scholarly journals Self-Regulation of Implicit Social Cognition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Brand Evaluations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Broad Array

Implicit measures of social cognition have grown increasingly popular over the past two decades. Not only have they become ubiquitous within social psychology, but they are also now commonly applied in a broad array of domains beyond social psychology, ranging from brand evaluations to phobias to addiction. Their widespread use is largely due to the assumption that implicit measures provide a more clear view into hidden cognitive processes than do explicit (i.e., self-report) measures. However, there is debate about which cognitive processes implicit measures primarily reflect. Tasks such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) were initially designed to measure behavioral impulses induced by mental association between concepts (e.g., the outgroup) and attributes (e.g., negative). Although measures like the IAT do reflect behavioral impulses, self-regulation also plays an important role in inhibiting undesirable impulses.

Explicit and Implicit Positive Illusory Bias in Children With ADHD

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 994-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina C. Emeh ◽  
Amori Yee Mikami ◽  
Bethany A. Teachman
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Positive Illusory Bias ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Behavioral Competence ◽  
Self Perceptions

Objective: Children with ADHD overestimate their own social and behavioral competence when using explicit self-report measures, a phenomenon known as Positive Illusory Bias (PIB). This study examined whether children with ADHD show PIB when self-perceptions are measured implicitly, reflecting associations that are relatively difficult to consciously control. Method: Participants were 23 children (ages 6.8-9.8) with ADHD and 55 typically developing (TD) children. Children’s explicit self-perceptions of competence were measured via self-report on the Self-Perception Profile for Children; their implicit associations were assessed using an Implicit Association Test. Parent and teacher ratings formed an adult-reported composite indicator of children’s competence, to which children’s self-perceptions were compared. Results: Children with ADHD overestimated their competence as compared with adult-informant reports on both explicit and implicit measures, whereas TD children tended to be accurate. Conclusion: Inflated self-perceptions in children with ADHD may exist on an implicit level outside of conscious awareness.

scholarly journals Evidence for the Default Network's Role in Spontaneous Cognition

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 322-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna ◽  
Jay S. Reidler ◽  
Christine Huang ◽  
Randy L. Buckner
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
External World ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Default Network ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cortical Regions

A set of brain regions known as the default network increases its activity when focus on the external world is relaxed. During such moments, participants change their focus of external attention and engage in spontaneous cognitive processes including remembering the past and imagining the future. However, the functional contributions of the default network to shifts in external attention versus internal mentation have been difficult to disentangle because the two processes are correlated under typical circumstances. To address this issue, the present study manipulated factors that promote spontaneous cognition separately from those that change the scope of external attention. Results revealed that the default network increased its activity when spontaneous cognition was maximized but not when participants increased their attention to unpredictable foveal or peripheral stimuli. To examine the nature of participants' spontaneous thoughts, a second experiment used self-report questionnaires to quantify spontaneous thoughts during extended fixation epochs. Thoughts about one's personal past and future comprised a major focus of spontaneous cognition with considerable variability. Activity correlations between the medial temporal lobe and distributed cortical regions within the default network predicted a small, but significant, portion of the observed variability. Collectively, these results suggest that during passive states, activity within the default network reflects spontaneous, internally directed cognitive processes.

An Introduction to Implicit Attitudes in Political Science Research

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (03) ◽  
pp. 525-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander Ksiazkiewicz ◽  
James Hedrick
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dual Process Models

During the past two decades, mounting evidence suggests that much of human social cognition occurs without deliberate effort and largely outside conscious awareness. Dual-process models, which distinguish explicit (conscious, slow, effortful) cognitive processes from implicit (often unconscious, fast, effortless) cognitive processes, “form the dominant paradigm [of social cognition research] for the past 20 years or more” (Evans 2008). Although these advances in social cognition research have begun to be integrated into models of political cognition over the past decade (e.g., Kim, Taber, and Lodge 2010; Lodge and Taber 2013; see Nosek, Graham, and Hawkins 2010 for a review), and are beginning to influence other disciplines like communication (see Hefner et al. 2011), the role of implicit processes in outcomes commonly studied by political scientists deserves more attention. This symposium aims to showcase the diverse set of subject areas within political science to which dual-process models have been and can be applied. We hope that this symposium is a springboard for those who are considering bringing a dual-process approach into their own research by providing an overview of relevant literatures and methods.

scholarly journals Go/No-go Association Task

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Mahzarin R. Banaji
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Implicit Social Cognition ◽  
Association Task ◽  
Automatic Associations ◽  
Single Category ◽  
Contextual Characteristics ◽  
Second Category

Overview=======The GNAT (pronounced like the bug) is a flexible technique designed to measure implicit social cognition. Conceptually similar to other implicit measures like the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, JPSP, 1998), the GNAT assesses automatic associations between concept (e.g., gender) and attribute (e.g., evaluation) categories. The GNAT has two features that distinguish it from other measures of implicit social cognition. First, the GNAT is designed to be use signal detection statistics in its calculation of automatic associations (d-prime), but can also be adapted to utilize response latency as its operational dependent variable. Second, the GNAT is flexible in the establishing of contextual characteristics for the evaluative situation. For example, the IAT requires an attitude toward one category (insects) be assessed relative to a second category (flowers). With the GNAT, experimenters can vary whether insects are evaluated in the context of a single category (flowers), a superordinate category (animals), a generic category (objects) or with no context at all.

scholarly journals Uncovering mental structure through data-driven ontology discovery

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian W Eisenberg ◽  
Patrick Bissett ◽  
Ayse Zeynep Enkavi ◽  
Jamie Li ◽  
David MacKinnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Real World ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Cumulative Knowledge

