scholarly journals Mutual radicalisation of opposing extremist groups via the Internet

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D Gallacher ◽  
Marc Heerdink
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Cyclical Process ◽  
Extremist Groups ◽  
Relationship Of

Social media has become a common arena for both far-right and Islamic extremist groups to stoke division through the spreading of propaganda and hate speech. This online hate is suggested to drive extremism online, and in some cases lead to offline hate crimes and violence. Whether this online radicalisation happens in isolation within a group, or whether there is an interdependent relationship of mutual radicalisation, is unclear. A possible process by which mutual radicalisation could occur would be if social media incite users to commit offline violence, and if this offline violence in return triggers online reactions from both the target and perpetrator groups. This however has not been tested. This study addresses these questions by investigating the nature of the online-offline relationship of extremist hate. We combine data from the social media platform Gab, variations in Internet search trends, and offline hate crimes in three countries, and test for temporal relationships between opposing extremist groups. Our findings show that online hate from far-right groups both precedes offline violence from these same groups, and spikes following offline violence from opposing Islamic extremist groups. Additionally, far-right Islamophobic violence offline is also followed by increased online interest in Islamic extremist topics. Together, these findings show that the Internet, and specifically hate speech, plays a potential key role in a cyclical process that increases mutual radicalisation.

scholarly journals Hate Contagion: Measuring the spread and trajectory of hate on social media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D Gallacher ◽  
Jonathan Bright
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Counter Measures ◽  
Group Environment ◽  
Media Platform

Online hate speech is a growing concern, with minorities and vulnerable groups increasingly targeted with extreme denigration and hostility. The drivers of hate speech expression on social media are unclear, however. This study explores how hate speech develops on a fringe social media platform popular with the far-right, Gab. We investigate whether users seek out this platform in order to express hate, or whether instead they develop these opinions over time through a mechanism of socialisation, as they interact with other users on the platform. We find a positive association between the time users spend on the platform and their hate speech expression. We show that while some users do arrive on these platforms with pre-existing hate stances, others develop these expressions as they get exposed to the hateful opinions of others. Our analysis reveals how hate speech develops online, the important role of the group environment in accelerating its development, and gives valuable insight to inform the development of counter measures.

scholarly journals Automatic Hate Speech Detection: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
Mohiyaddeen ◽  
Dr. Shifaulla Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Speech Detection ◽  
Social Media Platform ◽  
Media Platform

Hate speech has been an ongoing problem on the Internet for many years. Besides, social media, especially Facebook, and Twitter have given it a global stage where those hate speeches can spread far more rapidly. Every social media platform needs to implement an effective hate speech detection system to remove offensive content in real-time. There are various approaches to identify hate speech, such as Rule-Based, Machine Learning based, deep learning based and Hybrid approach. Since this is a review paper, we explained the valuable works of various authors who have invested their valuable time in studying to identifying hate speech using various approaches.

Study of Consumer Brand Following Intention on Instagram

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
Simran Kaur Madan ◽  
Payal S. Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Consumer Motivation ◽  
Media Usage ◽  
Consumer Skepticism ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The research, based on uses and gratifications theory, identifies consumer motivation and factors that influence consumers' intention to follow brands on the social media platform of Instagram. Accordingly, this study empirically examines the role of need for self-enhancement, the need for entertainment, and deal-seeking behaviour on the intention to follow brands on Instagram. Further, the study investigates the mediation of social media usage behaviour for consumption decisions on eliciting brand following behaviour. Moderation of consumer skepticism on the relationship of deal-seeking behaviour, and intention to follow brands is also investigated. Findings reveal a significant direct effect of need for self-enhancement, need for entertainment, and deal-seeking behaviour on intention to follow brands. Indirect effect of social media usage behaviour for consumption decisions was also significant; however, moderation of consumer skepticism was not found to be significant. The study will help marketers create engaging content that enables consumer-brand interactions.

scholarly journals Terrorist Speech under Bills C-51 and C-59 and the Othman Hamdan Case: The Continued Incoherence of Canada’s Approach

2019 ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Kent Roach
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Immigration Law ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Fundamental Freedoms

It is argued that neither the approach taken to terrorist speech in Bill C-51 nor Bill C-59 is satisfactory. A case study of the Othman Hamdan case, including his calls on the Internet for “lone wolves” “swiftly to activate,” is featured, along with the use of immigration law after his acquittal for counselling murder and other crimes. Hamdan’s acquittal suggests that the new Bill C-59 terrorist speech offence and take-down powers based on counselling terrorism offences without specifying a particular terrorism offence may not reach Hamdan’s Internet postings. One coherent response would be to repeal terrorist speech offences while making greater use of court-ordered take-downs of speech on the Internet and programs to counter violent extremism. Another coherent response would be to criminalize the promotion and advocacy of terrorist activities (as opposed to terrorist offences in general in Bill C-51 or terrorism offences without identifying a specific terrorist offence in Bill C-59) and provide for defences designed to protect fundamental freedoms such as those under section 319(3) of the Criminal Code that apply to hate speech. Unfortunately, neither Bill C-51 nor Bill C-59 pursues either of these options. The result is that speech such as Hamdan’s will continue to be subject to the vagaries of take-downs by social media companies and immigration law.

