Logic-Based Therapy and Civil Discourse in Fractious Times

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Laura Newhart ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Good People ◽  
Politics And Religion ◽  
Social Intuitionist Model ◽  
Civil Discourse ◽  
Methodological Approaches

This paper explores the role that Elliot D. Cohen’s Logic-Based Therapy might play in restoring civility to public discourse in this era of social and political divisiveness. The contributions that Logic-Based Therapy, as a modality of philosophical counseling, might make to improving public discourse are explored through the lenses of Jonathan Haidt’s social intuitionist model of the formation of moral judgments and his Moral Foundations Theory of the development of general political perspectives, both articulated in Haidt’s The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. In spite of substantial differences in Cohen’s and Haidt’s methodological approaches and theoretical content, the similarities are significant enough to allow opportunities for Logic-Based Therapy to intervene in important and effective ways to restore civil discourse in fractious times.

Validation of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire with three Chinese ethnic groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Du
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory

Moral foundations theory is claimed to be universally applicable and is classified into 5 foundations of morality: care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, respect/subversion, and purity/degradation. This theory has not been tested in the Eastern cultural context. Therefore, in this study I addressed this lack in the context of China, where there are people of a number of different ethnicities. I adopted the Moral Foundations Questionnaire, which was completed by 761 Chinese of Han, Uygur, and Tibetan ethnicity. The results show that there was no gender difference in morality foundation scores, but the differences among ethnic groups were significant: Tibetans scored lower than did Han and Uygur in care and fairness, and Uygur scored higher than Han and Tibetans did in loyalty, respect, and purity. The interactions between gender and ethnic group were significant for care, fairness, and respect. These findings suggest that moral foundations theory is applicable to China, that the Moral Foundations Questionnaire can also be partially applied to Chinese, and that ethnicity is an influential factor when people make moral judgments.

scholarly journals Disgust sensitivity is primarily associated with purity-based moral judgments

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fieke Maria Antoinet Wagemans ◽  
Mark John Brandt ◽  
Marcel Zeelenberg
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Disgust Sensitivity ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Total N ◽  
Moral Domain ◽  
Moral Domains ◽  
Moral Condemnation

Individual differences in disgust sensitivity are associated with a range of judgments and attitudes related to the moral domain. Some perspectives suggest that the association between disgust sensitivity and moral judgments will be equally strong across all moral domains (purity, authority, loyalty, care, fairness, and liberty). Other perspectives predict that disgust sensitivity is primarily associated with judgments of specific moral domains (e.g., primarily purity). However, no study has systematically tested if disgust sensitivity is associated with moral judgments of the purity domain specifically, more generally to moral judgments of the binding moral domains, or to moral judgments of all of the moral domains equally. Across five studies (total N = 1104), we find consistent evidence for the notion that disgust sensitivity relates more strongly to moral condemnation of purity-based transgression (meta-analytic r = .40) than to moral condemnation of transgressions of any of the other domains (range meta-analytic r’s: .07 ̶ .27). Our findings are in line with predictions from Moral Foundations Theory, which predicts that personality characteristics like disgust sensitivity make people more sensitive to a certain set of moral issues.

scholarly journals Nowa teoria moralności. Traktat o naturze ludzkiej i naturze podziałów międzyludzkich

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-334
Author(s):  
Irena Pańków
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Culture Wars ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Thinking ◽  
Departure Point ◽  
Personal Story ◽  
Good People ◽  
The People ◽  
Politics And Religion

The author takes Jonathan Haidt’s The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion as her departure point. She presents Haidt’s ideas and relates them to Polish social and political divisions and Polish “worldview wars.” In her opinion, Haidt’s book is a treatise on human nature and the nature of interhuman divisions. It is also the personal story of a researcher seeking answers to the question of whether moral thinking differs from other kinds of thought. Haidt reaches his conclusions by overcoming the cognitive boundaries resulting from the liberal worldview. In the end he states that worldview disputes and culture wars have not disappeared and will not disappear in systems of liberal democracy due to their moral foundations and lack of agreement as to what is and is not subject to moral judgment. The author of the review provides an optimistic conclusion though: understanding the mechanisms behind the culture wars provides an opportunity to understand the people who conduct those wars, including in Poland.