Psychological sciences have identified a wealth of cognitive processes and behavioral phenomena, yet struggle to produce cumulative knowledge. Progress is hamstrung by siloed scientific traditions and a focus on explanation over prediction, two issues we address by examining individual differences across an unprecedented range of behavioral tasks, self-report surveys, and real-world outcomes. We derive a cognitive ontology and evaluate the predictive power of many psychological measurements related to self-regulation. Though both tasks and surveys putatively measure self-regulation, they show little empirical relationship. Within tasks and surveys, however, the ontology reveals opportunities for theoretic synthesis and identifies stable individual traits. Additionally, surveys predict self-reported real-world outcomes while tasks largely do not. We conclude that data-driven ontologies lay the groundwork for a cumulative psychological science.

scholarly journals The Balanced Structure of Environmental Identity

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8168
Author(s):  
Coral M. Bruni ◽  
P. Wesley Schultz ◽  
Anna Woodcock
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Environmental Identity ◽  
Balanced Structure ◽  
Nature Connectedness ◽  
Individual Scores

Connectedness with nature refers to an individual’s beliefs about their relationship with the natural environment. The current paper integrates connectedness with nature into a broader framework of balanced identity theory as a form of self-concept, and presents new data showing that individuals tend toward balanced-congruity and hold cognitive configurations that balance self-concept, environmental attitudes, and self-esteem. In essence, when an individual scores highly on one of these constructs, it is likely that they will score highly on the other two constructs. Two hundred and seventy-six undergraduate students completed explicit and implicit measures of connectedness with nature, attitudes toward nature, and self-esteem. The balanced-congruity principle was supported with implicit measures (e.g., Implicit Association Test), but not explicitly with self-report measures. Results suggest that attitudes toward nature, connectedness with nature, and self-esteem form a balanced triadic structure of implicit environmental identity. The findings extend our understanding of connectedness with nature, by integrating it into a broader framework that links connectedness, attitudes, and self-esteem as a triadic form of environmental identity. This finding has important implications for practitioners interested in fostering environmental identities and promoting sustainability.

scholarly journals Implicit social cognition through years: The Implicit Association Test at age 21

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ottavia M. Epifania ◽  
Egidio Robusto ◽  
Pasquale Anselmi
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Implicit Social Cognition ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
And Behaviors

<p>The advent of implicit measures opened the access to processes of which people might not be completely aware but that can still influence their attitudes, preferences, and behaviors towards different objects. Among the existing implicit measures, the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) is one of the most studied and used. The descriptive literature review presented in this work was aimed at providing an overview of how the IAT has been used from the year of its first introduction until current days. Specifically, the main fields of application of the IAT, the specific topics for which it has been used, and its concurrent use with other implicit measures have been highlighted and described. When possible, information on the samples on which the studies were carried out are reported. Results indicate an on-going growth of the IAT in a constantly wider range of topics. The ability of the IAT to overcome self-presentation biases and to access the implicit aspects of attitudes have been particularly exploited for investigating biases towards different out-groups, especially in sensitive contexts.<br></p>

scholarly journals Implicit social cognition through years: The Implicit Association Test at age 21

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ottavia M. Epifania ◽  
Egidio Robusto ◽  
Pasquale Anselmi
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Implicit Social Cognition ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
And Behaviors

<p>The advent of implicit measures opened the access to processes of which people might not be completely aware but that can still influence their attitudes, preferences, and behaviors towards different objects. Among the existing implicit measures, the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) is one of the most studied and used. The descriptive literature review presented in this work was aimed at providing an overview of how the IAT has been used from the year of its first introduction until current days. Specifically, the main fields of application of the IAT, the specific topics for which it has been used, and its concurrent use with other implicit measures have been highlighted and described. When possible, information on the samples on which the studies were carried out are reported. Results indicate an on-going growth of the IAT in a constantly wider range of topics. The ability of the IAT to overcome self-presentation biases and to access the implicit aspects of attitudes have been particularly exploited for investigating biases towards different out-groups, especially in sensitive contexts.<br></p>

Associations between Daydreaming Style and Information Processing Predispositions

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Tanaka ◽  
A. T. Panter ◽  
Wayne C. Winborne
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Research Tradition ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common

Various domains of chronic predispositions in information processing have been studied from different perspectives. For example, strict experimentally-based information processing paradigms stem from a different research tradition than daydreaming styles. This study considers the association between these domains by examining the interrelations between two-self report measures of chronic information processing. One measure is the Need for Cognition, developed in the social cognition literature to study individual differences in chronic tendencies to utilize information. The second measure, the Short Imaginal Processes Inventory, is a measure of daydreaming style. Results show that these measures are related. A single bipolar dimension measuring affective/evaluative domains in information processing underlying the common properties of both measures is identified. Extensions of this research to domains in clinical and social psychology are discussed.

Beyond Two Minds: Cognitive, Embodied, and Evaluative Processes in Creativity

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanina Leschziner ◽  
Gordon Brett
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Creative Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Analytical Thinking ◽  
Evaluative Processes ◽  
And Control

Scholars in sociology and social psychology typically represent creativity as an imaginative and deliberate mental activity. Such a perspective has led to a view of creativity as disconnected from the body and the senses as well as from nonanalytic cognition. In this article, we demonstrate that creativity is more grounded in bodily and sensory experience and more reliant on a combination of cognitive processes than has been typically recognized. We use literature on social cognition and embodiment to build our arguments, specifically, the embodied simulation perspective and tripartite process models. We draw from data on elite chefs to show how actors rely on embodied simulations, continually switch between heuristic and analytical thinking, and monitor and control their cognitive processing during the creative process. We outline the implications of this study for the understanding of creativity and extant models of cognition and action more generally.

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