scholarly journals *Locating an iBeacon with GPS, using amateur radio VHF and the AMSAT satellite PSAT, NO-84, cubesat, using AX.25.*

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Kumar Bheemaiah
Keyword(s):  
Average Distance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Close Packing ◽  
Search And Rescue ◽  
Feature Representation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Amateur Radio ◽  
Gps Satellites ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Wilderness Areas

Abstract:Resupply by airdropping or drone-shipping is a new resupply strategy in backpacking. In preparation for reconnaissance in long distance backpacking and SAR activities in remote areas, with little or no development, we consider the use of amateur radio with GPS beacons for resupply trackingand geo-tagging. While 6G communications using GPS satellites are available for mountaineering beacons, we use a dual strategy with an additional amateur radio based AX.25 packet radio using the PSAT based cubesat for publishing location information.Additionally, two cargo iTag locating satellites, bot cubesats are also used for iTag location and the automatic publication of tag locations on geocaching.com. The satellites are AENEAS and PTecSAT.A logistics exercise is introduced, proposed to be conducted at Uncas Scientific Area, near Big Lake, MN, with an operations logistik for the spanning of drop locations and radio fox hunt, using a reconnaissance track, mobile cache device.Keywords: iTag, iBeacon, AMSAT, cubesat, AENEAS, PTecSAT, 6G, AX.25, resupply, mountaineering and backpacking, SAR.What: The AMSAT AENEAS(“Technical Details for Satellite AENEAS” n.d.), PTecSAT(“IARU Sat Coordinator” n.d.) satellite is used for resupply iBeacon tracking, with a payload of water sachets and soylent coffee packs, for mountaineering resupply logistics. Radio Fox Hunting combined with alpining is defined as a newer, ultralight backpacking technique.How:iBeacons, defining 100msec bursts at 2.425GHz are designed with the minimum wattage needed for detection on the field by the AENEAS satellite. 100 such packages containing 1-liter pouches of potable water and three meals of soylent of 87 grams each. This proof of concept study is to be conducted at Uncas Dunes Scientific and Natural Area (SNA), with an area of 658.3 acres , we have a density of airdropping of 6.58 acres per package, leading to an average distance of 26628.32 square meters, by pi/4 d^2, d is 184 meters in circle close packing model.We determine an optimal trajectory for the radio fox hunt over a published geotag distribution of 100 resupply caches.Why:Resupply strategies, form an important role in long distance mountaineering and backpacking missions, for wilderness areas with little or no little development, for example the pacific crest trail, in the united states, a strong resupply strategy along with an armada of reconnaissance track mobile caches are needed for effective mountaineering and/or search and rescue operations, with a resilience plan for extreme weather operations.The use of 6G like simulated communication is possible by using better encryption and packet compression over a slower AX.25 network, with the use of A.I based technologies like image cartoonization and feature representation and speech to text conversion for lower bandwidth requirements.So What:The use of reconnaissance tracks, along with airdropped resupply, will improve the efficiency and quality of mountaineering and provide vital air support for search and rescue operations. Resupply beacons also provide supplies for hikers or backpackers lost in the wilderness and also provide emergency communication hotspots as the beacons are still active to transreceiver emergency messages.

scholarly journals *Locating an iBeacon with GPS, using amateur radio VHF and the AMSAT satellite PSAT, NO-84, cubesat, using AX.25.*

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Kumar Bheemaiah
Keyword(s):  
Average Distance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Close Packing ◽  
Search And Rescue ◽  
Feature Representation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Scientific Area ◽  
Amateur Radio ◽  
Gps Satellites ◽  
Wilderness Areas