Platform Politics: The Emergence of Alternative Social Media in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-276
Author(s):  
Prashanth Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Bharatiya Janata Party ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Widespread Dissemination

Widespread dissemination of hate speech on corporate social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube has necessitated technological companies to moderate content on their platforms. At the receiving end of these content moderation efforts are supporters of right-wing populist parties, who have gained notoriety for harassing journalists, spreading disinformation, and vilifying liberal activists. In recent months, several prominent right-wing figures across the world were removed from social media - a phenomenon also known as ‘deplatforming’- for violating platform policies. Prominent among such right-wing groups are online supporters of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India, who have begun accusing corporate social media of pursuing a ‘liberal agenda’ and ‘curtailing free speech.’ In response to deplatforming, the BJP-led Government of India has aggressively promoted and embraced Koo, an indigenously developed social media platform. This commentary examines the implications of this alternative social platform for the online communicative environment in the Indian public sphere.

18. Freedom of Expression

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Rainey ◽  
Elizabeth Wicks ◽  
Andclare Ovey
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Case Law ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
The Internet

This chapter examines the protection of the freedom of expression in the European Convention on Human Rights, discusses the provisions of Article 10, and explains that the majority of cases concerning Article 10 are brought by persons who have received some penalty for defaming or insulting other people. It analyses what constitutes an interference with free expression and considers the limitations on freedom of expression. The chapter also examines the judgments made by the Strasbourg Court on several related cases, including those that involved incitement to violence and hate speech, obscenity, and blasphemy. It also covers the development of case-law concerning social media and the internet.

scholarly journals Peran Pengawasan Orangtua Pada Anak Pengguna Media Sosial

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-57
Author(s):  
Mutia Rahmi Pratiwi ◽  
Mukaromah Mukaromah ◽  
Wulan Herdiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Elementary Student ◽  
Elementary School Student ◽  
Active User ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

The amount of social media user in Indonesia is highly increasing, both for adult and children such as the elementary school student. The social media have its own policy about the age restriction to legally access the social media and elementary student is not one of them. Nevertheless, the datas show that elementary school student is one of the active user in social media. Cyberbullying and cyberporn are the impact of those unideal condition. This problem brings another concern to the parents of elementary school student user. The aim of this research is to describe the parents’s surveillance role towards the under age user. This research used the phenomenoogy method. While the results show that the parents’s surveillance role is only in the preventive stage without further analysis into the social media itself. The parents become supervisor in several conditions: the social media using restriction, being friend to their children in the social media, limiting the internet data, approaching personally and using the religious approachment. The result of this research can be the reference for the parents in educating their children in using the social media. For the future research, strongly recommended to search for the relationship of the parent’s supervising role and the school in minimalizing the bad impact of the internet and social media for the children.Keywords: Media Literation, Social Media, Children, Parents ABSTRAKJumlah pengguna media sosial di Indonesia terus meningkat, tidak hanya dari kalangan dewasa namun juga anak-anak SD. Media sosial memiliki kebijakan terkait batasan umur yang dilegalkan sebagai pengguna dan anak SD tidak termasuk bagian di dalamnya. Namun data justru menunjukan bahwa anak SD kini menjadi pengguna aktif media sosial dan hal ini berimbas pada munculnya cyberbulling hingga postingan anak SD yang memuat unsur cyberporn. Persoalan ini membawa keprihatinan tersendiri bagi orang tua yang memiliki anak SD selaku pengguna internet dan pemilik akun media sosial. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan peran pengawasan yang dilakukan orangtua terhadap anak pengguna media sosial. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode fenomenologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengawasan orangtua masih di tataran preventif tanpa mengkaji lebih mendalam mengenai isi media sosial itu sendiri. Orangtua memposisikan diri sebagai pengawas anak dengan beberapa cara, yaitu: penerapan aturan penggunaan yang ketat, berteman dengan anaknya di media sosial, pembatasan kuota, pendekatan personal dan menggunakan unsur KeTuhanan. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi bahan kajian bagi orangtua dalam mengedukasi anak saat menggunakan internet dan media sosial. Bagi penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat meneliti hubungan pengawasan orangtua serta pihak sekolah dalam meminimalisir dampak buruk internet dan media sosial bagi anak-anak.Kata kunci: Literasi Media, Media Sosial, Anak, Orangtua

scholarly journals Zarządzanie mediami społecznościowymi w kontekście realizacji projektów społecznych skierowanych przeciw mowie nienawiści na przykładzie projektu Grażyna Żarko. Katolicki głos w Internecie

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Anna Lusińska
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Media Content Analysis ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The Common ◽  
Research Questions

