scholarly journals Pragmatic structure of bargaining in Hindi: An (im)politeness and banter-based exposition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Group Identity ◽  
Personal Relationship ◽  
Initiation Phase ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Linguistic Behaviour

Bargaining is an accepted and commonplace practice in fixing the rate of virtually any kind of item purchased in India. Taking excerpts from a corpus of Eastern Hindi, in this paper, I have explored the linguistic behaviour of Eastern Hindi speakers in bargaining context in terms of the theory of banter and discuss how it actually serves to negotiate the competing motivations of protecting ones financial interests in a bargain as well as establishing and maintaining long-term positive inter-personal relationship with each other. As in conventional banter, in bargaining also, potentially impolite linguistic behaviour is used to show the in-group identity and establish a positive inter-personal relationship. I shall further argue that a bargain interaction involves both the conventional and impoliteness mitigation banter as well as conventional (im)politeness. In general, a successful bargain depends on what kind of linguistic behaviour is employed in which phase. The study shows that conventional politeness in initiation phase, conventional solidarity banter in argumentation phase and impoliteness mitigation banter or even non-polite behaviour in settlement phase is employed in successful bargains.

Acquiring Knowledge through Companionship (Ṣuḥba)

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-148
Author(s):  
Aria Nakissa
Keyword(s):  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Practice Theory ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Personal Relationship

This chapter combines ethnography and textual analysis to examine the traditional Islamic pedagogy of companionship. In companionship, a student learns from a teacher by entering into a long-term personal relationship with him and sharing in his everyday affairs. The chapter discusses companionship as a pedagogy favored by Traditionalist scholars. It clarifies how companionship involves learning through observation, and learning through practice, as well as a certain regime of punishment. The chapter’s account of companionship draws on insights from hermeneutic theory and practice theory. Topics covered include companionship among later scholars and between sons and fathers, the structure of companionship, companionship and learning through observation, direct witnessing and baraka, companionship and learning through practice, and punishment in companionship.

Chapter 7 or 13: Are Client or Lawyer Interests Paramount?

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Lefgren ◽  
Frank L McIntyre ◽  
Michelle Miller
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Specialized Knowledge ◽  
Personal Bankruptcy ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Financial Benefits ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Bankruptcy Code ◽  
Legal Fees

Abstract Households often rely on professionals with specialized knowledge to make important financial decisions. In many cases, the professional’s financial interests are at odds with those of the client. We explore this problem in the context of personal bankruptcy. OLS, fixed effects, and IV estimates all show that attorneys play a central role in determining whether households file under Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 of the bankruptcy code. We present evidence suggesting that some attorneys maximize profits by steering households into Chapter 13 bankruptcy even when the households’ objective financial benefits are low and the probability of case dismissal is high. An attorney-induced Chapter 13 filing increases household legal fees and reduces the probability of long-term debt relief.

scholarly journals ABC (De)’s Stages of Relationship as Seen in Henry James’s the Portrait of A Lady

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Dyah Aju Hermawati
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Henry James ◽  
Personal Relationship ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Portrait Of A Lady ◽  
Stage D

