scholarly journals Game Theoretical Aspects of the Minds of Gods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Lightner ◽  
Benjamin Grant Purzycki
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Theory Of Religion ◽  
Pascal’S Wager ◽  
Supernatural Punishment

From Pascal’s Wager and Guthrie’s theory of religion as anthropomorphism to supernatural punishment and the distribution of ritual centers, elements of game theory have been useful for framing various dilemmas that people face between each other and their deities. This chapter first provides a brief introduction to game theory and discusses how it has been used to address various questions in the context of religion and cooperation. It then concludes with a brief discussion of how future research might use it to investigate particular religious traditions.

scholarly journals Progress in Behavioral Game Theory

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin F Camerer
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Backward Induction ◽  
Behavioral Game Theory ◽  
Dominated Strategies ◽  
Behavioral Game ◽  
Experimental Findings

Behavioral game theory aims to predict how people actually behave by incorporating psychological elements and learning into game theory. With this goal in mind, experimental findings can be organized into three categories: players have systematic 'reciprocated social values,' like desires for fairness and revenge. Phenomena discovered in studies of individual judgments and choices, like 'framing' and overconfidence, are also evident in games. Strategic principles, like irrelevance of strategy labels and timing of moves, iterated elimination of dominated strategies, and backward induction, are violated. Future research should incorporate these findings, along with learning and 'pregame theory,' into formal game theory.

Digital divide in light of religion, gender, and women’s digital participation

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-413
Author(s):  
Ruth Tsuria
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Religious Traditions

Purpose This paper aims to argue for the importance of considering religious and cultural background as informing participant's access and attitudes towards digital media. Design/methodology/approach The paper takes a socio-cultural theoretical approach. In terms of methodology, it refers to case studies based on discourse analysis of online content. Findings The paper argues that the online discourse in the case studies presented discourages women from using digital media for their own empowerment. Research limitations/implications Some limitation include that this research focuses only on a case study from Judaism. Future research should examine how other religious traditions impact internet access and uses. Originality/value The paper's contribution is in its novel inclusion of religion as an element of the digital divide.

scholarly journals Studying Religiosity and Spirituality: A Review of Macro, Micro, and Meso-Level Approaches

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Snell Herzog ◽  
David P. King ◽  
Rafia A. Khader ◽  
Amy Strohmeier ◽  
Andrew L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Country Level ◽  
World Regions ◽  
Other World ◽  
Religiosity And Spirituality

This paper seeks to advance the global study of religiosity and spirituality by conducting a meta-analysis of major approaches in the field. While the field, and thus the collected publications, are dominated by Western approaches, particular attention is paid in this analysis to publications from geographies that are not from the United States or Western Europe, especially these world regions: Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Similarly, while the study of religiosity is considerably centered around Christianity, this analysis extends beyond Christianity, to the extent possible in extant studies, to include publications investigating other world religious traditions, such as African spirituality, African witchcraft, Afro-Caribbean religious traditions, Buddhism, Confucianism, folk religions, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Mormonism, Neo-paganism, New Religious Movements (NRMs), Shamanism, Sikhism, Spiritism, Taoism, and spirituality generally. A total of 530 publications were reviewed, and the studies are categorized by unit of analysis into: Macro, micro, and meso-level. Measurement constructs include religious demography, culture, belonging, behaving, believing, bonding, religious salience, spiritual identities, religious networks, occupations, congregations, denominations, and faith-based organizations. Non-Western sources and approaches are analyzed toward furthering future research in under-studied world regions. Implications are drawn for the field, such as the need to geo-code publications at the country level.

A kind of Religious Coping: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Consolation in the Lutheran Tradition

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard M. Hummel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Religious Coping ◽  
Community Psychology ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Event Reporting ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
The Relationship

Building on the theoretical research of community psychology and cultural psychology, I focus in this paper on these two questions: What kind of religious coping is practiced by some members of the Lutheran tradition? What does an understanding of the relationship between the tradition and religious coping of these members indicate that may be distinctive or unexpected about their religious coping? I do this by: reviewing the background of my research in community psychology, cultural psychology, and tradition-specific research on religious coping – particularly in the United States; outlining a method for a qualitative study of nine Lutheran co-researchers in the United States who had experienced a significant negative event; reporting some of the results of that study; using the results of the study to discuss the two questions above; concluding with some suggestions for future research of the specific religious traditions in which religious coping phenomena may occur, and of the phenomena of religious coping in specific religious traditions.

Economic Theory and the Interpretation of GATT/WTO

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Bagwell ◽  
Robert W. Staiger
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Theoretical Interpretation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Remarkable Degree ◽  
Applied Game Theory ◽  
Key Features

Over the past 50 years, a remarkable degree of trade liberalization has been achieved through GATT/WTO negotiations. In this paper, we describe work that provides a theoretical interpretation of this institution. We emphasize two key features of GATT/WTO: reciprocity and enforcement. We also identify important areas for future research. The work described here contributes to the fields of International Trade and Applied Game Theory.

scholarly journals Does higher health literacy lead to higher trust in public hospitals?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Bertram ◽  
Urs Steiner Brandt ◽  
Rikke Klitten Hansen ◽  
Gert Tinggaard Svendsen
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Care System

