scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Intertemporal Choice In Aggressive Behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Chester ◽  
Sarah Beth Bell ◽  
C. Nathan DeWall ◽  
Samuel James West ◽  
Marisabel Romero-Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Motor Impulsivity ◽  
Frontoparietal Control Network

People often have to make decisions between immediate rewards and more long-term goals. Such intertemporal judgments are often investigated in the context of monetary choice or drug use, yet not in regards to aggressive behavior. We combined a novel intertemporal aggression paradigm with functional neuroimaging to examine the role of temporal delay in aggressive behavior and the neural correlates thereof. Sixty-one participants (aged 18-22; 37 females) exhibited substantial variability in the extent to which they selected immediate acts of lesser aggression versus delayed acts of greater aggression against a same-sex opponent. Choosing delayed-yet-more-severe aggression was increased by provocation and associated with greater self-control. Preferences for delayed aggression were associated with greater activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) during such choices, and reduced functional connectivity between the VMPFC and brain regions implicated in motor impulsivity. Preferences for immediate aggression were associated with reduced functional connectivity between the VMPFC and the frontoparietal control network. Dispositionally-aggressive participants exhibited reduced VMPFC activity, which partially explained and suppressed their preferences for delayed aggression. Blunted VMPFC activity may thus be a neural mechanism that promotes reactive aggression towards provocateurs among dispositionally-aggressive individuals. These findings demonstrate the utility of an intertemporal framework for investigating aggression and provide further evidence for the similar underlying neurobiology between aggression and other rewarding behaviors.

Auditory verbal hallucinations: neuroimaging and treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Bohlken ◽  
K. Hugdahl ◽  
I. E. C. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Auditory Verbal Hallucinations ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Control Functions

Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a frequently occurring phenomenon in the general population and are considered a psychotic symptom when presented in the context of a psychiatric disorder. Neuroimaging literature has shown that AVH are subserved by a variety of alterations in brain structure and function, which primarily concentrate around brain regions associated with the processing of auditory verbal stimuli and with executive control functions. However, the direction of association between AVH and brain function remains equivocal in certain research areas and needs to be carefully reviewed and interpreted. When AVH have significant impact on daily functioning, several efficacious treatments can be attempted such as antipsychotic medication, brain stimulation and cognitive–behavioural therapy. Interestingly, the neural correlates of these treatments largely overlap with brain regions involved in AVH. This suggests that the efficacy of treatment corresponds to a normalization of AVH-related brain activity. In this selected review, we give a compact yet comprehensive overview of the structural and functional neuroimaging literature on AVH, with a special focus on the neural correlates of efficacious treatment.

scholarly journals Modular origins of high-amplitude cofluctuations in fine-scale functional connectivity dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (46) ◽  
pp. e2109380118
Author(s):  
Maria Pope ◽  
Makoto Fukushima ◽  
Richard F. Betzel ◽  
Olaf Sporns
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Fine Scale

The topology of structural brain networks shapes brain dynamics, including the correlation structure of brain activity (functional connectivity) as estimated from functional neuroimaging data. Empirical studies have shown that functional connectivity fluctuates over time, exhibiting patterns that vary in the spatial arrangement of correlations among segregated functional systems. Recently, an exact decomposition of functional connectivity into frame-wise contributions has revealed fine-scale dynamics that are punctuated by brief and intermittent episodes (events) of high-amplitude cofluctuations involving large sets of brain regions. Their origin is currently unclear. Here, we demonstrate that similar episodes readily appear in silico using computational simulations of whole-brain dynamics. As in empirical data, simulated events contribute disproportionately to long-time functional connectivity, involve recurrence of patterned cofluctuations, and can be clustered into distinct families. Importantly, comparison of event-related patterns of cofluctuations to underlying patterns of structural connectivity reveals that modular organization present in the coupling matrix shapes patterns of event-related cofluctuations. Our work suggests that brief, intermittent events in functional dynamics are partly shaped by modular organization of structural connectivity.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of intertemporal choice in aggressive behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Chester ◽  
Sarah Beth Bell ◽  
C. Nathan DeWall ◽  
Samuel J. West ◽  
Marisabel Romero‐Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Neural Correlates

scholarly journals Quantitative Identification of Functional Connectivity Disturbances in Neuropsychiatric Lupus Based on Resting-State fMRI: A Robust Machine Learning Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
Nicholas John Simos ◽  
Stavros I. Dimitriadis ◽  
Eleftherios Kavroulakis ◽  
Georgios C. Manikis ◽  
George Bertsias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Graph Metrics ◽  
Functional Brain Network

Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is an autoimmune entity comprised of heterogenous syndromes affecting both the peripheral and central nervous system. Research on the pathophysiological substrate of NPSLE manifestations, including functional neuroimaging studies, is extremely limited. The present study examined person-specific patterns of whole-brain functional connectivity in NPSLE patients (n = 44) and age-matched healthy control participants (n = 39). Static functional connectivity graphs were calculated comprised of connection strengths between 90 brain regions. These connections were subsequently filtered through rigorous surrogate analysis, a technique borrowed from physics, novel to neuroimaging. Next, global as well as nodal network metrics were estimated for each individual functional brain network and were input to a robust machine learning algorithm consisting of a random forest feature selection and nested cross-validation strategy. The proposed pipeline is data-driven in its entirety, and several tests were performed in order to ensure model robustness. The best-fitting model utilizing nodal graph metrics for 11 brain regions was associated with 73.5% accuracy (74.5% sensitivity and 73% specificity) in discriminating NPSLE from healthy individuals with adequate statistical power. Closer inspection of graph metric values suggested an increased role within the functional brain network in NSPLE (indicated by higher nodal degree, local efficiency, betweenness centrality, or eigenvalue efficiency) as compared to healthy controls for seven brain regions and a reduced role for four areas. These findings corroborate earlier work regarding hemodynamic disturbances in these brain regions in NPSLE. The validity of the results is further supported by significant associations of certain selected graph metrics with accumulated organ damage incurred by lupus, with visuomotor performance and mental flexibility scores obtained independently from NPSLE patients.

scholarly journals Intrinsic Architecture Underlying the Relations among the Default, Dorsal Attention, and Frontoparietal Control Networks of the Human Brain

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nathan Spreng ◽  
Jorge Sepulcre ◽  
Gary R. Turner ◽  
W. Dale Stevens ◽  
Daniel L. Schacter
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Control Network ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Attention Networks ◽  
Large Scale Networks ◽  
Frontoparietal Control Network

Human cognition is increasingly characterized as an emergent property of interactions among distributed, functionally specialized brain networks. We recently demonstrated that the antagonistic “default” and “dorsal attention” networks—subserving internally and externally directed cognition, respectively—are modulated by a third “frontoparietal control” network that flexibly couples with either network depending on task domain. However, little is known about the intrinsic functional architecture underlying this relationship. We used graph theory to analyze network properties of intrinsic functional connectivity within and between these three large-scale networks. Task-based activation from three independent studies were used to identify reliable brain regions (“nodes”) of each network. We then examined pairwise connections (“edges”) between nodes, as defined by resting-state functional connectivity MRI. Importantly, we used a novel bootstrap resampling procedure to determine the reliability of graph edges. Furthermore, we examined both full and partial correlations. As predicted, there was a higher degree of integration within each network than between networks. Critically, whereas the default and dorsal attention networks shared little positive connectivity with one another, the frontoparietal control network showed a high degree of between-network interconnectivity with each of these networks. Furthermore, we identified nodes within the frontoparietal control network of three different types—default-aligned, dorsal attention-aligned, and dual-aligned—that we propose play dissociable roles in mediating internetwork communication. The results provide evidence consistent with the idea that the frontoparietal control network plays a pivotal gate-keeping role in goal-directed cognition, mediating the dynamic balance between default and dorsal attention networks.

scholarly journals Functional connectome differences in individuals with hallucinations across the psychosis continuum

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya J. L. Schutte ◽  
Marc M. Bohlken ◽  
Guusje Collin ◽  
Lucija Abramovic ◽  
Marco P. M. Boks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Bipolar I Disorder ◽  
Functional Connectome ◽  
Psychosis Continuum ◽  
Mri Scans

AbstractHallucinations may arise from an imbalance between sensory and higher cognitive brain regions, reflected by alterations in functional connectivity. It is unknown whether hallucinations across the psychosis continuum exhibit similar alterations in functional connectivity, suggesting a common neural mechanism, or whether different mechanisms link to hallucinations across phenotypes. We acquired resting-state functional MRI scans of 483 participants, including 40 non-clinical individuals with hallucinations, 99 schizophrenia patients with hallucinations, 74 bipolar-I disorder patients with hallucinations, 42 bipolar-I disorder patients without hallucinations, and 228 healthy controls. The weighted connectivity matrices were compared using network-based statistics. Non-clinical individuals with hallucinations and schizophrenia patients with hallucinations exhibited increased connectivity, mainly among fronto-temporal and fronto-insula/cingulate areas compared to controls (P < 0.001 adjusted). Differential effects were observed for bipolar-I disorder patients with hallucinations versus controls, mainly characterized by decreased connectivity between fronto-temporal and fronto-striatal areas (P = 0.012 adjusted). No connectivity alterations were found between bipolar-I disorder patients without hallucinations and controls. Our results support the notion that hallucinations in non-clinical individuals and schizophrenia patients are related to altered interactions between sensory and higher-order cognitive brain regions. However, a different dysconnectivity pattern was observed for bipolar-I disorder patients with hallucinations, which implies a different neural mechanism across the psychosis continuum.

scholarly journals Network Localization of Executive Function Deficits in Patients with Focal Thalamic Lesions

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2303-2319
Author(s):  
Kai Hwang ◽  
Joel Bruss ◽  
Daniel Tranel ◽  
Aaron D. Boes
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Thalamic Lesion ◽  
Human Thalamus ◽  
Thalamic Lesions

