scholarly journals 'A Return to the World': Diffraction and Truth-telling in Post-Cartesian IR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liberty Chee
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Centripetal Force ◽  
Ir Theory ◽  
Truth Telling ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference

This paper presents an ethics premised on a post-Cartesian ontology: that what we know is how we know and vice-versa. The acknowledgment of the IR scholar’s constitutive relation to the world she seeks to describe, and of which she is a part, entails an ethics that is also a practice and an agency. I build on the notion of diffraction in Karen Barad’s quantum theory and on Foucault’s notion of parrhesia. In place of reflection, Barad offers diffraction as a nonrepresentationalist methodology which attends to the difference knowledge can make rather than the accuracy of our representations. Parrhesia is the ‘third hermeneutic’ which problematizes our relationship with the activity of knowing itself. In the pragmatist sense, we are asked not only to be of use to our communities, but to be mindful of who we are and what kind of subject we become in our inscriptions of the world. This diffractive research ethics addresses two problems in IR theory as they present in the conduct of fieldwork – the limits of reflexivity, notably the impossibility of objectively representing ourselves to ourselves, and the critique that the pragmatist concerns in the ‘doing’ of science pays insufficient attention to how power conditions knowledge production. I suggest that this ethic, which is a performance of our relation to truth, allows us to better realize the pragmatist ideal of a democratic social science by allowing us to resist the centripetal force of epistemic sovereignty.

Distinction between Dolus and Culpa with reference to Arson in Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj

De Jure ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Haman ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Better Than

The difference between intent (dolus) and negligence (culpa) was rarely emphasized in codified medieval laws and regulations. When compared to the legal statements related to intent, negligence was mentioned even more rarely. However, there are some laws that distinguished between the two concepts in terms of some specific crimes, such as arson. This paper draws attention to three medieval Slavic legal documents – the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem (ZSLJ), the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj. They are compared with reference to regulations regarding arson, with the focus being on arson as a crime committed intentionally or out of negligence. The ZSLJ as the oldest known Slavic law in the world shows some similarities with other medieval Slavic legal codes, especially in the field of criminal law, since most of the ZSLJ’s articles are related to criminal law. On the other hand, the Vinodol Law is the oldest preserved Croatian law and it is among the oldest Slavic codes in the world. It was written in 1288 in the Croatian Glagolitic script and in the Croatian Chakavian dialect. The third document – the Statute of Senj – regulated legal matters in the Croatian littoral town of Senj. It was written in 1388 – exactly a century after the Vinodol Law was proclaimed. When comparing the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj with the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, there are clear differences and similarities, particularly in the field of criminal law. Within the framework of criminal offenses, the act of arson is important for making a distinction between intent and negligence. While the ZSLJ regulates different levels of guilt, the Vinodol Law makes no difference between dolus and culpa. On the other hand, the Statute of Senj strictly refers to negligence as a punishable crime. Even though the ZSLJ is almost half a millennium older than the Statute of Senj and around 400 years older than the Vinodol Law, this paper proves that the ZSLJ defines the guilt and the punishment for arson much better than the other two laws.

scholarly journals Mullah Sadra and the Problem of Specifics of Islamic Philosophy

Islamovedenie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-120
Author(s):  
Shreiber Viktor Konstantinovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Theory ◽  
Islamic Philosophy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Arab Muslim ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Life Path ◽  
Muslim Culture ◽  
Logical Semantic