Abstract Background: Does higher health literacy lead to higher trust in public hospitals? Existing literature suggests that this is the case since a positive association between the level of health literacy and the level of trust in physicians and the health care system has been shown. This study aims to challenge this assumption. Methods: Based on theoretical arguments from game theory and analysis of empirical data, we argue that the association is better described as an inversely u-shaped curve, suggesting that low and high levels of health literacy lead to a lower level of trust than a medium level of health literacy does. The empirical analysis is based on a study of the Danes’ relationship to the overall health care system. More than 6,000 Danes have been asked about their overall expectations of the health service, their concrete experiences and their attitudes to a number of change initiatives. Results: Game theory analysis show that the combined perceived cooperation and benefit effects can explain an inversely u-shaped relationship between social groups and trust in the health care system. Based on quantitative, binary regression analyses of empirical data, the lowest degree of trust is found among patients from the lowest and highest social groups, while the highest degree of trust is found in the middle group. The main driver for this result is that while patients having low health literacy perceive that the health care system is not cooperative, patients with a high level of health literacy have high expectations about the quality, which the health care system might not be able to provide. This reduces the perceived benefit from their encounter with the health care system. Conclusion: It is important that health care professionals understand that some patient groups have a higher chance of cooperation (e.g., agreeing on the choice of treatment) or defection (e.g. passing a complaint) than others. In perspective, future research should undertake further qualitative examinations of possible patient types and their demands in relation to different health care sectors, focusing specifically on the opportunities to improve the handling of different patient types.

scholarly journals Belief, Belonging, or Both? The Interaction Between Supernatural Belief and Identity Fusion, and their Influence on Cooperative Behaviour

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Samuel Twitchin
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Religious Belief ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Mixed Methods Design ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Belief In God ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Supernatural Punishment

<p>Research within the psychology of religion has illustrated the importance of both religious belief and religious belonging for facilitating cooperative behaviour. Specifically, the supernatural punishment hypothesis (Johnson, 2016; Johnson & Krüger, 2004) and identity fusion (Swann et al., 2009; Whitehouse, 2018) discuss belief and belonging, respectively. This thesis examines the connection of these two areas, with a focus on the understudied religious concept of karma. In Study 1, 193 participants took part in an online questionnaire, with a five-condition between subjects design, that investigated the content of religious belief by using karma and god related religious priming stimuli (images and vignettes) to influence individual’s belief. None of the four experimental conditions were found to change responses on belief in supernatural agents or karma. Belief in god/karma was associated with endorsement of both a punitive and benevolent god/karma. However, when both endorsements were included in the model, only benevolent endorsement was significant. In Study 2, 402 participants took part in a three-condition mixed-methods design with six repeated trials of a voluntary contribution task, which investigated how karma and god related religious priming stimuli (vignettes) influenced cooperative behaviour. Mixed methods analysis revealed that those in the karma condition had higher cooperative tendencies than those in the neutral condition, but did not differ from the god condition. Belief in supernatural agents did not affect how individuals were affected by the god condition. However, those with higher belief in supernatural agents and higher identity fusion were the least cooperative within the karma condition. Contrary to what was predicted, increased belief in karma predicted un-cooperative behaviour in the karma condition. These and other important findings are discussed with focus on the New Zealand context and how the findings from this thesis contributes to the supernatural punishment and identity fusion literature, by highlighting implications, limitations, and areas of focus for future research.</p>

Religion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Ron ◽  
Shannon Golden ◽  
David Crow ◽  
Archana Pandya
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Women's Rights ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Religious Worldviews

This chapter explores the complex relationship between religiosity and human rights. Publics in Mexico, Morocco, India, and Nigeria are deeply religious, yet human rights practitioners struggle to identify the most effective methods to engage with religious worldviews and institutions. The chapter presents evidence for human rights conceptualizations that are unique to particular religious traditions. For example, Catholics are more likely to have positive associations with human rights than non-Catholics, and Muslims tend to associate “human rights” with “women’s rights” more than non-Muslims. Data also suggest that social religiosity, such as regular attendance in a place of worship, is associated with more negative ideas about human rights, whereas personal religiosity, such as practices of prayer, is linked to more positive ideas. Religion and human rights are strongly linked, but in multidirectional or seemingly contradictory ways, suggesting the need for context- and issue-sensitive future research.

scholarly journals A Review of Game Theory Applications for Seaport Cooperation and Competition

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Karlis Pujats ◽  
Mihalis Golias ◽  
Dinçer Konur
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Container Terminal ◽  
Container Terminals ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Reference Guide ◽  
Cooperation And Competition ◽  
Maritime Shipping ◽  
Operational Plan ◽  
Work Done

In the ever-changing maritime shipping industry, ports, and more specifically, container terminals, are always on the search for better policy and operational plan developments. As the maritime shipping sector changes, new areas of research emerge. In this paper, we present a review of recent game theory applications for seaport cooperation and competition, accompanied by summary review tables stating the study, the modeling technique used, the methodology and objective, and summary of the results of each study. In total, we have reviewed 33 studies that used game theory models that investigated seaport and container terminal competition and cooperation involving various stakeholders with dating publication years from 2008 to 2019. The paper concludes with a discussion and proposed future research directions. The purpose of the paper is to serve as a reference guide to recent game theory applications on seaport cooperation and competition that would allow a quick understanding of work done in the field.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 237-244
Author(s):  
James D. Reich
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Religion And Literature ◽  
Intellectual Culture ◽  
Theory Of Religion ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
South Asian Religion

The Conclusion recapitulates the book’s main arguments, as well as the main ideas of each thinker treated. It takes a step back to explore the relationship between these thinkers’ ideas and the broader inter-religious climate of Kashmir in these centuries, and then draws out some of the major implications that these ideas may hold for how we understand these thinkers and the intellectual culture of Kashmir in this period. The Conclusion also returns to the theoretical issues raised in the Introduction, discussing the role that the theory of “religion-as-vortex” might play in future research on South Asian religion—and literature more broadly—and suggesting some possible avenues for future work.

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