The human thalamus has been suggested to be involved in executive function, based on animal studies and correlational evidence from functional neuroimaging in humans. Human lesion studies, examining behavioral deficits associated with focal brain injuries, can directly test the necessity of the human thalamus for executive function. The goal of our study was to determine the specific lesion location within the thalamus as well as the potential disruption of specific thalamocortical functional networks, related to executive dysfunction. We assessed executive function in 15 patients with focal thalamic lesions and 34 comparison patients with lesions that spared the thalamus. We found that patients with mediodorsal thalamic lesions exhibited more severe impairment in executive function when compared to both patients with thalamic lesions that spared the mediodorsal nucleus and to comparison patients with lesions outside the thalamus. Furthermore, we employed a lesion network mapping approach to map cortical regions that show strong functional connectivity with the lesioned thalamic subregions in the normative functional connectome. We found that thalamic lesion sites associated with more severe deficits in executive function showed stronger functional connectivity with ACC, dorsomedial PFC, and frontoparietal network, compared to thalamic lesions not associated with executive dysfunction. These are brain regions and functional networks whose dysfunction could contribute to impaired executive functioning. In aggregate, our findings provide new evidence that delineates a thalamocortical network for executive function.

Brain responses to watching food commercials compared with nonfood commercials: a meta-analysis on neuroimaging studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Andy Wai Kan Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Additional Restriction ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
Food Commercials

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to identify and meta-analyse the neuroimaging data and hence synthesise a brain map showing the neural correlates of watching food commercials. Design: Published studies were retrieved and included into the analysis if they evaluated brain responses to food commercials with functional MRI and reported results based on whole-brain analysis in standard brain coordinates. Setting: No additional restriction was placed on the search, such as the publication year and age of participants. Participants: Seven papers that composed of a total of 442 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All of them recruited children or adolescents. Results: Food commercials caused larger brain responses than nonfood counterparts in the cuneus on both hemispheres, which played a role in dietary self-control and modulation of food craving. Other brain regions involved in food commercials processing included the left culmen, left middle occipital gyrus and the right superior parietal lobule, which could be related to reward, emotional responses and habit formation. Conclusion: These neural correlates may help explain the food choice and eating behaviours of children and adolescents that might be relevant to the development of obesity.

Functional Neuroimaging in Empirical Aesthetics and Neuroaesthetics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Ishizu
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Contextual Effect ◽  
Art Appreciation ◽  
Aesthetic Experiences ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Brain

Functional neuroimaging refers to methods used to non-invasively visualize neural activity in the brain in relation to specific experimental variables. Over the past 15 years, functional neuroimaging has begun to provide novel findings on the neurobiology of our aesthetic activities and art appreciation. This chapter provides a review of functional neuroimaging studies, especially using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), on a range of aesthetic experiences and evaluations and their neural correlates. It describes an overview of a number of core brain structures and networks engaged in aesthetic activities, together with general functions of each of the brain regions. It then discusses recent advancements in neuroaesthetics including an investigation into cross-cultural aspects, abstraction of beauty, a contextual effect on aesthetic evaluations, and new analysis techniques.

scholarly journals Frontoparietal dynamics and value accumulation in intertemporal choice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingfang Liu ◽  
Woojong Yi ◽  
Christian A. Rodriguez ◽  
Samuel M. McClure ◽  
Brandon M. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Accumulation Process ◽  
Stimulus Processing ◽  
Subjective Value

AbstractIntertemporal choice requires choosing between a smaller reward available after a shorter time delay and a larger reward available after a longer time delay. Previous studies suggest that intertemporal preferences are formed by generating a subjective value of the monetary rewards that depends on reward amount and the associated time delay. Neuroimaging results indicate that this subjective value is tracked by ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and ventral striatum. Subsequently, an accumulation process, subserved by a network including dorsal medial frontal cortex (dmFC), dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and posterior parietal cortex (pPC), selects a choice based on the subjective values. The mechanisms of how value accumulation interacts with subjective valuation to make a choice, and how brain regions communicate during decision making are undetermined. We developed and performed an EEG experiment that parametrically manipulated the probability of preferring delayed larger rewards. A computational model equipped with time and reward information transformation, selective attention, and stochastic value accumulation mechanisms was constructed and fit to choice and response time data using a hierarchical Bayesian approach.Phase-based functional connectivity between putative dmFC and pPC was found to be associated with stimulus processing and to resemble the reconstructed accumulation dynamics from the best performing computational model across experimental conditions. By combining computational modeling and phase-based functional connectivity, our results suggest an association between value accumulation, choice competition, and frontoparietal connectivity in intertemporal choice.Author summaryIntertemporal choice is a prominent experimental assay for impulsivity. Behavior in the task involves several cognitive functions including valuation, action selection and self-control. It is unknown how these different functions are temporally implemented during the course of decision making. In the current study, we combined formal computational models of intertemporal choice with a phase-based EEG measure of activity across brain regions to show that functional connectivity between dmFC and pPC reflects cognitive mechanisms of both visual stimulus processing and choice value accumulation. The result supports the notion that dynamic interaction between frontopatietal regions instantiates the critical value accumulation process in intertemporal choice.

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