Moral Foundations' Methodological Foundations: A Systematic Analysis of Reliability in Research Using the Moral Foundations Questionnaire

The Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) has drawn significant interest from the popular press and academics alike. One of its primary constituting methodologies is the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), a self-report instrument aimed to assess the use of five sets of moral intuitions when making moral judgments. The proposed universality and moduliarity of both MFT and MFQ have been challenged conceptually and empirically. We examine the scale’s development and offer a systematic content analysis of 539 scholarly works using the MFQ to estimate its overall reliability. Altogether, 61% of the studies reported Cronbach’s alpha as an indicator for reliability (38% reported no reliability estimate at all). Mean Cronbach’s alpha scores for four of the five subscales were below .70. We discuss implications for the measurement of moral foundations and the evidentiary basis of Moral Foundations Theory.

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Validation of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire with three Chinese ethnic groups

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.8009 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (8) ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jun Du

Keyword(s):

Gender Difference ◽

Ethnic Group ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Moral Judgments ◽

Influential Factor ◽

Moral Foundations ◽

Moral Foundations Theory

Moral foundations theory is claimed to be universally applicable and is classified into 5 foundations of morality: care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, respect/subversion, and purity/degradation. This theory has not been tested in the Eastern cultural context. Therefore, in this study I addressed this lack in the context of China, where there are people of a number of different ethnicities. I adopted the Moral Foundations Questionnaire, which was completed by 761 Chinese of Han, Uygur, and Tibetan ethnicity. The results show that there was no gender difference in morality foundation scores, but the differences among ethnic groups were significant: Tibetans scored lower than did Han and Uygur in care and fairness, and Uygur scored higher than Han and Tibetans did in loyalty, respect, and purity. The interactions between gender and ethnic group were significant for care, fairness, and respect. These findings suggest that moral foundations theory is applicable to China, that the Moral Foundations Questionnaire can also be partially applied to Chinese, and that ethnicity is an influential factor when people make moral judgments.

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The development and internal consistency of the comprehensive lower limb amputee socket survey in active lower limb amputees

Prosthetics and Orthotics International ◽

10.1177/0309364618791620 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 80-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Robert Gailey ◽

Anat Kristal ◽

Jennifer Lucarevic ◽

Shane Harris ◽

Brooks Applegate ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Consistency ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Self Report ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Prosthetic Socket ◽

Lower Limb Amputee ◽

Report Measure ◽

Lower Limb Amputees

Background: Prosthetic socket fit is an important element associated with successful ambulation and use of a prosthesis. Prosthetists and rehabilitation clinicians would benefit from an assessment tool that discriminates between and quantifies the multiple determinants that influence the lower limb amputee’s performance and satisfaction of a prosthetic socket. Objectives: To determine the internal consistency of the comprehensive lower limb amputee socket survey, a new self-report measure of prosthetic socket satisfaction that quantifies suspension, stability, comfort, and appearance. Study design: Cross-sectional sample of active amputees. Methods: Interviews were conducted with prosthetists, physical therapists, and lower limb amputees to identify clinical concerns and common activities influencing socket fit. An expert panel of five clinicians reviewed the items and constructed the original version of the comprehensive lower limb amputee socket survey which was then administered to a convenience sample of 47 active lower limb amputees. Item analysis and Cronbach’s alpha were used to determine the final version of the comprehensive lower limb amputee socket survey. Results: Following item raw score-to-total score correlation with Cronbach’s alpha for comprehensive lower limb amputee socket survey determinants, internal consistency improved when nine questions were eliminated. Conclusion: The comprehensive lower limb amputee socket survey is a self-report measure of prosthetic socket satisfaction with very good internal consistency. Clinical relevance When socket problems occur, the ability to determine the specific cause can reduce modification time, enhance socket fit, and promote patient satisfaction. A standardized multi-dimensional assessment measure of socket satisfaction enables prosthetists to quantify the multiple determinants of socket satisfaction, improve patient communication, and demonstrate the value of socket interventions.

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Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Oppositional Defiant Behavior Inventory

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.5812/ijpbs.108493 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Arezoo Paliziyan ◽

Mehrnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand ◽

Seyed Esmael Hashemi ◽

Iran Davoudi

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Self Report ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Oppositional Defiant ◽

Cultural Adaption ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Defiant Behavior