Abstract:Resupply by airdropping or drone-shipping is a new resupply strategy in backpacking. In preparation for reconnaissance in long distance backpacking and SAR activities in remote areas, with little or no development, we consider the use of amateur radio with GPS beacons for resupply trackingand geo-tagging. While 6G communications using GPS satellites are available for mountaineering beacons, we use a dual strategy with an additional amateur radio based AX.25 packet radio using the PSAT based cubesat for publishing location information.Additionally, two cargo iTag locating satellites, bot cubesats are also used for iTag location and the automatic publication of tag locations on geocaching.com. The satellites are AENEAS and PTecSAT.A logistics exercise is introduced, proposed to be conducted at Uncas Scientific Area, near Big Lake, MN, with an operations logistik for the spanning of drop locations and radio fox hunt, using a reconnaissance track, mobile cache device.Keywords: iTag, iBeacon, AMSAT, cubesat, AENEAS, PTecSAT, 6G, AX.25, resupply, mountaineering and backpacking, SAR.What: The AMSAT AENEAS(“Technical Details for Satellite AENEAS” n.d.), PTecSAT(“IARU Sat Coordinator” n.d.) satellite is used for resupply iBeacon tracking, with a payload of water sachets and soylent coffee packs, for mountaineering resupply logistics. Radio Fox Hunting combined with alpining is defined as a newer, ultralight backpacking technique.How:iBeacons, defining 100msec bursts at 2.425GHz are designed with the minimum wattage needed for detection on the field by the AENEAS satellite. 100 such packages containing 1-liter pouches of potable water and three meals of soylent of 87 grams each. This proof of concept study is to be conducted at Uncas Dunes Scientific and Natural Area (SNA), with an area of 658.3 acres , we have a density of airdropping of 6.58 acres per package, leading to an average distance of 26628.32 square meters, by pi/4 d^2, d is 184 meters in circle close packing model.We determine an optimal trajectory for the radio fox hunt over a published geotag distribution of 100 resupply caches.Why:Resupply strategies, form an important role in long distance mountaineering and backpacking missions, for wilderness areas with little or no little development, for example the pacific crest trail, in the united states, a strong resupply strategy along with an armada of reconnaissance track mobile caches are needed for effective mountaineering and/or search and rescue operations, with a resilience plan for extreme weather operations.The use of 6G like simulated communication is possible by using better encryption and packet compression over a slower AX.25 network, with the use of A.I based technologies like image cartoonization and feature representation and speech to text conversion for lower bandwidth requirements.So What:The use of reconnaissance tracks, along with airdropped resupply, will improve the efficiency and quality of mountaineering and provide vital air support for search and rescue operations. Resupply beacons also provide supplies for hikers or backpackers lost in the wilderness and also provide emergency communication hotspots as the beacons are still active to transreceiver emergency messages.Summary:Main Points:6G network using cubesats, PSAT NO - 84, AENEAS, PTecSATOperation Logistics for a proposed resupply air dropping over Uncas Scientific Area in MN.Algorithms for the automated resupply from caches using an autopilot based track mobile cache.Applications: tele-medicine, 360 photography.

Information and Emigrants: Interprefectural Differences of Japanese Emigration to the Pacific Northwest, 1880–1915

1991 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzo Murayama
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Information Networks ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Family ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
The U.S

This article examines the determinants of interprefectural patterns of Japanese emigration to the U.S. Pacific Northwest, using a multiple regression analysis. In estimating the regression equations, new proxies are introduced for the “family- and-friends” effect that are free of the statistical problems common in previous studies on long-distance migration. The result shows that the information networks that developed between pioneer immigrants and their home districts played a central role in shaping emigration patterns. The lack of an alternative means of obtaining reliable information about conditions in the United States appears to be responsible.

scholarly journals Population Growth and Long-Distance Vagrancy Leads to Colonization of Europe by Elegant Terns Thalasseus elegans

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Reed Veit ◽  
Enriqueta Velarde ◽  
Michael H. Horn ◽  
Lisa L. Manne
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Breeding Range ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Pacific

Elegant terns Thalasseus elegans breed in a very limited area of the northern Gulf of California and the Pacific coast of southern California, with up to 95% (mean 78%, 1991–2014, Perez et al., 2020) of the population nesting on Isla Rasa in the northern Gulf of California. On Isla Rasa, the primary nesting colony, elegant terns suffered predation by rodents which raised the possibility of population extinction, with a substantial proportion of the world population nesting on this single island. Because of this threat, rodents were successfully removed from Isla Rasa in 1995. The removal of rodents from Isla Rasa led to a near immediate increase in the population of elegant terns. That increase was associated with a changing pattern in dispersal by the terns, including extraordinary movements to the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic coast of the United States north to Massachusetts, and, remarkably, to western Europe. A few elegant terns successfully bred at these European localities during 2009 to the present. In this paper we use this exceptional example of long-distance dispersal to illustrate how rapid population growth during ∼ 1995 to present can lead to successful colonization of remote sites through repeated instances of vagrancy. We tested four Hypotheses that together support the idea that the growing population of elegant terns has produced increasing numbers of young, and these young have spread, through the mechanism of vagrancy, to the Pacific Northwest, the east coast of the United States, and western Europe. Our Hypotheses are: (1) The nesting population of elegant terns within their core nesting range has increased since removal of rodents from Isla Rasa; (2) Occurrence of vagrant elegant terns in the Pacific Northwest is driven by population growth within the core breeding range. (3) Occurrence of vagrant elegant terns at the east coast of the United States is driven by population growth within the core breeding range. (4) Occurrence and colonization of western Europe by elegant terns is driven by nesting population size within the core breeding range. Corollaries of these Hypotheses are, (i) that there is a time lag in occurrence of vagrants at each of these areas, based on increasing distance from the core breeding range and (ii) the number of vagrants in any given year is also related to sea surface temperature (SST), as expressed by Oceanic Niño Index, a proxy for food resource levels. Generally we found strong statistical support for each of these Hypotheses; an exception was for the occurrence of elegant terns in the Pacific Northwest, which initially occurred following El Niño events (low food supply) and profound breeding failure, but later corresponding to cold water years with high breeding success. We use elegant terns, exceptional for the highly restricted breeding range and sustained population growth over 25 years, to illustrate how growing populations may colonize very distant habitats through repeated instances of vagrancy.

