Effect of swearing on strength: Disinhibition as a potential mediator

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stephens ◽  
Harry Dowber ◽  
Amber Barrie ◽  
Sannida Almeida ◽  
Katie Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Risky Behaviour ◽  
Balloon Analogue Risk Task ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
Audio Track ◽  
Arm Strength ◽  
Positive Functions

Introduction: Swearing fulfils positive functions including benefitting pain relief and physical strength. Here we present three experiments assessing a possible psychological mechanism, increased state disinhibition, for the effect of swearing on physical strength. Method: Three repeated measures experiments were carried out with sample sizes N=56, N=63 and N=118. All three included the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) to measure risky behaviour. Experiments 1 and 3 included measures of physical performance assessing, respectively, grip and arm strength. Experiment 3, which was pre-registered, additionally assessed flow, self-confidence, anxiety, emotion including humour, and distraction including novelty.Results: Experiments 1 and 3 found that repeating a swear word benefitted physical strength and increased risky behaviour, but risky behaviour did not mediate the strength effect. Experiment 2 showed no effect of listening to an audio track of a repeated swear word. Experiment 3 found that repeating a swear word increased flow, self-confidence, positive emotion, humour and distraction. Humour mediated the effect of swearing on physical strength. Discussion: Consistent effects of swearing on physical strength indicate that this is a reliable effect. Swearing affected several constructs related to state disinhibition including increased self-confidence. Humour appeared to mediate the effect of swearing on physical strength, consistent with a hot cognitions explanation of swearing-induced state disinhibition. However, as this mediation effect was part of an exploratory analysis, further pre-registered experimental research including validated measures of humour is required.

Is Self-Confidence a Bias Factor in Higher-Order Catastrophe Models? An Exploratory Analysis—A Critique

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gershon Tenenbaum ◽  
Betsy Becker
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Quadrant Analysis ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
Bias Factor ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Catastrophe Models ◽  
Made In

The current paper criticizes the concept, research methodology, data analyses, and validity of the conclusions made in Hardy, Woodman, and Carrington’s (2004) article published in this journal. In their repeated-measures analysis of data from the performances of 7 golfers, they did not examine changes in performance scores on successive holes. Instead, Hardy et al. used several ANOVA models to examine how performance varied with respect to somatic and cognitive anxiety level and self-confidence interaction. By doing so, their findings produced effects which we argue to be conceptually and empirically limited. We also address problems associated with dichotomization of continuous variables, measurement errors when splitting data, eradication of random significant effects, cell sizes in segmental quadrant analysis, and correlation between somatic and cognitive anxiety. We believe these difficulties prevent any reliable conclusions and/or generalizations from being made.

An Evaluation of a Treatment Package Designed for Women with a History of Sexual Victimization in Childhood and Sexual Dysfunctions in Adulthood

1986 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie Gazan
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Satisfaction ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Relaxation Training ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Cognitive Restructuring ◽  
Sexual Dysfunctions ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Erroneous Beliefs ◽  
Treatment Package

This study systematically evaluated the effectiveness of a treatment package developed for women who had been sexually victimized in childhood or adolescence and who were experiencing sexual dysfunctions in adulthood that they attributed to these earlier experiences. The treatment package consisted of three components: (a) relaxation training, (b) cognitive restructuring of the women's erroneous beliefs about sexual victimization, and (c) treatment of the sexual dysfunctions. A multiple-baseline across-subjects design was utilized (Hersen & Barlow, 1976). Participants included five women and their partners who voluntarily sought therapy from the Psychological Services Centre, University of Manitoba. Repeated measures were collected at specific intervals through the treatment and at follow-up using interview data and several standardized questionnaires. The results indicated the treatment package was successful in assisting the women in the study to achieve the first two goals of therapy: (a) to modify the woman's erroneous beliefs about sexual victimization, particularly those beliefs related to psychosexual functioning, and (b) to increase the woman's sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. The treatment package intervention had only limited success in assisting the couple to achieve sexual satisfaction. Reasons for this may relate to (a) the women's reported increased sense of self-worth and self-confidence following the cognitive restructuring, (b) subsequent demands by the women for a more egalitarian sexual relationship, and (c) the incorrect assumption that partners were prepared to assist the women in achieving overall sexual satisfaction.

scholarly journals Attitude towards Safe Driving and Internet Addiction among Young Adult in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (14) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Mohamad Ghazali Masuri ◽  
Nur Atiqah Abdul Samad ◽  
Akehsan Dahlan ◽  
Khairil Anuar Md Isa
Keyword(s):  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Risky Behaviour ◽  
Safe Driving ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
International Publishing ◽  
High Level ◽  
Open Access Article

