scholarly journals Investigating habits in humans with a symmetrical outcome revaluation task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poppy Watson ◽  
Thomas Edward Gladwin ◽  
sanne de wit
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Instrumental Learning ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Training Phase ◽  
Behavioural Flexibility ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Extended Training

To investigate the balance between goal-directed and habitual control in controlled experimental settings, animal researchers developed the outcome-revaluation paradigm. The translation of this paradigm to humans has yielded interesting insights but proven to be challenging. We present a novel, symmetrical outcome-revaluation task in which outcomes are both devalued and upvalued to reveal the disadvantage and advantage of habit formation. During the instrumental learning phase, participants learned to respond (Go) to certain stimuli to collect valuable outcomes (and points) while refraining to respond (NoGo) to stimuli signalling not-valuable outcomes. Half of the stimuli were short-trained, while the other half were long-trained. Subsequently, in the test phase, the signalled outcomes were either value-congruent with training (still-valuable and still-not-valuable), or incongruent (devalued and upvalued). The change in outcome value on incongruent trials meant that participants had to flexibly adjust their behaviour. At the end of the training phase, participants completed the self-report behavioural automaticity index – providing an automaticity score for each stimulus-response association. We conducted two experiments using this task, that both provided evidence for stimulus-driven habits as reflected in better performance on congruent than on incongruent test trials. While self-reported automaticity increased with longer training, behavioural flexibility was intact. After extended training (Experiment 2), higher levels of self-reported automaticity when responding to stimuli signalling valuable outcomes was related to more ‘slips of action’ when the associated outcome was subsequently devalued. We conclude that the symmetrical outcome revaluation task provides a promising paradigm for the experimental investigation of habits in humans.

An Interpersonal Analysis of Rorschach Aggression Variables in a Normal Sample

2001 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joni L. Mihura ◽  
Elizabeth Nathan-Montano
Keyword(s):  
Stepwise Regression ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Normal Sample ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Forward Stepwise ◽  
Interpersonal Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Report Measure

This study investigated the relationship between Rorschach aggression variables and a self-report measure of interpersonal control and aggression (Structural Analysis of Social Behavior), rated for best and worst states, with 50 college students using forward stepwise regression analyses Aggressive Movement (AG) was related to the report of self-attack for the best state ratings The following findings were significant for the worst state ratings. AG was related to viewing the other as reacting as if attacked but the self as acting more affiliatively to the other. Aggressive Past (AgPast) was related to reacting to the other more submissively. A combined Aggressive Potential (AgPot)/Aggressive Content (AgC) variable was related to viewing the other as reacting less submissively and acting more dominantly. AgC was related to viewing the other as reacting less submissively. Methodological limitations are discussed, including potential problems regarding social desirability for the self-report aggression measure.

scholarly journals Revisiting and Extending a Response Latency Measure of Inclusion of the Other in the Self

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janis Heinrich Zickfeld ◽  
Thomas W. Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Response Latency ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Response Times ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Interpersonal Closeness ◽  
Negative Effect

Although the concept of inclusion of the other in the self (IOS) has been successfully assessed with explicit self-report measures implicit procedures have been neglected in past literature. The present article explores the validity of such an implicit measure by proposing several extensions and adaptions. Based on the me/not-me response latency task originally conceptualized by Aron, Aron, Tudor and Nelson (1991) we addressed methodological problems by proposing changes in material, calculation of indices and implemented the task in an online environment. We also addressed earlier problems with statistical power and proposed a more powerful way of statistical analyses using mixed models. The me/not-me task is based on the idea that higher overlap between self and other traits results in faster response times of characterizing such a trait as descriptive of the self. This relationship should be observed for close others but not for non-close others. In a sample of 339 US American adults we experimentally manipulated the nature of the target (close vs. distant) and participants engaged in the adapted me/not-me paradigm. Results indicated that trait match had a stronger negative effect on response times for participants in the close condition. The effect was also stronger for participants rating the target higher on the IOS self-report scale. We also provided convergent validity of the me/not-me procedure with other constructs ostensibly measuring interpersonal closeness. Future applications and possible limitations are discussed.