Background: Diagnostic questionnaires play a great role in accelerating the diagnosis of mental disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to provide a cross-cultural adaption form of Self-report oppositional defiant behavior inventory (SR-ODBI) in Persian and assess the validity and reliability of this Persian form. Methods: The present study was done on two research samples, including a sample of 294 students who were selected in the school year of 2019 - 2020 (girls and boys) from high schools of Dezful city by multi-stage random sampling method and a sample of 320 parents. The validity of the oppositional defiant behavior inventory was assessed by two methods of confirmatory factor analysis and convergent validity, and the reliability of the inventory was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and split-half methods. Results: Cronbach's alpha was obtained at 0.73 (0.87) for the whole self-report scale (parent version), 0.72 (0.74) for the subscale of irritability, and 0.81 (0.80) for the subscale of stubborn and resentful behavior. The correlation between SR-ODBI and Achenbach Youth Mental Health Test was 0.56 (P < 0.01). The results of confirmatory factor analysis (RMSEA = 0.06 and 0.08) also indicated a relatively good fit of structures of the oppositional defiant behavior inventory. Conclusions: The results of the research indicated that the Persian version of the Oppositional Defiant Behavior Inventory in Iran has good reliability and validity.

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Psychometric Properties of Persian Version of the Amphetamine Withdrawal Questionnaire Version 2 (AWQV2) in Patients with Methamphetamine-Type Substance Use Disorder

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.5812/ijpbs.98260 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Vahid Farnia ◽

Mehdi Moradinazar ◽

Nasrin Abdoli ◽

Mostafa Alikhani ◽

Mansour Rezaei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Psychometric Properties ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Self Report ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Persian Version ◽

Amphetamine Withdrawal ◽

Questionnaire Version ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Background: No standard self-report instrument for withdrawal symptoms is available in Iran. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the 10-item Amphetamine Withdrawal questionnaire version 2 (AWQV2). Methods: A sample of 388 methamphetamine addicts (215 females and 173 males) referred to addiction recovery centers and psychiatric ward of Farabi Hospital in Kermanshah. A two-stage random sampling method was used. The reliability and internal consistency of the AWQV2 items were examined using Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability, respectively, and the instrument validity of the AWQV2 was measured using construct validity and convergent validity. Results: The AWQV2 had a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.72. Factor analysis using the main component analysis with a varimax rotation introduced three factors of hyperarousal, anxiety, and reversed vegetative symptoms. These factors explained 0.58 of the total variance. The coefficient of test-retest reliability at a 2-week interval was equal to 0.77. The convergent validity of the AWQV2 was examined by simultaneously administering the Advanced Warning of Relapse (AWARE) questionnaire to 40 subjects, with a correlation coefficient of 0.81. Conclusions: Based on the results, the AWQV2 has very good psychometric properties and may be used in research and therapeutic interventions.

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Disgust sensitivity is primarily associated with purity-based moral judgments

10.31234/osf.io/tvs2b ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Fieke Maria Antoinet Wagemans ◽

Mark John Brandt ◽

Marcel Zeelenberg

Keyword(s):

Moral Judgments ◽

Personality Characteristics ◽

Moral Foundations ◽

Moral Foundations Theory ◽

Disgust Sensitivity ◽

Moral Issues ◽

Total N ◽

Moral Domain ◽

Moral Domains ◽

Moral Condemnation

Individual differences in disgust sensitivity are associated with a range of judgments and attitudes related to the moral domain. Some perspectives suggest that the association between disgust sensitivity and moral judgments will be equally strong across all moral domains (purity, authority, loyalty, care, fairness, and liberty). Other perspectives predict that disgust sensitivity is primarily associated with judgments of specific moral domains (e.g., primarily purity). However, no study has systematically tested if disgust sensitivity is associated with moral judgments of the purity domain specifically, more generally to moral judgments of the binding moral domains, or to moral judgments of all of the moral domains equally. Across five studies (total N = 1104), we find consistent evidence for the notion that disgust sensitivity relates more strongly to moral condemnation of purity-based transgression (meta-analytic r = .40) than to moral condemnation of transgressions of any of the other domains (range meta-analytic r’s: .07 ̶ .27). Our findings are in line with predictions from Moral Foundations Theory, which predicts that personality characteristics like disgust sensitivity make people more sensitive to a certain set of moral issues.

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Adaptation and validation of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale into Spanish

Nursing Ethics ◽

10.1177/0969733019864162 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 1201-1212 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

María Dolores Onieva-Zafra ◽

Juan José Fernández-Muñoz ◽

María Laura Parra-Fernandez ◽

Cristina Romero-Blanco ◽

Elia Fernández-Martínez

Keyword(s):

Nursing Students ◽

Data Collection ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Attitude Scale ◽

Self Report ◽

Initial Structure ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cronbach's Alpha