In this country, the name of Mullah Sadra is known to very few specialists, while con-temporary western scholars consider Sadra one of the classics of Muslim culture. These points define the structure and the content of this paper: what the word Islamic means in relation to philosophy and what caused such a high assessment of this person's creativity. In the first part, the author notes that any worldview reflects three attitudes of a person to the world, and on this basis then defines the difference in Islamic, Christian and Buddhist world outlooks. The second part is the description of the life path of ad-Din Shirazi from his discipleship, when his mentors were Mir Damad and Sheikh ul Islam Bahá'í, up to his return to Shiraz. Here the author dwells on the motives of Sadra's «hermitage» in Kohak. The specifics of Islamic philosophy is the sub-ject of the third section. The author considers the views of S. Meisami, M. Bilalov and O. Limen and concludes that the solution to this problem is not yet visible. In this regard, the heuristic po-tential of A. Smirnov’s «logical-semantic» theory suggesting to consider this specificity through the prism of relationship between the linguistic and conceptual (logical) pictures of the world, is discussed. The conclusion summarizes the author's reflections on the specifics of Arab-Muslim philosophy and Sadra's role in its development.

scholarly journals Participant voice first: the Busara research agenda on ethical research in the Global South

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOEL MUMO ◽  
Busara Lab Busara Lab ◽  
Tom Wein ◽  
Nicholas Calbraith Owsley
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Ethical Practice ◽  
Quality Research ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
The World ◽  
Closing The Loop ◽  
Protection Of Participants

The use of experiments in social science has brought huge gains in our knowledge of the world. However, in recent debates, sharp critiques of the power imbalances of the discipline have been made. There have been some responses on how we can improve our approach to be more ethical. These responses have often conceived of research ethics rather narrowly, and not included wider responsibilities beyond the protection of participants. Often missing from both sides has been empirical study of the preferences of those research participants, and the societies they belong to. As part of our commitment to racial, gender and wider social justice, commitment to advancing the voices of research participants, and under the banner of our values of respect and purpose, Busara proposes to organise and formalise its agenda on research ethics. We will combine past learnings with new studies over the next three years, to deeply understand the experiences of research participants, and find better ways of closing the loop in communication with those participants. From there, we will co-create, test and disseminate changes to research processes and practices that improve participant welfare and uphold ever-higher standards of ethical practice. We believe that this is both more just, and likely to produce better quality research.

Buddhism and Beyond

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Duckworth
Keyword(s):  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Logical Form ◽  
Ultimate Truth ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One And Many

This article discusses Buddhist responses to religious diversity. I use the logical form of the tetralemma made famous by N?g?rjuna to clarify the ways that Buddhists can be seen to relate to other religions. With four alternatives, I discuss Buddhist claims to truth in terms of their being singularly absolute, one among many, both, and neither. As is evident in the presence of the third and fourth alternatives of the tetralemma, rigid dichotomies (like one and many, exclusivism and pluralism) are often false, for both (and neither) are live options. A key difference rests on the interpretation of ultimate truth, and in particular, whether the ultimate truth of emptiness is interpreted as a claim to the indeterminate nature of reality or its undetermined nature. The undetermined involves a participatory attitude of openness, and a healthy suspicion of preconceptions that determine and delimit the ultimate truth. Thus, the undetermined refers not so much to a descriptive truth, but rather to how one comports oneself in the world – with humility and openness. In parallel with this distinction between openness and certainty, I also spell out differences between claims and attitudes in an example from Tibetan traditions, with reference to the so-called “nonsectarian” (ris med) movement in particular. I argue that the difference between claims and attitudes can help clarify what it means to be “nonsectarian,” and thereby bridge the difference between maintaining an exclusively Buddhist claim and having an attitude that reaches beyond Buddhism.

scholarly journals DE USUNDE: Sundhedsantropologens møde med multisyge ældre på Lolland

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ryborg Jønsson
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Health Perceptions ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Critical Awareness ◽  
The World ◽  
Inequality In Health