The Polyphonic Self: Interactivism and the Examination of Culture in Clinical Sport Psychology

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-310
Author(s):  
Donald R. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors

Despite valuable research regarding multicultural encounters in sport psychology settings, the mechanisms by which culture operates, including the ways that it is transmitted and learned, and the specific processes though which it exerts influence upon behavior, remain poorly understood. Research also has not addressed how a dimension of experience that is so fundamental could remain so transparent and reside so consistently outside the awareness of researchers, clinicians, and clients. Recent contributions to cultural psychology using an interactivist model provide a theoretical perspective through which clinical sport psychologists could conceptualize these challenging issues and address the complex behaviors observed in cross-cultural contexts. Interactivism offers a framework for investigating the internally inconsistent “polyphonic,” or multivoiced, nature of the self. In doing so, it highlights the need for investigative methods that can account for frequent discrepancies between implicit attitudes and observed behaviors, on one hand, and explicit attitudes and behaviors as endorsed on self-report measures, on the other.

Reminiscence functions scale: factorial structure and its relation with mental health in a sample of Spanish older adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1521-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ros ◽  
J. C. Meléndez ◽  
J. D. Webster ◽  
T. Mayordomo ◽  
A. Sales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Factorial Structure

ABSTRACTBackground:The reminiscence functions scale (RFS) is a 43-item self-report instrument designed to assess the use of reminiscence for different functions. This study aims, on one hand, to analyze the factorial structure and the psychometric properties of the RFS and, on the other, to examine the relationship between the functions of reminiscence and mental health.Methods:RFS scale and measures of depressive symptomology, despair, and life satisfaction were administered to a sample of persons over the age of sixty (n = 364).Results:After eliminating three conflictive items from the original scale, the confirmatory factor analysis results present a factorial structure comprising eight traditional factors and adequate reliability scores (from 0.73 to 0.87). Using structural equation modeling, we find that these reminiscence factors are organized in three second-order factors (self-positive, self-negative, and prosocial). Results show that the self-positive factor relates negatively and the self-negative factor relates positively with symptoms of mental health problems.Conclusions:These results, on one hand, confirm that the RFS scale is a useful instrument to assess reminiscence functions in a sample of Spanish older adults and, on the other, that the three-factor model of reminiscence is a better predictor of mental health than the alternative four-factor model.

scholarly journals Alignment of Physical Activity in Older Couples Affected by Osteoarthritis: Investigation by Accelerometry and Questionnaire

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1544
Author(s):  
Burkhard Moellenbeck ◽  
Frank Horst ◽  
Georg Gosheger ◽  
Christoph Theil ◽  
Leonie Seeber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Older Couples ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Correlation Analyses ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
German Physical

This study examined whether an alignment of physical activity (PA) between osteoarthritis patients and their spouses, which was previously proven by accelerometry, might also be revealed by self-report. The PA of 28 cohabitating couples (58–83 years) was assessed by means of synchronous accelerometry (ActiGraph wGTX3-BT) and compared to their according self-reports in the German Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sport Questionnaire (BSA-F). Both methods were used to quantify the average weekly light PA, moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), and total PA. Accelerometry revealed no differences in weekly light PA and total PA (p ≥ 0.187) between patients and spouses, whereas the patients’ spouses accumulated significantly more MVPA (p = 0.015). In contrast, the self-report did not reveal any differences between the two groups in terms of PA (p ≥ 0.572). Subsequent correlation analyses indicated that accelerometry data for mild PA and total PA were significantly correlated in couples (r ≥ 0.385, p ≤ 0.024), but MVPA was not (r = 0.257, p = 0.097). The self-reported PA data, on the other hand, did not indicate any significant correlation (r ≤ 0.046, p ≥ 0.409). The presented results give a first indication that an alignment of PA between osteoarthritis patients and their spouses is most likely to be detected by accelerometry, but not by self-report.

Actions and habits: the development of behavioural autonomy

1985 ◽  
Vol 308 (1135) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Model ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Extended Training ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Low Correlation ◽  
Purposive Action ◽  
Current Value ◽  
Per Se