scholarly journals Moral Foundations' Methodological Foundations: A Systematic Analysis of Reliability in Research Using the Moral Foundations Questionnaire

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Tamul ◽  
Malte Elson ◽  
James D. Ivory ◽  
Jessica C Hotter ◽  
Madison Lanier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Reliability Estimate ◽  
Cronbach’S Alpha ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Overall Reliability

The Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) has drawn significant interest from the popular press and academics alike. One of its primary constituting methodologies is the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), a self-report instrument aimed to assess the use of five sets of moral intuitions when making moral judgments. The proposed universality and moduliarity of both MFT and MFQ have been challenged conceptually and empirically. We examine the scale’s development and offer a systematic content analysis of 539 scholarly works using the MFQ to estimate its overall reliability. Altogether, 61% of the studies reported Cronbach’s alpha as an indicator for reliability (38% reported no reliability estimate at all). Mean Cronbach’s alpha scores for four of the five subscales were below .70. We discuss implications for the measurement of moral foundations and the evidentiary basis of Moral Foundations Theory.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of the Purity Orientation–Pollution Avoidance Scale: A Study With Japanese Sample

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideya Kitamura ◽  
Akiko Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Complex Concept ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Japanese Sample ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The Relationship

The moral foundations theory (MFT) proposes that there are five moral foundations that work as the standard to make moral judgments. Among them, the purity foundation is a complex concept. It is considered to be a distinctive foundation compared with the other ones partly because it involves religious beliefs. The assumption underlying the purity foundation is Christian beliefs, so the MFT was developed and made prevalent mostly in the Western cultures. However, because of that assumption, cultural differences in perceiving the purity foundation should be observed with a non-Western sample, such as Japan. It would be important to discuss and clarify the Japanese unique aspect of their orientation toward the pure and impure. We constituted a scale to measure people's tendency toward purity orientation–pollution avoidance (POPA), based on the purity/sanctity subscale of the MFT. For validation, we administered several scales along with POPA. In Study 1, we developed the scale and measured the relationship between the degree of one's POPA, disgust, and animism. We identified four factors as POPA subscales. In Study 2, we investigated the test–retest reliability of POPA and conducted questionnaire surveys to measure attitudes toward paranormal phenomena and the degree of concern for each of the moral foundations. The results showed the validity of the scale, based on the moderate correlations with other scales. The POPA can be a promising tool to better understand the phenomena involving the purity foundation in a Japanese context.

scholarly journals Moral Foundations Theory Among Autistic and Neurotypical Children

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Elizabeth Dempsey ◽  
Chris Moore ◽  
Shannon A. Johnson ◽  
Sherry H. Stewart ◽  
Isabel M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Moral Foundation ◽  
Longitudinal Methods ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Moral Transgressions

Morality can help guide behavior and facilitate relationships. Although moral judgments by autistic people are similar to neurotypical individuals, many researchers argue that subtle differences signify deficits in autistic individuals. Moral foundation theory describes moral judgments in terms of differences rather than deficits. The current research, aimed at assessing autistic individuals’ moral inclinations using Haidt’s framework, was co-designed with autistic community members. Our aim was to describe autistic moral thinking from a strengths-based perspective while acknowledging differences that may pose interpersonal challenges among autistic youth. We assessed 25 autistic and 23 neurotypical children’s moral judgments using the Moral Foundations Questionnaire for Kids. We used semi-structured interviews and qualitative analysis with a subset of participants to describe children’s moral reasoning. Analyses suggested that autistic and neurotypical children make similar judgments about moral transgressions across all five moral foundations. General linear mixed modeling showed that the greatest predictor of recommending punishment was how bad children deemed moral transgressions to be. We also found a trend that autistic children were more likely to recommend punishment for harmless norms violations than were neurotypical children. Future research could use longitudinal methods to understand the development of moral judgments among autistic and neurotypical children.

