana, contributing 42% to its gross domestic product (GDP). Various constraints held back the development of slum informal activities. Formalising the informal sector is advocated as a step to generate employment. This article investigated the dynamics of informal sector activities and formalisation among slum operators in Ghana, based on a survey in two major cities there.Setting: This article investigated the constraints that hinder the development of slum activities in Accra and Kumasi, two cities in Ghana, and examined the informal operators’ subjective well-being and their willingness to graduate to the formal sector, should the constraints be addressed.Methods: Data were collected by means of a questionnaire, administered to a random sample of 342 informal slum operators. Enterprise constraints are examined by using the principal component analysis (PCA) method and the likelihood of the informal operators’ graduating to the formal sector by using logistic regression.Results: The PCA identified six clusters as limitations, explaining about 77% of the variation in constraints. These related to a lack of business knowledge, credit access, tools and materials, security and social networking. The logistic regression results reflect that, of all the constraints, it is only when access to capital is addressed, that slum operators will move into formal activities.Conclusion: When people are happy in what they are doing, they are reluctant to move to the formal sector, despite incentives or interventions that address their enterprise constraints. Hence, slum operators and informal activities are unlikely to disappear. Nevertheless, policy-makers have to devise appropriate financing strategies for slum operators to help in their formalisation and growth pathways.

Economic Reforms in Jamaica

1996 ◽  
Vol 38 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Danielson
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
The Political ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Slow Response ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
The Past

AbstractThis paper briefly discusses the economic reforms that have taken place in Jamaica for the past 15 years and argues that the reforms, at least so far, are mixed, particularly with regard to the elimination of poverty. The basic problems are (1) a slow response of exports to large, frequent adjustments in the exchange rate, which prohibits low-wage labor, in the informal sector, from being absorbed into the formal sector; and (2) the large budget deficit, with the associated demands for large cuts in expenditures, which primarily affects the rural poor. It is suggested that the principal reason that reforms have been slow is because of the political price to be paid for unpopular measures in a competitive democracy

Evaluating the Impact and Effectiveness of Community-Based Health Insurance Policy Among Informal Sector in Lagos State Using Donabedian Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Afeez Kolawole Shittu ◽  
Kikelomo Aboyowa Mbada ◽  
Temitayo Isaac Odeyemi
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Community Based Health Insurance ◽  
Healthcare Needs ◽  
Lagos State ◽  
Donabedian Model ◽  
The Impact

The study used the Donabedian model (process, structure, and outcome) to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of the Community Based Health Insurance Scheme (CBHIS) among informal sector population in rural and semi-urban areas of Lagos State, and the respondents were drawn among the market men and women, motorist, among others. Three hundred and eighty-four (384) respondents were sampled based on the research advisor's sampling size. Lagos State is stratified along with its three senatorial districts and a local government each is purposively selected based on the full implementation of CBHIS. Data were analysed using descriptive and interferential statistics and the result revealed that 55% of respondents attested to the effectiveness of CBHIS in drastically reducing the cost of medical services and enhancing equal accessibility for healthcare needs. On the other hand, the implementation of CBHIS has no significant impact on healthcare service delivery due to the unfriendly attitude of healthcare providers towards the beneficiaries. The study concluded by providing information on the outcomes of CBHIS implementation at the sub-national level of government in Nigeria and suggest ways of improvement.

scholarly journals Informality and Economic Growth in Nigeria: 1980-2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Yelwa ◽  
A. J. Adam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Demand Deposit ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adf Test ◽  
The Relationship

<p><em>The paper examines the impact of informal sector activities on economic growth in Nigeria between 1980-2014. The contributions of informal sector activities to the growth of Nigerian economy cannot be over emphasized. It is the source of livelihood to the majority of poor, unskilled, socially marginalized and female population and is the vital means of survival for the people in the country lacking proper safety nets and unemployment insurance especially those lacking skills from formal sector jobs. The relationship between informality and economic growth is not clear because the sector is not regulated by the law also there is no concrete evidence that this sector enhances growth because the sector’s contributions to growth is not measured. The use of endogenous growth model becomes relevant in this study. The theory emphasizes the role of production on the long-run via a higher rate of technological innovation. The variables that were tested are official economy nominal GDP, informal economy nominal GDP, currency in circulation, demand deposit, ratio of currency in circulation to demand deposit, narrow money, informal economy as percentage of official economy. ADF test was conducted to establish that the data series of all variables are stationary t levels. Having established the stationarity test we also, conducted causality test of the response of official economy nominal GDP to informal economy nominal GDP. In conclusion, the impact of informal sector economy on economic growth in Nigeria is quiet commendable. Even though, the relationship between informality and economic growth is not straight. The paper recommended thus, the need for the government to integrate the activities of the informal economy into formal sector and size of the sector is measured and regulated because their roles are commendable. As it will improve tax collection and enhance fiscal policy.</em></p>

scholarly journals GAP FILLERS OR PIONEERS: INFORMAL WATER SUPPLIERS IN PERI-URBAN AREAS OF THE TECHIMAN MUNICIPALITY OF GHANA

