scholarly journals Investigating the relationship between background luminance and self-reported valence of auditory stimuli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Intan K. Wardhani ◽  
Britt Hendrik Janssen ◽  
C. Nico Boehler
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
The Self ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Background Luminance ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Visual Background ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
The Relationship

The present study investigates the effect of background luminance on the self-reported valence ratings of auditory stimuli, as suggested by some earlier work. A secondary aim was to better characterise the effect of auditory valence on pupillary responses, on which the literature is inconsistent. Participants were randomly presented with sounds of different valence categories (negative, neutral, and positive) obtained from the IADS-E database. At the same time, the background luminance of the computer screen (in blue hue) was manipulated across three levels (i.e., low, medium, and high), with pupillometry confirming the expected strong effect of luminance on pupil size. Participants were asked to rate the valence of the presented sound under these different luminance levels. On a behavioural level, we found trend-level evidence for a small effect of background luminance on the self-reported valence rating, with generally more positive ratings as background luminance increases. Turning to valence effects on pupil size, irrespective of background luminance, interestingly, we observed that pupils were smallest in the positive valence and the largest in negative valence condition, with neutral sounds in between. In sum, the present findings therefore provide some evidence concerning the relationship between luminance perception (and hence pupil size) and self-reported valence of auditory stimuli, indicating a possible cross-modal interaction of auditory valence processing with completely task-irrelevant visual background luminance. The present experiment furthermore contributes new data on the relationship between valence and pupil size for auditory stimuli.

scholarly journals Background luminance effects on pupil size associated with emotion and saccade preparation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yih-Giun Cherng ◽  
Talia Baird ◽  
Jui-Tai Chen ◽  
Chin-An Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Luminance Level ◽  
Pupillary Response ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Background Luminance ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Dark Background ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Saccade Preparation

Abstract Pupil dilation is consistently evoked by affective and cognitive processing, and this dilation can result from sympathetic activation or parasympathetic inhibition. The relative contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on the pupillary response induced by emotion and cognition may be different. Sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is regulated by global luminance level. Higher luminance levels lead to greater activation of the parasympathetic system while lower luminance levels lead to greater activation of the sympathetic system. To understand the contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to pupillary responses associated with emotion and saccade preparation, emotional auditory stimuli were presented following the fixation cue whose color indicated instruction to perform a pro- or anti-saccade while varying the background luminance level. Pupil dilation was evoked by emotional auditory stimuli and modulated by arousal level. More importantly, greater pupil dilation was observed with a dark background, compared to a bright background. In contrast, pupil dilation responses associated with saccade preparation were larger with the bright background than the dark background. Together, these results suggest that arousal-induced pupil dilation was mainly mediated by sympathetic activation, but pupil dilation related to saccade preparation was primarily mediated by parasympathetic inhibition.

scholarly journals Associations Between Abstract Concepts: Investigating the Relationship Between Deictic Time and Valence

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Kaup ◽  
Nina Scherer ◽  
Rolf Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sentence Completion ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Time Future

The present study examines whether deictic time and valence are mentally associated, with a link between future and positive valence and a link between past and negative valence. We employed a novel paradigm, the two-choice-sentence-completion paradigm, to address this issue. Participants were presented with an initial sentence fragment that referred to an event that was either located in time (future or past) or of different valence (positive or negative). Participants chose between two completion phrases. When the given dimension in the initial fragment was time, the two completion phrase alternatives differed in valence (positive vs. negative). However, when the given dimension in the initial fragment was valence, the two completion phrase alternatives differed in time (future vs. past). As expected, participants chose completion phrases consistent with the proposed association between time and valence. Additional analyses involving individual differences concerning optimism/pessimism revealed that this association is particularly pronounced for people with an optimistic attitude.

Counter-regulation in affective attentional biases: Evidence in the additional singleton paradigm

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1209-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Wentura ◽  
Philipp Müller ◽  
Klaus Rothermund ◽  
Andreas Voss
Keyword(s):  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Affective Processing ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Motivational Influences ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
Task Irrelevant

We investigated motivational influences on affective processing biases; specifically, we were interested in whether anticipating positive versus negative future outcomes during goal pursuit affects attentional biases toward positive or negative stimuli. Attentional valence biases were assessed with the additional singleton task, with the task-irrelevant singleton colors being positive, negative or neutral. The motivational relevance of colors was established in a preceding task: In a balanced design, one color acquired positive valence by indicating the chance to win money, and a different color acquired negative valence by indicating the danger to lose money. Blocks of the additional singleton task were associated with either the chance of winning money (positive outcome focus) or the danger of losing money (negative outcome focus). We found an interaction of outcome focus and singleton valence in the accuracy rates, indicating an incongruency effect: Attentional capture was stronger for positive (negative) singletons in the negative (positive) outcome focus conditions. This result further corroborates the counter-regulation hypothesis, extending previous findings on the motivational top-down regulation of affective processing to the domain of early attentional processes.