All Things Being Equal: Distinguishing Proportionality and Equity in Moral Reasoning

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Skurka ◽  
Liana B. Winett ◽  
Hannah Jarman-Miller ◽  
Jeff Niederdeppe
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Potential Bias ◽  
Calibration Sample

Moral foundations theory (MFT) has been a useful framework for understanding moral judgment and its relationship to political leaning. However, some have argued that MFT omits key domains of moral reasoning. We explored the utility of two candidate foundations (Proportionality and Equity) with a national sample of U.S. adults recruited through Nielsen’s Harris Panel, randomly split into calibration ( n = 1,499) and replication samples ( n = 1,499). We find that Proportionality and Equity are conceptually distinct from the original foundations (as measured in the Moral Foundations Questionnaire [MFQ]) but relate to them in predictable ways. Equity consistently predicted political leaning above and beyond covariates and the original foundations, but Proportionality only distinguished conservatives from liberals in the calibration sample, which suggests Proportionality may be highly relevant to moral judgments regardless of political ideology. Our findings also indicate potential bias when using one of the MFQ’s screener items to filter out unengaged participants.

scholarly journals The Extended Moral Foundations Dictionary (eMFD): Development and Applications of a Crowd-Sourced Approach to Extracting Moral Intuitions from Text

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic R. Hopp ◽  
Jacob T. Fisher ◽  
Devin Cornell ◽  
Richard Huskey ◽  
René Weber
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Moral Intuitions ◽  
Moral Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Psychological Influence

Moral intuitions are a central motivator in human behavior. Recent work highlights the importance of moral intuitions for understanding a wide range of issues ranging from online radicalization to vaccine hesitancy. Extracting and analyzing moral content in messages, narratives, and other forms of public discourse is a critical step toward understanding how the psychological influence of moral judgments unfolds at a global scale. Extant approaches for extracting moral content are limited in their ability to capture the intuitive nature of moral sensibilities, constraining their usefulness for understanding and predicting human moral behavior. Here we introduce the extended Moral Foundations Dictionary (eMFD), a dictionary-based tool for extracting moral content from textual corpora. The eMFD, unlike previous methods, is constructed from text annotations generated by a large sample of human coders. We demonstrate that the eMFD outperforms existing approaches in a variety of domains. We anticipate that the eMFD will contribute to advance the study of moral intuitions and their influence on social, psychological, and communicative processes.

Political Orientations and Morality Judgments in the Turkish Context: Considering the Roles of the Needs for Cognition and Recognition

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329411989990
Author(s):  
Burcu Tekeş ◽  
E. Olcay Imamoğlu ◽  
Fatih Özdemir ◽  
Bengi Öner-Özkan
Keyword(s):  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Group Loyalty ◽  
Political Orientations ◽  
Collectivistic Culture

The aims of this study were to test: (a) the association of political orientations with morality orientations, specified by moral foundations theory, on a sample of young adults from Turkey, representing a collectivistic culture; and (b) the statistically mediating roles of needs for cognition and recognition in the links between political orientation and morality endorsements. According to the results (a) right-wing orientation and need for recognition were associated with all the three binding foundations (i.e., in-group/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity); (b) right-wing orientation was associated with binding foundations also indirectly via the role of need for recognition; (c) regarding individualizing foundations, left-wing orientation and need for cognition were associated with fairness/reciprocity, whereas only gender was associated with harm/care; and (d) left-wing orientation was associated with fairness dimension also indirectly via the role of need for cognition. The cultural relevance of moral foundations theory as well as the roles of needs for cognition and recognition are discussed.

Double, triple or quadruple hits? Exploring the impact of cybercrime on victims in the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
pp. 026975802110106
Author(s):  
Raoul Notté ◽  
E.R. Leukfeldt ◽  
Marijke Malsch
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Victim Blaming ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

This article explores the impact of online crime victimisation. A literature review and 41 interviews – 19 with victims and 22 with experts – were carried out to gain insight into this. The interviews show that most impacts of online offences correspond to the impacts of traditional offline offences. There are also differences with offline crime victimisation. Several forms of impact seem to be specific to victims of online crime: the substantial scale and visibility of victimhood, victimisation that does not stop in time, the interwovenness of online and offline, and victim blaming. Victims suffer from double, triple or even quadruple hits; it is the accumulation of different types of impact, enforced by the limitlessness in time and space, which makes online crime victimisation so extremely invasive. Furthermore, the characteristics of online crime victimisation greatly complicate the fight against and prevention of online crime. Finally, the high prevalence of cybercrime victimisation combined with the severe impact of these crimes seems contradictory with public opinion – and associated moral judgments – on victims. Further research into the dominant public discourse on victimisation and how this affects the functioning of the police and victim support would be valuable.

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