scholarly journals A new typology of psychological mechanisms underlying prosocial decisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvid Erlandsson ◽  
Hajdi Moche ◽  
Stephan Dickert
Keyword(s):  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Personal Consequences ◽  
The Many

Charitable giving, volunteering, climate-friendly choices, and most recently changing one’s lifestyle to stop the spread of the coronavirus are all examples of prosocial behavior. Prosociality can be investigated from different perspectives including the “who-question” (which people are more likely to help), and the “when-question” (which situational factors stimulate helping?), but in this article we focus primarily on the “why-question” (which emotions and cognitions motivate helping?)Specifically, this article tries to organize and synthesize literature related to emotions, thoughts, and beliefs (i.e. psychological mechanisms) that motivate or demotivate human helping behavior. To do this, we present a new typology including four overarching interrelated categories, each encompassing multiple subcategories.(1) Emotions: (a) emotional reactions elicited by the need situation such as empathic concern/sympathy, (b) positive or negative attitudes toward the beneficiary or the requester, (c) incidental mood. (2) Moral principles: (a) personal responsibility, (b) fairness-concerns, (c) aversion towards causing harm. (3) Anticipated impact: (a) self-efficacy (e.g. “can I make a difference?”) and (b) response-efficacy (e.g., “is this cause/project efficient and worthwhile?”). (4) Anticipated personal consequences: (a) material, (b) social and (c) emotional costs and benefits that the helper expects will follow if she helps or if she does not help. Increased knowledge about the “who” (e.g. individual differences in demography or personality) and “when” (situational antecedents such as characteristic of those in need, or type of solicitation) can surely help predict and even increase prosociality, but we argue that to understand the psychology of helping we need to also consider the psychological mechanisms underlying prosocial decisions (the “why-question”).We compare our typology against related theoretical frameworks, and present the pros and cons with different methodological approaches of testing psychological mechanisms of helping, with the aim to help researchers and practitioners better organize and understand the many psychological factors that influence prosocial decisions.

scholarly journals Request framing moderates the influence of affective images on charitable giving

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Genevsky ◽  
Brian Knutson ◽  
Carolyn Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Matching Effect ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Negative Images ◽  
Donation Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

AbstractFundraising organizations face difficult decisions regarding how to construct solicitations for donations. While these aid requests often include multiple salient features, their interactive effect on donation behavior and the psychological mechanisms that underlie their combined influence remain unclear. In six studies utilizing online and laboratory samples, as well as hypothetical and real incentives, we examine whether and how request framing moderates the impact of positive and negative images on charitable giving. Across all studies and in a single-paper meta-analysis, the influence of affective images on giving was moderated by the valence of request framing, such that affectively matched features most effectively elicited donations. Further, donors’ experienced positive affect could account for this matching effect – even in cases of matched negative features. These findings suggest that organizations can increase the effectiveness of aid requests by focusing on the affective match of request features. This work integrates previously discrepant findings on the impact of affect on donations and holds both conceptual implications for how affect can influence giving and practical implications for organizations seeking to design optimally effective requests for aid.

scholarly journals Altruism and Egoism/Warm Glow in Economics and Psychology: Building a Bridge Between Different Experimental Approaches

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Ottoni-Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Warm Glow ◽  
Systematic Description ◽  
Experimental Approaches

The same dual–motive theory that combines altruism and egoism/warm glow is used in economics to study charitable giving and in psychology to study helping behavior. However, the two disciplines have taken different approaches to experimental testing. This paper builds a bridge between the different experimental approaches. For economists, the importance of this bridge is that it leads to a systematic description of six specific types of egoism/warm glow, and further suggests experimental designs that could be used to investigate warm glow motives in charitable giving. For psychologists, the bridge is important because the experimental design in economics suggests a way to test, directly rather than indirectly, the empathy–altruism hypothesis.

From Buddha to Tagore and Gandhi: Value-Creating Curricula in India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namrata Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Value Creation ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Rabindranath Tagore ◽  
Tsunesaburo Makiguchi ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Buddha

It is common practice to use theoretical frameworks developed in the West for education worldwide, but important contributions come as well from non-Western education perspectives that shed light on the emergence of ideas within given regional diasporas. Value creation serves as a valuable lens through which to examine the ideas and relevance of three thinkers from the Indian subcontinent—the Buddha (6th or 5th century bce), Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), and Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948). The term “value creation” encompasses a Japanese approach to curriculum (based on the work of Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, 1871–1944) that is founded on an interdependent view of life and aimed at developing learners’ capacity to enhance their own existence and contribute to the well-being of others. Using value creation as a lens to examine the contributions of the Buddha, Tagore, and Gandhi can allow for a discourse on the indigenous nature of their respective ideas that are rooted in Eastern philosophies based on similar interdependent worldviews. The emergence of alternative curricular in the Indian diaspora that are based on such interdependent worldviews, offer an integrated approach to education. A value-creating framework can be useful to examine the Indian educational scene and the many attempts that have been made for the individual learner to be the focus of education.

Psychological Mechanisms, Motives, and Emotional Reactions to Music Listening Web Survey

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik N. Juslin ◽  
Gonçalo T. Barradas ◽  
Melissa Ovsiannikow ◽  
John Limmo ◽  
William Forde Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Web Survey ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms

I Want Everybody to Have the Same Chance to Find Happiness

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-140
Author(s):  
Joel Thiessen ◽  
Sarah Wilkins-Laflamme
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Many ◽  
Politically Active ◽  
As If

This chapter deals with political and civic engagement, once more comparing the actively religious, marginally religious, and unaffiliated. In terms of political engagement, the focus is on the many ways individuals are or are not politically active, including who they vote for. Discussion is similarly given to volunteering and charitable giving habits, such as if people volunteer or donate money (or not), how frequently and where they volunteer or give, and motivations for volunteering and giving. The chapter concludes with some possible social and civic implications on the horizon for those in the United States and Canada, should religious nones continue to hold a sizeable proportion of the population.

