scholarly journals Look up what you cannot solve in your mind! Children increase information gathering to counteract imprecise planning abilities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aislinn Bowler ◽  
Johanna Habicht ◽  
Madeleine E Moses-Payne ◽  
Nikolaus Steinbeis ◽  
Michael Moutoussis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
Computational Capacity ◽  
The World ◽  
Developmental Feature ◽  
Planning Task

Knowing how the world works is critical for successfully navigating it. This requires two key components: knowledge about the world and the computational capacity to plan flexibly. Children are inherently limited in both domains but building a better understanding of the world is a functional imperative for development. To examine how youths overcome their constraints, we asked 107 children (8-9 years), early (12-13 years) and late adolescents (16-17 years) to perform a planning task. We find that children gather significantly more information before making a decision compared to adolescents, but only if it does not come with explicit costs. Using computational modelling, we find that this is because children have limited planning abilities, which they counteract by reduced subjective sampling costs. Our findings thus demonstrate how children level out their computational constraints by deploying excessive information gathering, a developmental feature that could inform aberrant information gathering in psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Boosting serotonin increases information gathering by reducing subjective cognitive costs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Michely ◽  
Ingrid M. Martin ◽  
Raymond J. Dolan ◽  
Tobias U. Hauser
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Sampling Process ◽  
Serotonergic Antidepressant

Serotonin is implicated in the valuation of aversive costs, such as delay or physical effort. However, its role in governing sensitivity to cognitive effort, for example deliberation costs during information gathering, is unclear. We show that week-long treatment with a serotonergic antidepressant enhances a willingness to gather information when trying to maximize reward. Using computational modelling, we show this arises from a diminished sensitivity to subjective deliberation costs during the sampling process. This result is consistent with the notion that serotonin alleviates sensitivity to aversive costs in a domain-general fashion, with implications for its potential contribution to a positive impact on motivational deficits in psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals China's Policy to Close Borders to Prevent the Spread of the Second Wave of Covid-19 Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-178
Author(s):  
Elyta Elyta ◽  
Syarifah Ema Rahmaniah ◽  
Hendra Ramdani
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Cell Phones ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
Data Collection Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
Internet Searches ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Local Transmission ◽  
Collection Methods

At the beginning of 2020, the world was shocked by the outbreak of Covid-19, which was known to have originated from Wuhan. The increase in cases of local transmission in China's border region with Russia has sparked new concerns. In writing this paper, the author uses data collection methods with literature studies from journals and electronic books, including data from trusted websites through internet searches in the form of soft files that can support the paper's explanation. From the results of this paper, the reader can see that it is divided into several essential points explaining how China's policy to close the border in Russia to prevent the spread of the Covid-19 Virus in their country, first, how the procedures carried out by China in tightening checks on Russian borders. And Second, knowing how China monitors its citizens by using cell phones.

scholarly journals Attentional mechanisms drive systematic exploration in young children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel J. Blanco ◽  
Vladimir Sloutsky
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Distributed Attention ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
The World ◽  
Attentional Mechanisms

Exploration is critical for discovering how the world works. Exploration should be particularlyvaluable for young children, who have little knowledge about the world. Theories of decision- making describe systematic exploration as being primarily driven by top-down cognitive control, which is immature in young children. Recent research suggests that a type of systematic exploration predominates in young children’s choices, despite immature control, suggesting that it may be driven by different mechanisms. We hypothesize that young children’s tendency to distribute attention widely promotes elevated exploration, and that interrupting distributed attention allocation through bottom-up attentional capture would also disrupt systematic exploration. We test this hypothesis by manipulating saliency of the options in a simple choice task. Saliency disrupted systematic exploration, thus indicating that attentional mechanisms may drive children’s systematic exploratory behavior. We suggest that both may be part of a larger tendency toward broad information gathering in young children.