 Dyah Aju [email protected] Department State Polytechnic of Jember  AbstractThis article with reference to James’s novel The Portrait of a Lady (1881) tries to describe Isabel’s stages of relationship. Henry James is primarily known for series of major novels in which he portrayed the encounter of Americans with Europeans, and his plot centered on the personal relationship. Relationship is one of the most domineering and recurring motifs in the works of James. James’ main contention for personal relationship is that a relationship develops through stages of relationship. To analyze it, George Levinger’s stages of relationship theory is applied, starting from the (A) attraction stage, (B) building stage, (C) continuation stage, (D) deterioration stage and (E) ending stage. Based on the analysis,it can be described that Isabel’s relationship with Osmond develop through five stages of relationship. It is began when they are attracted each other and building a relationship, then their relationship become consolidated. When they feel that their relationship as less desirable or worthwhile and the deterioration can not be stopped, they end their relationship due to lack of love, trust and mutual understanding as the root cause for the failure of a relationship. Hence, in a relationship individuals should be aware of loving, understanding, trusting each other and caring commitment to continue and maintain a relationship for long term success.[WU1] Key Words : personal relationship, stages of relationship AbstrakArtikel tentang novel Henry James yang berjudul The Portrait of a Lady (1881) bertujuan mendeskripsikan tahapan-tahapan hubungan dari tokoh utama wanita, yaitu Isabel Archer. Henry James adalah penulis yang terkenal dengan novel-novelnya yang mendeskripsikan hubungan antara orang Amerika dengan orang Eropa, dan alur ceritanya berpusat pada hubungan antar individu. Hubungan antar individu adalah motif yang dominan pada tulisan James, terutama bahwa suatu hubungan antar individu akan berkembang melalui tahapan-tahapan hubungan.Untuk menganalisanya, diaplikasikan teori tahapan-tahapan hubungan George Levinger, mulai dari tahapan perkenalan (Attraction Stage), tahapan membangun suatu hubungan (Building Stage), tahapan melanjutkan hubungan (Continuation Stage), tahapan kemunduran hubungan (Deterioration Stage) dan tahapan akhir hubungan (Ending Stage). Berdasarkan analisa, dideskripsikan bahwa hubungan Isabel dan Osmond, berkembang melalui lima tahapan hubungan. Mulai dari tahapan perkenalan, yaitu tahap mereka pertama kali bertemu, kemudian tahapan membangun suatu hubungan yang lebih dekat, sampai berlanjut pada satu ikatan berkomitmen. Ketika mereka mulai merasakan bahwa hubungannya tidak lagi diinginkan dan mengalami kemunduran, dan hal ini tidak dapat dihentikan, maka mereka mengakhiri hubungan. Sebab utama kegagalan suatu hubungan karena kurangnya kasih sayang, kepercayaan dan pengertian.  Oleh karena itu untuk menjalin suatu hubungan, antar individu harus saling mengerti dan percaya satu sama lain dan selalu memegang komitmen serta menjaga hubungan tersebut berlansung sukses.Kata-kata Kunci: hubungan antar individu,Tahapan-tahapan hubungan 

scholarly journals Long-Term Adherence to Physical Activity Among Older Veterans

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 859-859
Author(s):  
Candace Brown
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
Initiation Phase ◽  
Α Level

Abstract The benefits of physical activity (PA) are well-established and it is recommended that older adults achieve at least 150 to 300 minutes of moderate intensity PA and strengthening activities weekly. However, only 54.0% and 23.2% of older adults achieve these recommendations for endurance and strengthening (respectively), and 48% dropout within the first 6-months. Most PA research focuses on the 6-month initiation phase leaving a gap regarding long-term adherence. We explored predictors of long-term adherence (>2-years) to PA from 97participants at 6-month follow-up and yearly surveys. Variables examined included age, race, gender, body mass index (BMI), and self-reported comorbidities, symptoms, physical function, and barrier-specific self-efficacy scale (α-level 0.05). Lower BMI (29.1±5.1 versus 31.6±6.5, p=0.047) and higher self-efficacy to overcome environmental barriers (p=0.016) and social isolation (p=0.05) were associated with long-term adherence. Self-efficacy to overcome environmental and social barriers should be addressed to promote long-term adherence to exercise among older adults

scholarly journals The importance of negotiation and conflict management

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Lubna Tabassum
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Personal Relationship ◽  
Business Organization ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Technological World

In this paper, we will discuss in detail about negotiation and conflict management and its approaches which is necessary everywhere. We will also discuss the steps and stages of negotiation and conflict management. Highlight the important features between the two relationships in almost every field and four - dimensional approach of negotiation and conflict management. We suggest adopting all stages and steps everywhere to sort out issues and problems related to negotiation and conflict management. There are various research and topics which talked about it and suggested many things to handle it, same in this paper present all important aspects of the topic and discuss it in detail and its importance in the emerging technological world. Also, areas that generally adopt negotiation and conflict management for a smooth run of business, organization,personal relationship, and bonding between people for the long term.

Police integration and support for anti-government violence in divided societies: Evidence from Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Nanes
Keyword(s):  
Group Identity ◽  
The State ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Divided Societies ◽  
Group I ◽  
Commitment Problem ◽  
The Government ◽  
Minority Officers

How does the demographic makeup of the police affect violent conflict in divided societies? I argue that following a shift in relative group power, integrating the police rank-and-file addresses incentives to rebel by solving a commitment problem between the powerful state and a weaker group. I test this argument using a survey experiment of 800 Baghdad residents. Providing Sunni (minority) respondents with an informational prime that the police are integrated reduces support for anti-government violence. Consistent with the commitment mechanism, Sunnis, but not Shias, who receive the prime are less fearful of future repression by the government. The key mechanism is the way in which officers are distributed. It is more difficult for the state to renege on inclusion when minority officers serve in mixed units rather than being isolated in minority-only units. Patrol-level heterogeneity makes it difficult for the government to withhold equipment or information from officers on the basis of group identity, and makes the state reliant on officers from all groups to serve all parts of the country. Among survey respondents in Baghdad, I find that those who perceive the police as mixed between Sunnis and Shias, but not those who perceive officers to be primarily members of their own sect, are less expectant that the government will try to harm them. This article contributes to research on institutions in divided societies by identifying a form of inclusion which is self-enforcing, improving long-term prospects for peace by resolving underlying insecurities in the shadow of historical conflict.