The purpose of this study is to identify the correlation between the driver's attitude and internet addiction level by using Attitude towards Safe Driving Scale (ASDS-46) and Internet Addiction Test (IAT). The result showed that ASDS-46 and IAT have a high level of reliability of Cronbach's Alpha value 0.910 and 0.917 respectively. Domain 1, 2 and 4 (self-compliant, self-confidence and self-concern) show a negative correlation with the value of (P=.000 and -.225), (P=.019 and -.111) & (P=.044 and -.095) respectively. This study concludes that a driver who has a high internet addiction level has a risky behaviour to commit road traffic offences. Keywords: ASDS-46; internet addiction; driver’s attitude; quality of life   eISSN 2514-7528 © 2019 The Authors. Published for AMER, ABRA & cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v4i14.335

scholarly journals Gender, Physical Self-Perception and Overall Physical Fitness in Secondary School Students: A Multiple Mediation Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6871
Author(s):  
Pedro Jesús Ruiz-Montero ◽  
Oscar Chiva-Bartoll ◽  
Antonio Baena-Extremera ◽  
David Hortigüela-Alcalá
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Multiple Mediation ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Cognitive Perspective ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Adolescent Students ◽  
Self Confidence

Background: Physical self-perception is often related with better physical fitness perception in adolescents. Moreover, it is an important social cognitive perspective to provide suitable mental health in this population. However, this relationship is unequal between boys and girls. The physical fitness is a marker of health in young population. The aims of the present study were the following: (1) to compare physical self-perception and self-reported overall physical fitness (OPF) between boys and girls (gender) and body mass index (BMI) status, and (2) to determine the mediating role of all physical self-perception subscales (except physical condition) and BMI status in the link between gender and OPF in adolescent students. Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of 85 adolescent students of secondary school between 12 and 17 years of age; 41 were boys (Mage = 14.6, SD = 1.7) and 44 were girls (Mage = 14.4, SD = 1.6). Adolescent participants completed all clinical characteristics by body composition measures (age, body weight, body height, and BMI). Physical self-perception was assessed by the physical self-perception profile (PSPP) whereas the international fitness scale (IFIS) was used to predict the self-reported OPF of adolescents in the present study. Results: Gender (boys and girls) differed significantly in all PSPP subscales and OPF, whereas the BMI status (underweight = 19 students, normal weight = 53 students, overweight/obese = 13 students) showed significant differences in all clinical characteristics, physical condition (PSPP), and OPF. A multiple mediation analysis was performed using bias corrected bootstrap. This multiple mediation analysis revealed that all PSPP subscales were significant mediators between gender and OPF: attractive body (p = 0.013), sport competence (p = 0.009), physical strength (p = 0.002), and self-confidence (p = 0.002). The total direct effect of gender on OPF was significant (p = 0.002). Moreover, the multiple mediation estimated a completely standardized indirect of X on Y for attractive body (effect = 0.109), sport competence (effect = 0.066), physical strength (effect = 0.130), and self-confidence (effect = 0.193). Conclusions: These findings contribute to understanding the link between gender and OPF in adolescent students and the mediation of physical self-perception and OPF in this relationship. In addition, strategies focused to improve self-confidence and physical self-perception are necessary in female adolescent students, because boys showed better physical self-perception in all PSPP subscales. Girls are a risk group because they report low physical self-confidence with their respective insecurity feelings and psychological disorders. Thus, personal physical self-perception must be considered as an important social cognitive perspective to provide suitable mental health in children and adolescents.

Degree of Commitment (diqi) and Differential Peasant Resistance in Three Village Communities

Rural China ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-383
Author(s):  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Ying Tong
Keyword(s):  
Rural China ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Silent Majority ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
Peasant Resistance ◽  
Rational Reasoning

Abstract Centering on an analysis of the role of diqi, or the degree of commitment underlying one’s self-confidence and actions, this study investigates villagers’ differential responses to the same project of demolition of local residences in three neighboring communities in order to understand the psychological mechanism through which peasant resistance came to be differentiated. It is found that what sustained peasant actions was their shared moral commitment to a way of life rather than self-interest or rational reasoning. Different also from James Scott’s “subsistence ethic” or Ying Xing’s ethical power “qi,” however, what the villagers stressed was an “everyday ethic” that sought to preserve their current way of life. Their resistance took different forms because of the different levels of commitment (diqi) that influenced their choice of actions despite the same kind of impact on their ethic of everyday life. To protect the rights and interests of rural residents and alleviate their resistance, it is necessary to give weight to the ethic of the everyday way of life of villagers instead of the logic of capital and to pay attention to the fundamental concerns of the silent majority in rural China.