Deaths and Symbolic Use of Language: Semiotics and Thanatological Reading of the Film Nell

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S723-S723
Author(s):  
S. Färber ◽  
M. Färber
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Hostile Environment ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Linguistic System ◽  
The World ◽  
Speech Performance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
The Individual

IntroductionPsychiatric disorders may become more severe when the subject is exposed to a hostile environment. Symptoms of mental malaise are expressed by the senses, including speech and language.MethodsThe method is used of semiotic analysis and thanatological movie.ObjectiveTo investigate the limit and death as a trigger of a singular mode of use of the spoken language. The problem presented in this paper is the linguistic system created by Nell.ResultsPartial results show that spoken language in this particular cut, becomes an instrument for dealing with the losses accumulated throughout his life. The life of isolation, restrictions on maternal vocalization, her mother's death and mourning acted as an inhibitor of language.ConclusionThe spoken language works like kaleidoscope of interactions of the individual with their group, with the medium in which it is inserted, with the set of beliefs that nourishes and with the world that she wants there, even if only in your intimate venue. Thus, demonstrating the sociolinguistic approach inalienable role in speech performance.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural studies of personality traits and their relevance to psychiatry

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Terracciano ◽  
Robert R. McCrae
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
The World

SUMMARYAims – This article provides a brief review of recent cross-cultural research on personality traits at both individual and culture levels, highlighting the relevance of recent findings for psychiatry. Method – In most cultures around the world, personality traits can be clearly summarized by the five broad dimensions of the Five-Factor Model (FFM), which makes it feasible to compare cultures on personality and psychopathology. Results – Maturational patterns and sex differences in personality traits generally show cultural invariance, which generates the hypothesis that age of onset, clinical evolution, and sex differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders might follow similar universal patterns. The average personality profiles from 51 cultures show meaningful geographical distributions and associations with culture-level variables, but are clearly unrelated to national character stereotypes. Conclusions – Aggregate personality scores can potentially be related to epidemiological data on psychiatric disorders, and dimensional personality models have implications for psychiatric diagnosis and treatment around the world.Declaration of Interest: This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute on Aging. Robert R. McCrae receives royalties from the Revised NEO Personality Inventory.

Psycho-Oncology in Portugal: It is Different from the Rest of the World?

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S497-S497
Author(s):  
G. Da Ponte ◽  
M. Lobo ◽  
T. Neves ◽  
A. Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
District General Hospital ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
One Year ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

IntroductionPsycho-Oncology (PO) is a specific psychiatric approach to cancer patients. The main psychiatric disorders observed are delirium and adjustment disorders (AD) and the most frequent treatments used are pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic.With regard to the type of cancer, the most frequent in Portugal are breast, digestive and prostate.ObjectiveAnalyze the activity of PO in a district general hospital in Portugal.AimsDemonstrate that the main core in PO is similar in the world.MethodsProspective longitudinal study, during one year.ResultsThe sample had 130 patients (369 evaluations), mainly male, with the mean age of 64.22 years. The most frequent psychiatric diagnoses were delirium (56 cases; 43%) and AD (44; 34%) and the main interventions used were pharmacologic and psycho-education. The most common frequent cancers were digestive (54; 42%), urologic (16; 12%) and breast (15; 11%). This high frequency of urologic cancer was interpreted as a consequence of the sample and its geographic location, but it was also a reflection of the large number of requests made by this specialty. The majority of cancers had an advanced stage (84% vs 16%) that can be explained by the sample but also by health culture in Portugal, which is reflected in the inpatient services: Oncology (51; 39%) and Palliative Care (25; 19%).ConclusionsThe type of psychiatric disorders and treatments offered in PO is preserved around the world. The authors propose to do more studies, namely if the relation with others specialties affects psychiatric treatment of the patient.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Suicide ideation, plans and attempts in Ukraine: findings from the Ukraine World Mental Health Survey

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
EVELYN J. BROMET ◽  
JOHAN M. HAVENAAR ◽  
NATHAN TINTLE ◽  
STANISLAV KOSTYUCHENKO ◽  
ROMAN KOTOV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Service Utilization ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Functional Impairments ◽  
World Mental Health ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The World