The study of animal behaviour has been dominated by two general models. According to the mechanistic stimulus-response model, a particular behaviour is either an innate or an acquired habit which is simply triggered by the appropriate stimulus. By contrast, the teleological model argues that, at least, some activities are purposive actions controlled by the current value of their goals through knowledge about the instrumental relations between the actions and their consequences. The type of control over any particular behaviour can be determined by a goal revaluation procedure. If the anim al’s performance changes appropriately following an alteration in the value of the goal or reward without further experience of the instrumental relationship, the behaviour should be regarded as a purposive action. On the other hand, the stimulus-response model is more appropriate for an activity whose performance is autonomous of the current value of the goal. By using this assay, we have found that a simple food-rewarded activity is sensitive to reward devaluation in rats following limited but not extended training. The development of this behavioural autonomy with extended training appears to depend not upon the am ount of training per se, but rather upon the fact that the animal no longer experiences the correlation between variations in performance and variations in the associated consequences during overtraining. In agreement with this idea, limited exposure to an instrumental relationship that arranges a low correlation between performance and reward rates also favours the development of behavioural autonomy. Thus, the same activity can be either an action or a habit depending upon the type of training it has received.

scholarly journals The relations between personality traits and psychopathy as measured by ratings and self-report

Psihologija ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daliborka Kujacic ◽  
Janko Medjedovic ◽  
Goran Knezevic
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Interpersonal Style ◽  
Antisocial Tendencies

The objective of this study was to examine the relations between psychopathy - as assessed by ratings (PCL-R) and by self-report (SRP3) - on one side, and The Five-Factor personality Model - expanded to include the traits Amorality and Disintegration - on the other. Both methods examined four traits of psychopathy: interpersonal, affective, lifestyle and antisocial characteristics. Data were collected on a sample of 112 male convicts. The results show the absence of congruence between the two methods - self-report and rating - in case of interpersonal and affective psychopathic dispositions. This incongruence is also reflected in their relations with personality traits. The self-report measures and the ratings of Lifestyle and Antisocial tendencies are related to amorality, aggressiveness, schizotypy, Neuroticism and impulsivity. However, the ratings of affective and interpersonal style are related to the integrated, organized, and emotionally stable aspects of personality. The results are interpreted in the light of differences between the methods of assessment and in the light of the essential characteristics of the psychopathic phenomena.

The Aggression Questionnaire

2007 ◽  
pp. 343-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kiewitz ◽  
J. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Short Form ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Primary Difference ◽  
Aggression Questionnaire ◽  
Readability Level

We describe two short form versions of the self-report Aggression Questionnaire initially developed by Buss and Perry (1992). Often referred to as the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) the original inventory consists of 29 items that measure four aspects of trait aggressiveness – anger, hostility, verbal- and physical-aggression – that are typically used both individually and/or combined to create an overall aggressiveness index. The BPAQ is the successor of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI; Buss & Durkee, 1957). Perhaps more appropriate for Internet-based research are the AQ-12 and AQ-15 short forms derived from two different efforts to refine the BPAQ. One effort resulted in the AQ-12 (Bryant & Smith, 2001, p. 150), which uses 12 of the original 29 AQ items. The other effort yielded the AQ-15 by drawing from a 34-item AQ revision by the same authors (Buss & Warren, 2000, pp. 13, 65) and also from the AQ-12. Comparing the AQ-12 and AQ-15 reveals almost identical items for the anger, hostility, verbal- and physical-aggression subscales. The primary difference is that the AQ-15 features an additional 3-item subscale that assesses indirect aggression. Respondents typically rate items on both inventories using a Likert-type scale. Both forms can be used with adult/adolescent and normal/abnormal populations. For children, the AQ-15 may be preferable because it has a third-grade readability level. Research has shown both inventories to be quite reliable and valid measures of aggressive tendencies in individuals.

Providing Freshmen with a Good “Starting-Block”

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikaël De Clercq ◽  
Charlotte Michel ◽  
Sophie Remy ◽  
Benoît Galand
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Student Adjustment ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Study Task ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Belonging ◽  
Intention To Persist

Abstract. Grounded in social-psychological literature, this experimental study assessed the effects of two so-called “wise” interventions implemented in a student study program. The interventions took place during the very first week at university, a presumed pivotal phase of transition. A group of 375 freshmen in psychology were randomly assigned to three conditions: control, social belonging, and self-affirmation. Following the intervention, students in the social-belonging condition expressed less social apprehension, a higher social integration, and a stronger intention to persist one month later than the other participants. They also relied more on peers as a source of support when confronted with a study task. Students in the self-affirmation condition felt more self-affirmed at the end of the intervention but didn’t benefit from other lasting effects. The results suggest that some well-timed and well-targeted “wise” interventions could provide lasting positive consequences for student adjustment. The respective merits of social-belonging and self-affirmation interventions are also discussed.

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