Who Attends and Who Benefits from CBT “Self-Confidence” Workshops Run in Routine Practice? A Pilot Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Prytys ◽  
Kate Harman ◽  
Rachel Lee ◽  
June S. L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Depression Symptomatology

Background:This study examined characteristics of members of the public who self-referred and the effectiveness of psycho-educational CBT self-confidence workshops when run in routine practice.Method:Repeated measures were employed at pre- and post-workshop stages.Results:Of the 56 members of the general public who self-referred to the workshops, 70% were above the clinical cut-offs for Global Distress (CORE OM) and 86% were above the clinical cut offs for depression symptomatology (CES-D). Follow up data (n= 31) showed significant reduction in self-reported distress and depression at 4-week follow-up. A further analysis showed that those whose scores were above the clinical threshold at initial presentation benefited most but those with scores below the threshold did not seem to benefit.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that psycho-educational CBT workshops attract those with high levels of distress and depression, and have potential as a cost effective means of disseminating psychological interventions.

Wrestling Arm Throw Technique - Waist Flexibility, Arm Strength, and Self-Confidence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rio Akbar Bahari ◽  
Aji Rasa Kurniawan ◽  
Nendi Rohaendi ◽  
Handaka Wiguna Jatnika ◽  
Bambang Erawan
Keyword(s):  
Self Confidence ◽  
Arm Strength

scholarly journals Ironic or Overcompensation Effects of Motor Behaviour: An Examination of a Tennis Serving Task Under Pressure

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Recep Gorgulu
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Motor Behaviour ◽  
Mental Control ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Specific Direction ◽  
Ironic Processes ◽  
The Individual

With specific regard to the hypothesized effects of anxiety on performance in motor behaviour, the rival predictions emanating from the Wegner’s “ironic processes theory” and the “implicit overcompensation hypothesis” are largely indiscriminate. Specifically, Wegner’s theory predicts that self-instructions not to perform in a certain manner would lead to the very behaviour the individual seeks to avoid under pressure. On the other hand, the implicit overcompensation hypothesis predicts that avoidant instructions would produce the opposite outcome to that intended by the performer under pressure. The present novel study directly compared these predictions using a tennis serving task under manipulated instructions. The sample comprised 32 (20 men, 12 women; Mage = 20.81, SD = 2.20) experienced tennis players who performed a tennis serving task. Participants’ levels of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence were measured by using Mental Readiness Form-3. A 2 (anxiety: low, high) × 3 (serving zone: target zone, non-target ironic error zone, non-target non-ironic error zone) repeated measures of ANOVA revealed a significant anxiety × serving zone interaction F(2, 62) = 32.27, p < 0.001 which provides specific support for the Wegner’s ironic processes of mental control theory rather than implicit overcompensation hypothesis. More specifically, Bonferroni-corrected follow-up paired samples t-tests revealed that when instructed not to serve in a specific direction, anxious performers did so a significantly greater number of times (t31 = −5.15, p < 0.001). The present research demonstrates that ironic performance errors are a meaningful and robust potential concern for performers who are required to perform under pressure.

scholarly journals Healthy Behaviors Associated with Changes in Mental and Physical Strength in Urban African American and White Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1824
Author(s):  
Marie Fanelli Kuczmarski ◽  
Elizabeth Orsega-Smith ◽  
Nicolle A. Mode ◽  
Rita Rawal ◽  
Michele K. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Healthy Behaviors ◽  
Inflammatory Index

Over time, adherence to healthy behaviors may improve physical and mental strength which is essential for successful aging. A plausible mechanism is the reduction of inflammation. Research on the association of risky health behaviors on change in strength with age is limited. This study examined changes in the inflammatory potential of the diet, smoking, illicit drug use with changes in strength in a racially and socioeconomically diverse adult sample from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span study. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) was calculated from 35 food components derived from multiple 24-h dietary recalls. Strength was evaluated by handgrip strength (HGS), SF-12 PCS and SF-12 MCS (physical and mental component scores). Repeated measures analyses were used to examine associations. At baseline, mean age was 48.4 ± 0.25 years, 56% of the sample were women, and 58% African American. Significant 4-way interactions were found between age, race, socioeconomic status, and DII for women, on change in HGS (p < 0.05) and in SF-12 PCS (p < 0.05) and for men, in change in SF-12 PCS (p < 0.05). Improvements in SF-12 MCS were associated with all three health behaviors as main effects. This study provided evidence that changes towards improving healthy behaviors, diet with anti-inflammatory potential, not smoking cigarettes and not using illicit drugs, were associated with improved strength. Health professionals, especially registered dietitians and health coaches, should create lifestyle interventions to reduce inflammation targeting change in more than one risky health behavior.

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