Background. Because the suicide rates in Eastern Europe have increased, the epidemiology of suicide behaviors in this part of the world is in urgent need of study. Using data from the Ukraine site of the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative, we present the first population-based findings from a former Soviet country on the descriptive epidemiology of suicide ideation, plans and attempts, and their links to current functioning and service utilization.Method. In 2002, a nationally representative sample of 4725 adults in Ukraine was interviewed with the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Risk factors included demographic characteristics, trauma, smoking, and parental and personal psychiatric disorders. Current functional impairments and recent service utilization were assessed.Results. The lifetime prevalence of suicide ideation was 8·2%. The average age of onset was 31. The key risk factors were female sex, younger age, trauma, parental depression, and prior alcohol, depressive and intermittent explosive disorders, especially the presence of co-morbidity. Ideators had poorer functioning and greater use of health services. One-third of ideators had a plan, and one-fifth made an attempt. Among ideators, young age, smoking and prior psychiatric disorders were risk factors for these behaviors.Conclusions. Together with the increasing suicide rate, these results suggest that suicide intervention programs in Ukraine should focus on the generation of young adults under 30. The associations with co-morbidity, impairments in current functioning and greater service use indicate that a physician education program on suicidality should be comprehensive in scope and a public health priority in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Tabula-rasa exploration decreases during youth and is linked to ADHD symptoms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Dubois ◽  
A Bowler ◽  
ME Moses-Payne ◽  
J Habicht ◽  
N Steinbeis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Older Adolescents ◽  
The World ◽  
Exploration Exploitation ◽  
Exploration Task

AbstractDuring childhood and adolescence, exploring the unknown is important to build a better model of the world. This means that youths have to regularly solve the exploration-exploitation trade-off, a dilemma in which adults are known to deploy a mixture of computationally light and heavy exploration strategies. In this developmental study, we investigated how youths (aged 8 to 17) performed an exploration task that allows us to dissociate these different exploration strategies. Using computational modelling, we demonstrate that tabula-rasa exploration, a computationally light exploration heuristic, is used to a higher degree in children and younger adolescents compared to older adolescents. Additionally, we show that this tabula-rasa exploration is more extensively used by youths with high attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits. In the light of ongoing brain development, our findings show that children and younger adolescents use computationally less burdensome strategies, but that an excessive use thereof might be a risk for mental health conditions.

scholarly journals Developmental Computational Psychiatry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias U. Hauser ◽  
Geert-Jan Will ◽  
Magda Dubois ◽  
Raymond J Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Computational Psychiatry ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

Most psychiatric disorders emerge during childhood and adolescence. This is also a period when the brain undergoes substantial growth and reorganisation. However, it remains unclear how a heightened vulnerability to psychiatric disorder relates to brain maturation, and what the underlying mechanisms might be. Here, we propose ‘developmental computational psychiatry’ as a framework for linking brain maturation to cognitive development. We propose that through modelling some of the brain’s fundamental cognitive computations and relating them to brain development, we can bridge the gap between brain and cognitive development. This in turn can lead to a richer understanding of the ontogeny of psychiatric disorders. We illustrate this perspective by taking examples from reinforcement learning (RL) and dopamine function, showing how computational modelling deepens an understanding of how cognitive processes, such as reward learning, effort learning, and social evaluation might go awry in psychiatric disorders. Finally, we formulate testable hypotheses and sketch the potential and limitations of developmental computational psychiatry.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK FISIK LAHAN DI NAGARI PARU (RIMBO LARANGAN) KABUPATEN SIJUNJUNG

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Zella Putra Ulni
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Local People ◽  
Natural Levee ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
Hydrological Conditions ◽  
The World

Indonesia is a country that has a tropical climate, tropical climate caused so much rain during the year compared to the dry season. With the tropical climate of Indonesia has a region dominated by forests that are the lungs of the world. One of the existing forests are forests located in the District Lung Nagari Sijunjung Sijunjung or better known by local people with the name Rimbo Prohibition. This study aims to find out about the physical karaksteristik land (slope, landform, hydrology) in Rimbo Prohibition in Nagari Lung District of Sijunjung Sijunjung, knowing how the utilization of land by the community around Rimbo Prohibition. This type of research is descriptive. The results showed that the physical characteristics of the land is very varied Prohibition Rimbo, Rimbo height of Prohibition highly variable, then the slope in Rimbo Laranagn also vary. Landform in Rimbo ban can be divided into three parts, namely the karst hills, alluvial plains and natural levee. Hydrological conditions in the sub-basins of lung depends on the streams flowing from Rimbo Prohibition. Land use specially designated as forests. With Prohibition Rimbo characteristics that vary widely made public memamfaatkan forest products as needed to make Rimbo Prohibition awake d beauty.Keywords: physical characteristics of the land, the use of Rimbo Prohibition

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