Pupillary Responses in Recognizing Awareness in Persons with Profound Mental Retardation

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Chaney ◽  
Carolyne A. Givens ◽  
Melanie F. Aoki ◽  
Michael L. Gombiner
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Pupil Reactivity ◽  
Familiar Person

Pupil-size changes have been shown to indicate positive or negative reactions to several sensory and psychologic stimuli in normal persons. Whether this could be extended to mentally retarded patients who lack ability for verbal or motor behavior was tested by pupillary responses to several visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli. 24 institutionalized severely and profoundly retarded patients were examined by video camera in their usual environments rather than in a controlled laboratory setting. The videotapes were later projected onto a screen for pupil-size measurements. Pupils dilated with pleasant stimuli, including visualizing a familiar person, soft touch to the arm, music, and soft compliments. There was constriction with presenting an unfamiliar person, rough grasp of the arm, and abrasive noise and harsh commands. The findings demonstrate the existence of pupil reactivity in profoundly retarded persons and suggest such testing as a means of determining which elements of their environment are pleasing or aversive to them.

Trust in Automation Inventories: An Investigation and Comparison of the Human-Computer Trust and Trust in Automated Systems Scales

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1271-1275
Author(s):  
Igor Dolgov ◽  
Elizabeth K. Kaltenbach
Keyword(s):  
Automated Systems ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Trust In Automation ◽  
Survey Instruments ◽  
High Internal Consistency ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Trust Scale

There are numerous ways to measure trust in automation and each has its advantages and disadvantages. The current experiment evaluated and compared the trust in automated systems scale (TASS) and the human-computer trust scale (HCTS). Both the HCTS and TASS showed high internal consistency. While participants’ scores on the HCTS and TASS were highly correlated, the strength of the relationship was stronger between the positive valence items of the TASS and HCTS than between the negative valence items of the TASS and HCTS. Additionally, principal components analyses showed that the TASS had two underlying factors whereas the HCTS had four. Thus, while these trust in automation survey instruments are similar, they are also fundamentally different.

From Container to Claustrum: Projective Identification in Couples

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Projective Identification ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intimate Partners ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
As If

This paper is a contribution to the growing literature on the role of projective identification in understanding couples' dynamics. Projective identification as a defence is well suited to couples, as intimate partners provide an ideal location to deposit unwanted parts of the self. This paper illustrates how projective identification functions differently depending on the psychological health of the couple. It elucidates how healthier couples use projective identification more as a form of communication, whereas disturbed couples are inclined to employ it to invade and control the other, as captured by Meltzer's concept of "intrusive identification". These different uses of projective identification affect couples' capacities to provide what Bion called "containment". In disturbed couples, partners serve as what Meltzer termed "claustrums" whereby projections are not contained, but imprisoned or entombed in the other. Applying the concept of claustrum helps illuminate common feelings these couples express, such as feeling suffocated, stifled, trapped, held hostage, or feeling as if the relationship is killing them. Finally, this paper presents treatment challenges in working with more disturbed couples.

The Relationship between Seeker and Spiritual Guide as portrayed in contemporary Western Sufi Autobiographies

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-332
Author(s):  
Kate Zebiri
Keyword(s):  
Life Writing ◽  
New Age ◽  
The Self ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Continuity And Discontinuity

This article aims to explore the Shaykh-mur?d (disciple) or teacher-pupil relationship as portrayed in Western Sufi life writing in recent decades, observing elements of continuity and discontinuity with classical Sufism. Additionally, it traces the influence on the texts of certain developments in religiosity in contemporary Western societies, especially New Age understandings of religious authority. Studying these works will provide an insight into the diversity of expressions of contemporary Sufism, while shedding light on a phenomenon which seems to fly in the face of contemporary social and religious trends which deemphasize external authority and promote the authority of the self or individual autonomy.

Effect of Parental Modernity on Rejection Sensitivity and Self-Esteem of Adolescents

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritu ◽  
Madhu Anand
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Rejection Sensitivity ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Individual Modernity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Parental Modernity is an important aspect for the psycho-social development of the child. The present study aims to study the effect of parental modernity on rejection sensitivity and self-esteem of adolescents and the relationship between rejection sensitivity and self-esteem. The research is carried out on a sample of 240 parents (including 120 fathers and 120 mothers) and their 120 children. For observing the impact of modernity of parents on their children, Individual Modernity Scale was used and administered on father and mother. Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire and Self-Esteem Inventory were used to measure the rejection sensitivity and self-esteem of children (age ranges from 14 to 19 years). The results suggest that parental modernity has an effect on the rejection sensitivity and personally perceived self of the self – esteem of adolescents. Furthermore, the rejection sensitivity has been found negatively associated with self-esteem.

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