Electoral Ergonomics

2020 ◽  
pp. 240-262
Author(s):  
Michael Bruter ◽  
Sarah Harrison
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Young Voters ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Empirical Logic ◽  
Electoral Choice ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

This chapter focuses on electoral ergonomics, defined as the interface between every aspect of electoral organization and the psychology of the voters. It argues that every small detail in the organization of the vote (electoral ergonomics) matters not only mechanically, but also because of the way it may trigger different psychological mechanisms and emotional reactions, and that as a result, the ergonomic interface will have different effects on different types of voter, such as ‘referees’ or ‘supporters’. Indeed, electoral ergonomics affects the way citizens experience the vote, their attitudes, their likeliness to vote in elections, and their actual electoral choice. The chapter then unpacks the theoretical and empirical logic behind the influence of electoral ergonomics, both in general and through specific case studies. These case studies include the impact of the use of remote voting on electoral experience in the general population, its influence on the electoral choice of young voters, and the effect of ballot-paper design (including paper vs electronic ballots) on the electoral experience.

The Contribution of Teleworking towards a Green Computing Environment

2016 ◽  
pp. 1723-1738
Author(s):  
Iheanyi Chuku Egbuta ◽  
Brychan Thomas ◽  
Said Al-Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Green Computing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Computing Environment ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

The aims of the chapter are to consider the strategic green issues of teleworking in terms of the environment, transport, location, office space, and resource use for modern organisations and business sectors and to formulate a conceptual model of the processes involved. In fact, teleworking technologies are variously implemented for green computing initiatives, and the many advantages include lower greenhouse gas emissions related to travel, greater worker satisfaction, and as a result of lower overhead office costs, increased profit margins. The chapter initially investigates the appropriateness of a working definition of teleworking with regard to green computing, and following this, explores the benefits and barriers of teleworking in a green computing environment. The theoretical frameworks and models of teleworking are then considered, and a conceptual model of the contribution of teleworking to green computing is formulated. It is the intention of the chapter to identify and articulate those teleworking concepts that will be useful to academicians, scientists, business entrepreneurs, practitioners, managers, and policy makers, and to indicate future research directions for research scholars and students with similar interests.

Assessment

2019 ◽  
pp. 461-472
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome Measures ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Many

Assessment is one of the most complex nursing activities. It involves interpersonal and communication skills and decision-making skills. The purpose of assessment can be related to the diagnosis of specific conditions; however, assessment is often focused on the assessment of needs or health-related goals. The context and timing of assessment are important. Assessment as a process involves both non-verbal observation and verbal exchange of information, or conversation. Holistic needs assessment and care planning are an important aspect of care, particularly as patients rebuild their lives after treatment. In assessment, it is necessary to achieve a balance between objective evaluation of the patient’s problems and their subjective experience of illness or symptoms. Among the many assessment tools available, Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) measure outcomes of treatment or care, as they are reported by the patients themselves, and may assess health needs, monitor patient progress, or evaluate services. Quality of life (QoL) is a key element of assessment. It is a complex, multifactoral concept in the context of cancer and involves the individual’s appraisal of their position in life, relative to their expectations. It includes physical (symptoms such as fatigue, pain, and side effects of treatment), functional (activities of living, including eating, sleeping, and washing), emotional (positive and negative emotional reactions to cancer), social (social support, family relationships, and sexuality), and spiritual (sense of meaning and purpose in life, faith) well-being.

Dishonesty in the Name of Equity

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1153-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Gino ◽  
Lamar Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Self Interest

Under what conditions do people act dishonestly to help or hurt others? We addressed this question by examining the influence of a previously overlooked factor—the beneficiary or victim of dishonest acts. In two experiments, we randomly paired participants and manipulated their wealth levels through an initial lottery. We then observed how inequity between partners influenced the likelihood of one dishonestly helping or hurting the other, while varying the financial incentives for dishonest behavior. The results show that financial self-interest cannot fully explain people's tendency to dishonestly help or hurt others. Rather, such dishonesty is influenced by emotional reactions to wealth-based inequity, even when the dishonesty bears a personal financial cost. Envy evoked by negative inequity led to hurting behavior, whereas guilt induced by positive inequity motivated helping behavior. Finally, inequity between the partner and third parties triggered dishonest helping through empathy with the partner.

Militarism, Capitalism, and the Nation-State: Towards a Realist Synthesis

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lovering
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Capitalist Production ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

Military activities currently play a major role in social and economic development, even in noncombatant countries, This fact has received remarkably little attention in the social science literature, until recently. As a result, the theoretical frameworks which are available for the analysis of military activities arc underdeveloped. In this paper it is argued that there are in effect two such frameworks, derived from the Marxist and Weberian traditions, respectively. The many weaknesses of these, and the conflicts between them, are blurred rather than resolved in most recent studies of military phenomena, such as the ‘military industrial complex’. This is because the theory of the relationship between capitalist production and state institutions embedded in each perspective is seriously inadequate. A realist reconstruction is presented which highlights the significance of the national form of the state, and the contingent nature of capitalist production. This is designed to provide a new framework for appraising military activities, but it has implications for a wide range of questions concerned with the relationship between capital and state.

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