“A and B”

2019 ◽  
pp. 261-278
Author(s):  
Anya Jabour
Keyword(s):  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Personal Relationship ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Women's Careers ◽  
Professional Success ◽  
Practical Support ◽  
Women’S Careers ◽  
Political Effectiveness

Chapter 10 focuses on Breckinridge’s relationship with Edith Abbott. Breckinridge and Abbott’s long-term relationship was a remarkable partnership, advancing both women’s careers and activism as well as providing them with emotional sustenance and practical support. Acknowledging the shifting definitions of female sexuality that make it difficult to categorize this same-sex relationship as lesbianism, this chapter explores the dynamics and the significance of this lengthy relationship from the women’s first meeting in 1903 to Breckinridge’s death in 1948, demonstrating that Breckinridge and Abbott’s personal relationship fostered their professional success and their political effectiveness.

Interactions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverley Hooper
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
The Cultural Revolution

To outsiders, the long-term residents seemed tightly knit, conscious of their group identity and wary of Westerners who did not share the mantle of ‘foreign comrade’ or ‘international friend’. But the small community also had its internal dynamics, reflecting the length of time that people had spent in China as well as their nationality, personality and political attitudes—even within the socialist range. The turbulent politics of the era, including the Sino-Soviet split, also impinged on relations within the community, while the Cultural Revolution had a dramatic impact on individuals’ lives when their official designation as comrades and friends became subordinated to that as suspect foreigners.

Establishment of Fine Suspension Cultures of Triticum tauschii ([Coss.] Schmal.) which remain Embryogenic for Several Years

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Shoukat Afshar-Sterle ◽  
James F. Kollmorgen ◽  
Geoffrey B. Fincher
Keyword(s):  
Suspension Cultures ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Triticum Tauschii ◽  
Initiation Phase ◽  
Genome Donor ◽  
Embryogenic Suspension ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Term Maintenance

Immature embryos of 10 accessions of Triticum tauschii, the D genome donor of Triticum aestivum, were used to produce embryogenic callus for the initiation of suspension cultures. For the long-term maintenance of embryogenicity of these suspensions, it was necessary to use different media for the initiation, establishment and maintenance phases. The initiation phase required media supplemented with L-proline, L-asparagine and L-glutamine, together with Dicamba at 12 mg L −1 and maltose. In the establishment phase, it was essential to reduce the concentration of Dicamba to 6 mg L −1 for the rapid production of fine suspension cultures. Finally, the long-term maintenance of a capacity for regeneration depended on the inclusion of 1.1 mg L −1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 30 g L −1 sucrose in the medium. By the use of these procedures, long-term embryogenic fine suspension cultures were established from two accessions, while non-embryogenic fine suspension cultures were produced from five accessions. Over 90% of plants regenerated from fine suspensions of 1-year-old embryogenic cultures were fertile, and embryogenic suspension cultures retained their regeneration capacity for more than 3 years.

Shifting Ground: Emerging Global Corporate-Governance Standards and the Rise of Fiduciary Capitalism

10.1068/a3791 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1995-2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P Hawley ◽  
Andrew T Williams
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Rating Agencies ◽  
Retirement System ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Governance Network ◽  
Institutional Owners

In this paper we examine the long-term interests that large institutional owners (for example, the California Public Employees' Retirement System, Hermes, and the Universities Superannuation Scheme) have in the development of global corporate governance standards, especially as governance standards increasingly become intertwined with other standards and regime parameters involved in the globalization debates. We argue that institutional owners have a unique perspective and voice with which to contribute to the formulation of global standards in a variety of areas on the basis of their long-term financial interests. This conclusion is supported by an analytic review of the current state of global corporate governance, including multilateral initiatives (for example, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Bank); an analysis of significant institutional investors, the role of various rating agencies (for example, Fitch, Moody's), the International Corporate Governance Network, and the growing role of various nongovernmental organizations (for example, the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economics, the Carbon Disclosure Project) in relation to corporate governance.

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