scholarly journals Gender Differences in Time in Child Care During Unemployment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gough
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Time Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Unpaid Labor ◽  
Unrelated Regression ◽  
Parental Unemployment ◽  
Employed Parents ◽  
The Relationship

ObjectivesThere is great interest in the relationship between paid and unpaid labor time. Yet, in the United States most studies have focused on the housework component of unpaid labor. Limited research has examined how parental employment status relates to child care time. This study examines how unemployment is related to time in multiple types of child care and how this relationship varies by gender.MethodsI use data from the 2003-2013 American Time Use Surveys to study cohabiting and married parents ages 18-65 (N=44,198). I predict time spent in total child care, routine child care, and educational/recreational child care by parental unemployment status using ordinary least squares and seemingly unrelated regression models, and examine differences between weekday and weekend time use. ResultsConsistent with time-based theories, I find unemployed parents spend more time in child care than employed parents, but patterns vary by gender: unemployed mothers and fathers spend more time in child care on weekdays, but unemployed fathers spent less time in child care on weekends. ConclusionsResults suggest similarities and differences between the unemployment-child care time relationship and the relationship of unemployment with other types of unpaid labor such as housework.

Regional and Gender Differences and Trends in the Anesthesiologist Workforce

2015 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 997-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Baird ◽  
Lindsay Daugherty ◽  
Krishna B. Kumar ◽  
Aziza Arifkhanova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Unrelated Regression ◽  
And Gender ◽  
American Society ◽  
American Society Of Anesthesiologists

Abstract Background Concerns have long existed about potential shortages in the anesthesiologist workforce. In addition, many changes have occurred in the economy, demographics, and the healthcare sector in the last few years, which may impact the workforce. The authors documented workforce trends by region of the United States and gender, trends that may have implications for the supply and demand of anesthesiologists. Methods The authors conducted a national survey of American Society of Anesthesiologists members (accounting for >80% of all practicing anesthesiologists in the United States) in 2007 and repeated it in 2013. The authors used logistic regression analysis and Seemingly Unrelated Regression to test across several indicators under an overarching hypothesis. Results Anesthesiologists in Western states had markedly different patterns of practice relative to anesthesiologists in other regions in 2007 and 2013, including differences in employer type, the composition of anesthesia teams, and the time spent on monitored anesthesia care. The number and proportion of female anesthesiologists in the workforce increased between 2007 and 2013, and females differed from males in employment arrangements, compensation, and work hours. Conclusions Regional differences remained stable during this time period although the reasons for these differences are speculative. Similarly, how and whether the gender difference in work hours and shift to younger anesthesiologists during this period will impact workforce needs is uncertain.

scholarly journals Threat, Coping, and Social Distance Adherence During COVID-19: Cross-Continental Comparison Using an Online Cross-Sectional Survey

10.2196/23019 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. e23019
Author(s):  
Abrar Al-Hasan ◽  
Jiban Khuntia ◽  
Dobin Yim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Media ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Information Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Unrelated Regression ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Appraisal Processes

Background Social distancing is an effective preventative policy for COVID-19 that is enforced by governments worldwide. However, significant variations are observed in adherence to social distancing across individuals and countries. Due to the lack of treatment, rapid spread, and prevalence of COVID-19, panic and fear associated with the disease causes great stress. Subsequent effects will be a variation around the coping and mitigation strategies for different individuals following different paths to manage the situation. Objective This study aims to explore how threat and coping appraisal processes work as mechanisms between information and citizens’ adherence to COVID-19–related recommendations (ie, how the information sources and social media influence threat and coping appraisal processes with COVID-19 and how the threat and coping appraisal processes influence adherence to policy guidelines). In addition, this study aims to explore how citizens in three different countries (the United States, Kuwait, and South Korea), randomly sampled, are effectively using the mechanisms. Methods Randomly sampled online survey data collected by a global firm in May 2020 from 162 citizens of the United States, 185 of Kuwait, and 71 of South Korea were analyzed, resulting in a total sample size of 418. A seemingly unrelated regression model, controlling for several counterfactuals, was used for analysis. The study’s focal estimated effects were compared across the three countries using the weighted distance between the parameter estimates. Results The seemingly unrelated regression model estimation results suggested that, overall, the intensity of information source use for the COVID-19 pandemic positively influenced the threat appraisal for the disease (P<.001). Furthermore, the intensity of social media use for the COVID-19 pandemic positively influenced the coping appraisal for the disease (P<.001). Higher COVID-19 threat appraisal had a positive effect on social distancing adherence (P<.001). Higher COVID-19 coping appraisal had a positive effect on social distancing adherence (P<.001). Higher intensity of COVID-19 knowledge positively influenced social distancing adherence (P<.001). There were country-level variations. Broadly, we found that the United States had better results than South Korea and Kuwait in leveraging the information to threat and coping appraisal to the adherence process, indicating that individuals in countries like the United States and South Korea may be more pragmatic to appraise the situation before making any decisions. Conclusions This study’s findings suggest that the mediation of threat and coping strategies are essential, in varying effects, to shape the information and social media strategies for adherence outcomes. Accordingly, coordinating public service announcements along with information source outlets such as mainstream media (eg, TV and newspaper) as well as social media (eg, Facebook and Twitter) to inform citizens and, at the same time, deliver balanced messages about the threat and coping appraisal is critical in implementing a staggered social distancing and sheltering strategy.