Petrels collected by Titian Ramsay Peale in the Pacific Ocean during the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. P. BOURNE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
The United States ◽  
Important Type ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The report by Titian Ramsay Peale on birds encountered during the Wilkes Expedition was withdrawn for inaccuracy when few copies had been distributed, and re-written by John Cassin. A survey of the accounts of the petrels shows that this was not an improvement. Two important type localities for Procellaria brevipes and Thalassidroma lineata are probably wrong, and could be exchanged.

Systematics, Biogeography, and Morphological Character Evolution of the Hemiepiphytic Subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Zuluaga ◽  
Martin Llano ◽  
Ken Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
R Package ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Tropics

The subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae) is the third richest clade in the family, with ca. 369 described species and ca. 700 estimated. It comprises mostly hemiepiphytic or epiphytic plants restricted to the tropics, with three intercontinental disjunctions. Using a dataset representing all 12 genera in Monsteroideae (126 taxa), and five plastid and two nuclear markers, we studied the systematics and historical biogeography of the group. We found high support for the monophyly of the three major clades (Spathiphylleae sister to Heteropsis Kunth and Rhaphidophora Hassk. clades), and for six of the genera within Monsteroideae. However, we found low rates of variation in the DNA sequences used and a lack of molecular markers suitable for species-level phylogenies in the group. We also performed ancestral state reconstruction of some morphological characters traditionally used for genera delimitation. Only seed shape and size, number of seeds, number of locules, and presence of endosperm showed utility in the classification of genera in Monsteroideae. We estimated ancestral ranges using a dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model as implemented in the R package BioGeoBEARS and found evidence for a Gondwanan origin of the clade. One tropical disjunction (Monstera Adans. sister to Amydrium Schott–Epipremnum Schott) was found to be the product of a previous Boreotropical distribution. Two other disjunctions are more recent and likely due to long-distance dispersal: Spathiphyllum Schott (with Holochlamys Engl. nested within) represents a dispersal from South America to the Pacific Islands in Southeast Asia, and Rhaphidophora represents a dispersal from Asia to Africa. Future studies based on stronger phylogenetic reconstructions and complete morphological datasets are needed to explore the details of speciation and migration within and among areas in Asia.

scholarly journals The use of mechanical restraint in Pacific Rim countries: an international epidemiological study

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Newton-Howes ◽  
M. K. Savage ◽  
R. Arnold ◽  
T. Hasegawa ◽  
V. Staggs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Mechanical Restraint ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Bed Days ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Abstract Aims The use of mechanical restraint is a challenging area for psychiatry. Although mechanical restraint remains accepted as standard practice in some regions, there are ethical, legal and medical reasons to minimise or abolish its use. These concerns have intensified following the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Despite national policies to reduce use, the reporting of mechanical restraint has been poor, hampering a reasonable understanding of the epidemiology of restraint. This paper aims to develop a consistent measure of mechanical restraint and compare the measure within and across countries in the Pacific Rim. Methods We used the publicly available data from four Pacific Rim countries (Australia, New Zealand, Japan and the United States) to compare and contrast the reported rates of mechanical restraint. Summary measures were computed so as to enable international comparisons. Variation within each jurisdiction was also analysed. Results International rates of mechanical restraint in 2017 varied from 0.03 (New Zealand) to 98.9 (Japan) restraint events per million population per day, a variation greater than 3000-fold. Restraint in Australia (0.17 events per million) and the United States (0.37 events per million) fell between these two extremes. Variation as measured by restraint events per 1000 bed-days was less extreme but still substantial. Within all four countries there was also significant variation in restraint across districts. Variation across time did not show a steady reduction in restraint in any country during the period for which data were available (starting from 2003 at the earliest). Conclusions Policies to reduce or abolish mechanical restraint do not appear to be effecting change. It is improbable that the variation in restraint within the four examined Pacific Rim countries is accountable for by psychopathology. Greater efforts at reporting, monitoring and carrying out interventions to achieve the stated aim of reducing restraint are urgently needed.

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