Social media management in the context of social projects against hate speech on the example of the project Grażyna Żarko. Catholic voice on the Internet Argument/objective: In view of the growing negative phenomenon of hate speech in the social media, targeted informational and educational activities in the public sphere seem important and necessary, for the common good and in the common interest, as a reminder of respect for the other person and respect for his or her rights. The aim of the article is to identify and analyse the selected project in terms of the occurrence, spread and scale of the hate speech phenomenon in social media and to try to evaluate this type of communication. Research methods, research questions: The text uses methods such as case study, desk research and media content analysis. The following research questions were posed: how does the broadly understood civil society, and in principle its representatives, try to oppose hate speech? For what purpose are social projects against hate speech created and implemented? Do social projects against hate speech show the scale of this phenomenon, its horror and immorality? What image of Poles, including Polish Internet users (and in the case of a selected YouTube project) emerges from them? and how do they exchange views on the subject and what conclusions do they draw from this? Results and conclusions: Research has shown that when modern society, which is largely civic, starts to rebel against injustice, lack of respect for others, or socially unacceptable behaviour, including hate speech, it reaches for tools of opposition, among others. Projects such as these are born in this way: Incubator of Ideas, #StopMowieNienawiści, or the title one, analysed: Grażyna Żarko. Catholic Voice on the Internet. This non-commercial, over two months long project, and at the same time a media, Internet provocation carried out in the form of a Polish vlog, showed not only the enormous scale of the problem of “verbal violence”of Polish Internet users on the example of YouTube, but also the lack of preventive actions and responsibility, or rather criminal consequences, for example, incurred for this type of conduct. Cognitive value: The article is part of the discussion on the way and quality of communication of Polish society, with particular emphasis on hate speech, through new media.

scholarly journals YOUTH’S EXPOSURE AND UTILIZATION OF INTERNET ADVERTISEMENTS IN AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogonna Anunike Ogonna Anunike ◽  
Okechukwu Onuegbu
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Social Media Platform ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Research Questions

This study examined youth’s exposure and utilization of internet advertisements, in Awka metropolis, Anambra State. It adopted survey research design. The population of study includes all youth in Awka metropolis. An appropriate sample size of 400 was gotten from the population using probability sampling technique.Six research questions were used as primary data instrument. The finding shows that youths in Awka metropolis were exposed to the Internet advertisements, that majority of youths in Awka metropolis accessed internet advertisements mostly via their android/mobile phones. Also, WhatsApp is the social media platform that youths in Awka metropolis expose themselves to internet advertisements most; that social interaction drives Awka’ youth to internet advertisements most, and their exposure to the Internet advertisements influenced them to buy and subscribe to advertised products and services. It is concluded that youths in Awka metropolis are not only exposed to Internet advertisements but also utilize them through buying and subscribing to the advertised products and services daily.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MEDIA SOSIAL (INSTAGRAM) TERHADAP LIFESTYLE DAN PRESTASI AKDEMIK

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Lisnawita Lisnawita ◽  
Lucky Lhaura Van FC ◽  
Musfawati Musfawati
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Student Achievement ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Quality Information ◽  
Social Media Platform ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
The Impact

<p class="Abstract" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Zaman sekarang sangat  mudah mendapatkan informasi, karena setiap orang sudah bisa terhubung dengan internet. Terutama media sosial, Jika informasi yang diterima bagus, maka pengguna akan mendapatkan kualitas informasi yang bagus, akan tetapi jika informasi yang diterima hoax, maka akan berdampak buruk bagi si penggguna media sosial. Setiap orang punya <em>platform </em>sosial media lebih dari satu, seperti <em>youtube,  facebook, whatsapp, instagram,</em> dll. <em>Platform</em> ini yang sering mereka gunakan untuk mendapatkan informasi yang dibutuhkan.</p><p>Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah Menganalisa Pengaruh Media sosial <em>(Instagram)</em><em>(Y)</em><em> </em>terhadap <em>Lifestyle</em> (X1)dan Prestasi mahasiswa(X2) sehingga dapat memberikan informasi mengenai pentingnya dampak penggunaan media sosial bagi mahasiswa dalam merubah pola pikir dan wawasan. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh variable X1 dan X2 secara simultan terhadap variable Y adalah sebesar 40, 5%</p><p class="Abstract"> </p><p class="Abstract">                                                                                                                                                       </p><p class="Abstract"><strong>Kata Kunci</strong>: Instagram, Prestasi akademik, Lifestyle.</p><p><em> </em></p><p class="IndexTerms"> </p><p class="Abstract" align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><pre>       It's effortless to get information these days because everyone can connect to the internet. Mainly social media, If the information received is right, and then the user will get the correct quality information; however, if a hoax can be the news, it will be corrupt for the social media user. Everyone has more than one social media platform, such as YouTube, Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, etc. The purpose of this study is to Analyze the Effect of Social Media (Instagram) (Y) on Lifestyle (X1) and Student Achievement (X2) so that it can provide information about the impact of using social media for students in changing mindset and understanding. The results showed that the effect of variables X1 and X2 simultaneously on the Y variable was 40.5%</pre><p> </p>

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