scholarly journals The Responsiveness of U.S. Rice Acreage to Price and Production Costs

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Salassi
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
National Level ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Unrelated Regression ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Average Annual Change

AbstractOrdinary least squares and seemingly unrelated regression procedures were used to analyze the impacts of changes in rice prices and production costs on U.S. rice planted acreage. National and regional response models were estimated over the 1970-92 period. Supply-inducing prices of rice were estimated as a function of effective rice support prices and seasonal average market prices. Expected production costs per acre were estimated using lagged actual total variable cash production expenses per acre adjusted by the previous 3-year average annual change in variable expenses. Estimated short-run price and production cost elasticities were found to be inelastic at the national level. However, the magnitude of the production cost elasticities were found to be greater than the price elasticities. Estimated long-run elasticities at the U.S. level were inelastic for changes in price but elastic for changes in production costs. Although acreage response varied across regions, similar relationships were found between price and production cost elasticities.

scholarly journals Technical Efficiency and Technical Change in Africa: The Role of Money from the Diasporas

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Gloria Clarissa O. Dzeha ◽  
Joshua Yindenaba Abor ◽  
Festus Ebo Turkson ◽  
Elikplimi Komla Agbloyor
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Malmquist Productivity Index ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Unrelated Regression ◽  
The Relationship

Based on evidence from the literature that the relationship between remittances and total factor productivity (TFP) is inconclusive, we employ the non-parametric Malmquist productivity index - Data Envelope Analysis to decompose total factor productivity (TFP) into technical change and technical efficiency and further investigate the effect of remittances on the technical change and technical efficiency. We employ the Seemingly Unrelated Regression estimation (SUR) technique in a panel of twenty-three African remittance recipient countries across a twenty-three-year period (1990-2013). We show that remittances received by households have a positive and significant impact on technical efficiency but no significant on technical change (innovativeness). We further show that remittances received by skilled labour is significant to technical efficiency but has a lowering effect on technical efficiency.

Fatalities and the Organization of Child Care in the United States, 1985-2003

2005 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Wrigley ◽  
Joanna Dreby
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Care Center ◽  
The United States ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Organization Of Care ◽  
Employed Parents ◽  
Private Homes ◽  
Organizational Features ◽  
Serious Injuries

Nearly 8 million children of employed parents are in nonrelative child care, but little is known about safety risks. Drawing on the literature reporting mistakes in organizations and medical errors, the authors analyze fatalities in U.S. child care. Types of child care vary greatly in organizational features, from formally organized centers to informal care offered in providers' or children's homes. This allows analysis of how the social organization of care affects risks. A unique national dataset is used to provide a lower bound on fatalities and to analyze fatality rates across types of care. Data come from three sources: (1) a systematic national media search for 1985-2003, (2) legal records of civil and criminal court cases involving fatalities and serious injuries in child care, and (3) ethnographic data from state records in seven states. Overall child care is quite safe, but there are striking differences in fatality rates across types of care. Center care is significantly safer than care offered in private homes and offers particular protection against fatalities from violence. Detailed narratives of how fatalities occur suggest that the organization of work is a crucial factor in risk differences.

scholarly journals Social and Solitary Exercise among the Unemployed and Out of the Labor Force in the United States: Estimates by Gender and Partnership Status

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gough Courtney
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Health Behavior Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
American Time Use Survey

Abstract Introduction: The negative effects of unemployment are significant, and the potential for increased morbidity and mortality is a major public health challenge. Negative effects may be partially attributable to health behavior change and loss of social ties. Exercise has positive physical and mental health benefits and could help buffer such negative effects. This study examines whether time in social and solitary exercise varies by unemployment and out of the labor force (OOLF) status because exercise, especially social exercise, provides health benefits. Methods: Gender-stratified ordinary least squares models are estimated using data from the nationally representative 2003-2016 American Time Use Surveys to test how own and partner employment status are associated with total time in exercise, exercise alone, with children, with a partner, and with others. Results: Unemployed and OOLF men spend significantly more time in exercise alone (3-9 minutes, p<.05) and with others (about 13 minutes, p<.001) compared to employed men. Unemployed women spend significantly more time in exercise with others (6 minutes, p<.05), and OOLF women in all types of social exercise (1-9 minutes, p<.05), compared to employed women. Conclusions: Unemployed and OOLF individuals engage in more social exercise, which could be leveraged to help buffer loss of social ties and improve health. Exercise-related interventions may help reduce negative health consequences of unemployment. Keywords: physical activity, employment, American Time Use Survey

scholarly journals Impact of a Student-scheduled Child Care Program on Parents’Educational Goals