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 525-539
Author(s):  
Lydia Kwoyiga
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Public Provision ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Municipal Assembly

There is continuous expansion and growth of urban and peri urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa with projections indicating that this will double. Some peri-urban areas such as those in the Techiman municipality of Ghana are experiencing this trend. Nonetheless, the spate of growth of these areas outstrips the supply of utilities by municipal water distribution networks. As a result, some areas have little or no public provision. In order to address the water supply challenge, places with favourable hydrological settings are witnessing the emergence of informal water suppliers as “gap fillers” or “pioneers”, providing water services. Noteworthy, however, existing studies about informal water suppliers in peri-urban areas in Ghana lump them together, without considering the water source. This study differs in that it specifically examines the evolution and the features of informal water suppliers who privately and independently abstract and supply groundwater. Additionally, it attempts to understand the nature of informality of the suppliers and the possibility of formalisation. The paper is an exploratory study using the case of private mechanised borehole operators who supply water in their respective areas. The findings showed that in some peri-urban areas in the Techiman municipality, some dwellers constructed and operated mechanised boreholes, which provide in-situ water and utilities to others. They are mostly pioneer water suppliers in some of the areas. Their services are informal by nature because they are largely independent of the formal sector and apply informal arrangements in rendering their services. Seen also as business enterprises, they are not licenced. However, the boreholes are registered with the Municipal Assembly, which indicated some level of formalisation. The study recommended that efforts to formalise them further should focus on improving water quality monitoring for consumption and promoting sustainable abstraction.

scholarly journals Is formal employment sector hereditary? Determinants of formal/informal sector choice for Mexican male workers

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-121
Author(s):  
Adelaido García-Andrés ◽  
Ernesto Aguayo-Téllez ◽  
Jose N. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Positive Selection ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Employment Choices

Understanding the relationship between parents’ and sons’ formal employment is essential for promoting social mobility in Mexico. Using the 2011 Survey of Social Mobility in Mexico (EMOVI), this paper contributes to the literature by addressing the intergenerational mobility of employment. Findings show a strong connection between intergenerational employment choices and suggest a positive selection for workers. Individuals with parents who worked in the formal sector are more likely to be enrolled in formal work and vice versa. Also, after controlling for parent’s employment sector, schooling remains as a significant vehicle to transit to the formal sector.

scholarly journals Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan An Empirical Analysis of PSLM (2004-05) Micro Data

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (Special Edition) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehak Ejaz
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Positive Effects

This paper seeks to identify the major determinants of female labor force participation in Pakistan, specifically with reference to rural and urban areas. Limited dependent variable techniques (Logit and Probit) are utilized to determine the factors affecting female labor force participation. This analysis uses data taken from the PSLM (Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey, 2004-05) which measure individual and household characteristics of females between the ages of 15-49. Empirical results suggest that age, educational attainment and marital status have significant and positive effects on female labor force participation (FLFP). When women belong to the nuclear family and have access to vehicles, they are more likely are they to participate in economic activities, whereas a large number of children and the availability of home appliances reduces the probability of FLFP. The results imply that reducing the child care burden on females and facilitating educational attainment would lead to a higher labor force participation rate for females in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Does Education and Experience Matter in the Distribution of Wages in Nepal? A Quantile Regression Approach

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Pujan Adhikari ◽  
Kishor KC ◽  
Siddha Raj Bhatta
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Market Returns ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Wage Returns ◽  
Return To Schooling ◽  
Experience Effect

 Labor market returns depend on the level of education as well as experience of the labors. Though education is argued to be the key determinant of wage rate, other factors such as the sector of employment, gender of the employee, marital status and work industry also matter. This paper investigates the returns from years of schooling and experience by examining the wage structure in formal, informal and agriculture sectors of Nepal. The Mincerion wage equation and quantile regression technique has been used to analyze such impact by utilizing the recent labor force survey data of Nepal. Our results show that wage returns are positively associated with schooling in all the three sectors. However, return to experience has negative association in case of agriculture sector. Furthermore, return to schooling has higher impact at higher quantile along with the distribution of wages in formal sector and informal sector. The maximum effect of education is 4 percent at 0.90 quantile in formal sector. An additional year of experience has high impact at lower-wage group in case of informal and formal sector. The effect varies from 9.2 percent at 0.1 quantile and 4.9 percent at 0.9 quantile in formal sector. The experience effect is higher at median (4.06 percent) in case of informal sector.

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