Background Considering the extensive debate that is currently taking place in Spain regarding euthanasia, it is important to examine the attitude of professionals who perform most of their duties at the bedside of these patients and their families. Objectives The aim of the present study was to present an adaptation and validation of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale and to evaluate its psychometric properties among a sample of nursing students in Spain. Research design A cross-sectional study design was conducted. Participants and research context Non-probabilistic sampling was used to recruit 396 Spanish nursing students. Methods A self-report questionnaire, including socio-demographic data and the Euthanasia Attitude Scale, were used for data collection. The psychometric properties of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale were assessed, including reliability and validity. Fit indices of the overall model were computed. Ethical considerations This study was approved by the Hospital Ethical Committee. Students were informed of the aims and procedures and provided written informed consent prior to data collection. Results The factorial solution comprised four domains and the scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .878). For the exploratory factor analysis, the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin index of sampling adequacy was .905 and the Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity was 2972.79 (p < .001). The initial factorial solution revealed four factors with eigenvalues of 6.78 for the first factor, 1.90 for the second one, 1.29 for the third, and 1.10 for the fourth factor. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between religiosity and the domains of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale. Discussion This study obtained a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of .88 which is in consonance with the findings reported by other studies whereby none of the items were removed and the initial structure based on four domains was conserved, with a factorial solution that explains 52.79% of the total variance. The displacement of some items of the domain may be explained by certain religious and/or cultural components as, in accordance with other studies, people with firm religious beliefs are more inclined to refuse euthanasia. Conclusion According to the findings of this study, the Euthanasia Attitude Scale is a reliable and valid instrument to measure the attitudes toward euthanasia in a sample of Spanish nursing students. This Spanish adaptation will be valuable in future studies examining the attitude and implication of nurses, understanding that nurses are key figures in the euthanasia debate.

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Logic-Based Therapy and Civil Discourse in Fractious Times

International Journal of Philosophical Practice ◽

10.5840/ijpp2018441 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Laura Newhart ◽

Keyword(s):

Public Discourse ◽

Moral Judgments ◽

Moral Foundations ◽

Moral Foundations Theory ◽

Good People ◽

Politics And Religion ◽

Social Intuitionist Model ◽

Civil Discourse ◽

Methodological Approaches

This paper explores the role that Elliot D. Cohen’s Logic-Based Therapy might play in restoring civility to public discourse in this era of social and political divisiveness. The contributions that Logic-Based Therapy, as a modality of philosophical counseling, might make to improving public discourse are explored through the lenses of Jonathan Haidt’s social intuitionist model of the formation of moral judgments and his Moral Foundations Theory of the development of general political perspectives, both articulated in Haidt’s The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. In spite of substantial differences in Cohen’s and Haidt’s methodological approaches and theoretical content, the similarities are significant enough to allow opportunities for Logic-Based Therapy to intervene in important and effective ways to restore civil discourse in fractious times.

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Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Measure Medication Adherence to Direct-Acting Agents in Patients with Hepatitis C

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13101683 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1683

Author(s):

Adina Turcu-Stiolica ◽

Irina Paula Doica ◽

Bogdan Silviu Ungureanu ◽

Ion Rogoveanu ◽

Dan Nicolae Florescu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis C ◽

Medication Adherence ◽

Medication Possession Ratio ◽

Self Report ◽

Second Phase ◽

Extensive Literature ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Direct Acting

This study aims to develop a new self-report tool (HCV-AD) measuring adherence factors, intentional or unintentional, during Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAA) aiming to achieve high efficacy, otherwise resulting in drug resistance and treatment failure. Two phases were conducted: in the first phase, items were generated based on an extensive literature review, and, in the second phase, a prospective cohort study was conducted using HCV patients from Gastroenterology Department from University County Hospital of Craiova, Romania (n = 222), to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. A number of 19 items were generated following a systematic review and through expert opinion. The internal consistency reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha. The construct validity was assessed using correlations with two other instruments: visual analog scale (VAS) and medication possession ratio (MPR). The final questionnaire (HCV-AD10) was derived through exploratory factor analysis, with 82% of total variance explained. This instrument appeared as a reliable and valid measure for medication adherence, with Cronbach’s alpha (0.867) and significant high positive correlations between adherence scores calculated with HCV-AD10 and VAS (ρ = 0.61, p < 0.001) or with HCV-AD10 and MPR (ρ = 0.75, p < 0.001). This research would make a worthwhile contribution to HCV management.

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Abstract 10: The PROMIS Physical Function Scale- a Promising Scale for use in Stroke

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.46.suppl_1.10 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Irene Katzan ◽

Sandra Griffith ◽

Youran Fan

Keyword(s):

Functional Status ◽

Physical Function ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Ceiling Effect ◽

Self Report ◽

Measurement Information ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Patient Burden