2016 ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Barbara Carter
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Care Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Goals ◽  
University Administrators ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Child Care Program ◽  
Gates Foundation ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to examine what, if any, impact a Student-scheduled Child Care (SSCC) program had on the families of students completing their higher education goals at a college in the southwestern region of the United States. Student completion rate is a concern for most collegeand university administrators. Research conducted by the Gates foundation determined that over three quarters of former students surveyed felt that they would have graduated if the college or university had offered child care (Johnson, Ott, & DuPont, 2011).This correlational and descriptive research study revealed what student families thought about the relationship between completing their educational goals and using the child care program at the college.The knowledge gained from this project could help toinitiate a broader discussion among colleges and universities of how to most effectively retain student families by meeting their child care needs.

scholarly journals UMA ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA INTERNACIONAL DA RELAÇÃO ENTRE DESIGUALDADE DE RENDA E SERVIÇO DOMÉSTICO AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCOME INEQUALITY AND DOMESTIC SERVICE

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Alexandre Barbosa Fraga ◽  
Elisa Alonso Monçores Viana
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Domestic Service ◽  
The World ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Parts

Na bibliografia sobre o trabalho doméstico remunerado, uma pergunta continua de alguma forma em aberto: o que explica a variação na proporção de mão de obra ocupada no serviço doméstico de cada país? Entre as cinco hipóteses apresentadas pela Sociologia e pela Economia para responder a essa questão, a explicação pela desigualdade de renda já foi testada, apenas para os Estados Unidos, pelas sociólogas americanas Milkman, Reese e Roth (1998). De acordo com elas, um fator determinante do tamanho do emprego doméstico em certo lugar é o grau de desigualdade econômica ali existente. Este artigo objetiva verificar essa mesma hipótese, mas para um conjunto de 95 países de diversas partes do mundo. Por meio de um modelo de regressão, utilizando o método de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO), é avaliada a relação entre o índice de Gini dos países e a proporção de mulheres ocupadas como trabalhadoras domésticas.ABSTRACT In the bibliography on paid domestic work, one question remains open: what explains variation in the proportion of the labor force employed in domestic service in each country? Among the five hypotheses presented by Sociology and Economics to answer this question, the explanation focused on income inequality has already been tested, only for the United States, by the American sociologists Milkman, Reese and Roth (1998). According to them, a crucial determinant of the extent of employment in paid domestic labor in a given location is the degree of economic inequality there. This article aims to verify the same hypothesis, but for a group of 95 countries from different parts of the world. Through a regression model, using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, the relationship between the Gini index of the countries and the proportion of women employed as domestic workers is evaluated.

scholarly journals Sectoral Analysis of the Determinants of Corporate Capital Structure in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-293
Author(s):  
Yee Peng Chow
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Corporate Capital ◽  
Unrelated Regression ◽  
Corporate Capital Structure ◽  
Two Sectors

This study investigates the determinants of corporate capital structure of various sectors in the Bursa Malaysia Main Market with the aim to establish whether the determinants of capital structure can be explained by either the trade-off or the pecking order theory. This study also examines whether there are any differences between the regressions for any two sectors or not. This study applies both the ordinary least squares (OLS) and the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) estimators to estimate the leverage models, and subsequently determines the efficiency of each estimator. The results indicate that profitability, asset tangibility, growth opportunities, and firm size are important determinants of corporate capital structure. However, the signs of the regression coefficients suggest that the trade-o and pecking order theories are complementary. Moreover, the importance of some of these determinants differs across sectors. In most cases of the regression analyses between two sectors, the SUR estimator is found to be more efficient in explaining the determinants of capital structure among the various sectors. Hence, this study concludes that the SUR method could serve as a useful alternative methodology for capital structure research.

scholarly journals The Determinants Of Capital Flight: Evidence From MENA Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nedal A. Al-Fayoumi ◽  
Marwan S. AlZoubi ◽  
Bana M. Abuzayed
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
External Debt ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Capital Flight ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Unrelated Regression

This paper examines the determinants of capital flight in seven Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries during the period of 1981-2008. The results are robust to four econometrics techniques: Ordinary least Squares, Fixed effects, Random Effects, and Seemingly Unrelated Regression Model. The empirical findings indicate that the capital flight in MENA countries is driven mainly by lag capital flight, external debt, foreign direct investment, real GDP growth rate and uncertainty. Based on these results, the paper recommends that governments in these countries should manage their external debt efficiently, and stabilize their monetary and macroeconomic policies in order to staunch capital flight.

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