Background: Functional status is a critically important outcome measure after stroke. The ability to electronically capture this through self-report is increasing. The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) uses computer adaptive testing (CAT), which can increase score precision and reduce patient burden. The number of questions depends on the patient’s responses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the PROMIS physical function scale (PROMIS PF) compared to the validated Stroke Impact Scale 16 (SIS16) in an ambulatory stroke clinic. Methods: Patient-reported PROMIS PF (CAT version) and SIS16 were electronically collected on patients seen in the stroke clinic using the Knowledge Program platform. Patient completion rates were > 70%. Distribution of scores was compared to assess ceiling/floor effects. Internal consistency was assessed by calculating the SEM for PROMIS PF and Cronbach’s alpha for SIS16. Correlations with NIHSS were performed to assess convergent validity. Results: The PROMIS PF and SIS16 were collected on 5,691 patients from Jan 2010 - May 2014. Mean SIS16 score = 81.4 (SD 21.5), mean PROMIS PF score = 42.8 (SD 11.2). The SIS16 had a22% ceiling effect, <1 % ceiling effect was seen with PROMIS PF (Figure). Patients completed 16 SIS16 items and a median of 4 [IQR 4, 5] PROMIS PF items. Cronbach’s alpha for SIS16 = 0.959, SEM for PROMIS PF = 2.3; both values suggest excellent internal consistency. Test-retest correlation was 0.867 for SIS16 and 0.87 for PROMIS PF. Correlations between NIHS and the 2 scales were -0.461 (p<0.001) for PROMIS PF and -0.559 (p<0.0001) for SIS16. Conclusion: The use of the PROMIS system to obtain electronic patient-reported functional status in ambulatory stroke clinic is feasible. PROMIS PF is an option for measurement of physical function in patients with stroke. It had similar test characteristics as the SIS16 but with lower patient burden and no ceiling effect.

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The Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form 3 (YSQ-S3): does the new four-domains model show the best fit?

Anales de Psicología ◽

10.6018/analesps.343461 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 254-261

Author(s):

Matteo Aloi ◽

Marianna Rania ◽

Raffaella Sacco ◽

Barbara Basile ◽

Cristina Segura-Garcia

Keyword(s):

Short Form ◽

Self Report ◽

Schema Therapy ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Mood Symptoms ◽

Young Schema Questionnaire ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Schema Questionnaire

La existencia de esquemas maladaptativos tempranos (EMTs) es el concepto central de Schema Therapy (ST). Varios estudios han demostrado que los EMS están involucrados en muchos trastornos psiquiátricos. El Young Schema Questionnaire es una medida de autoinforme desarrollada para evaluar los 18 EMTs y tiene versiones de forma larga (YSQ-L) y forma corta (YSQ-S). Actualmente se encuentra en su tercera versión (YSQ-S3). Hasta donde tenemos conocimiento, este es el primer estudio que tiene como objetivo validar el YSQ-S3 de acuerdo con la nueva organización propuesta de EMTs en cuatro dominios. Una muestra no clínica de 1372 estudiantes italianos participó en esta investigación. El análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA) se realizó para examinar la estructura latente del YSQ-S3, incluidas las estructuras de primer y segundo orden. Se calcularon los coeficientes de correlación alfa e intraclase de Cronbach para evaluar la consistencia interna y la fiabilidad test-retest. Las correlaciones entre el YSQ-S3 y la ansiedad y los síntomas del estado de ánimo se calcularon para medir la validez de constructo. El alfa de Cronbach de casi todos los EMTs fue superior a 0.7, lo que indicó una buena confiabilidad interna, y la confiabilidad test-retest fue excelente. CFA apoya la nueva organización propuesta de EMS en cuatro dominios. Con respecto a la validez concurrente, cada esquema en el YSQ-S3 estaba altamente correlacionado con la ansiedad y los síntomas del estado de ánimo. El nuevo modelo de cuatro dominios del YSQ-S3 ha demostrado que puede ser una herramienta útil y válida para los médicos e investigadores en la medición del autoinforme de los EMTs. The existence of early maladaptive schemas (EMS) is the core concept of Schema Therapy (ST). Several studies have demonstrated that EMSs are involved in many psychiatric disorders. The Young Schema Questionnaire is a self-report measure developed to assess the 18 EMSs and has long form (YSQ-L) and short form (YSQ-S) versions. It is currently in its third version (YSQ-S3). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that aims to validate the YSQ-S3 according to the new proposed organization of EMSs into four domains. A non clinical sample of 1372 Italian population was involved in this research. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine the latent structure of the YSQ-S3, including both first- and second-order structures. Cronbach’s alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Correlations between the YSQ-S3 and anxiety and mood symptoms were calculated to measure construct validity. Cronbach’s alpha of almost all EMSs were higher than 0.7, which indicated good internal reliability, and test-retest reliability was excellent. CFA supports the new proposed organization of EMSs into four domains. Regarding concurrent validity, each schema in the YSQ-S3 was highly correlated with anxiety and mood symptoms. The new four-domains model of the YSQ-S3 has demonstrated that it can be a useful and valid tool for clinicians and researchers in the self-report measurement of EMSs.

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