Alexandra Ryborg Jønsson: The Unhealthy. Anthropological Encounters with Priorities and Health Perceptions of Older People Living with Multimorbidity Based on ethnographic research among the chronically ill elderly in Lolland, the article demonstrates how “health” as a morally weighted concept is reproduced by the fieldworker. Recognition of such positionality emerges gradually throughout the author’s fieldwork, and the article shows how increasing critical awareness is reflected in the fieldwork itself. It is argued that medical anthropological studies require constant reflection on how the fieldworker produces empirical objects. Owing to this, the perspective termed “empathic research” is introduced; “empathic” refers to the anthropologist’s responsibility to make practices, experiences and narratives understood within the specific local context. The analysis stresses the need for anthropologists to remain critical towards positioning and normative groundings within the research project and seek for knowledge on how individuals are embedded within a society sat in a contextual frame of time and politics. Following this, a focus towards social inequality in health must become a commitment to engage in the world as anthropologists. The discussion establishes grounds for an empathetic way of collecting knowledge that entails an epistemological focus on situational existence. Keywords: research ethics, empathic knowledge production, fieldwork, multimorbidity, Denmark   Alexandra Ryborg Jønsson: De usunde. Sundhedsantropologens møde med multisyge ældre på Lolland Med udgangspunkt i feltarbejde blandt ældre på Lolland med flere samtidige kroniske sygdomme vises, hvordan forestillingen om sundhed som noget moralsk befæstet ubevidst reproduceres af antropologen. Erkendelsen af denne positionering kommer gradvist, og artiklen viser, hvordan en stigende kritisk bevidsthed afspejles i feltarbejdet. Der argumenteres for, at medicinsk-antropologiske studier kræver en konstant refleksion over skabelsen af det empiriske objekt. Derfor introduceres empatisk vidensproduktion som forskningsposition. Med empatisk refereres til antropologiens ansvar for at gøre lokale praksisser, erfaringer og udsagn forståelige i deres kontekst. Artiklen fremhæver antropologens forpligtelse til at forholde sig kritisk over for normative indlejringer i sit projekt og i stedet søge at skabe viden om det enkelte menneskes indlejring i og bidrag til fællesskabet set i en kontekstuel og subjektiv optik. Der argumenteres for, at et fokus på social ulighed, her i sundhed, er en forpligtelse, vi som antropologer bør tage på os og dermed bruge vores fag til at engagere os i verden. Det foreslås, at empatisk vidensproduktion som forskningsstrategi med fokus på de situationelle eksistenser kan modvirke berøringsangst over for politisk og moralsk ladede felter. Søgeord: forskningsetik, empatisk vidensproduktion, feltarbejde, multisygdom, Lolland  

Gregory Bateson and Information Operations

2018 ◽  
pp. 119-154
Author(s):  
Montgomery McFate
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Social System ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Double Bind ◽  
Gregory Bateson ◽  
The Third ◽  
Information Operations ◽  
The World

Gregory Bateson was an anthropologist who conducted fieldwork in New Guinea; worked for the OSS; introduced the concept of cybernetics into social science; developed the double bind theory of schizophrenia; and was a figure in the 1970s California counterculture. What can we learn from the life and legacy of Gregory Bateson with relevance to information operations? This chapter suggests how three of Bateson’s concepts might be employed. The first concept discussed is Bateson’s idea of the premise, cultural ‘facts’ considered to be true and axiomatic for members of a culture that weave together to create a coherent, intrinsic logic. The second concept with applicability to information operations is Bateson’s concept of schismogenesis, the patterns inherent in a social system that produce either equilibrium or disequilibrium and which, Bateson believed, could be manipulated to produce intended effects. The third and final concept considered in this chapter is the frame, a heuristic mechanism for organizing experience and guiding action that affects how we understand the world and how the world understands us.

scholarly journals Právní etnografie a „právo a etnografie“. Dva přístupy k etnografickému výzkumu práva

Český lid ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-196
Author(s):  
Tomáš Ledvinka
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Legal Anthropology ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Ethnographic Studies ◽  
Specific Position ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relationship Of

Until recently, legal ethnography has been understood as an integral part of legal anthropology and its studies of law in particular societies and cultures. In some older national traditions of European legal ethnology, including the Czech tradition, it has been considered a legal rather than a social science. Recent shifts in the perception of ethnography, which is increasingly understood as an autonomous methodology or a technology of knowledge production, are an opportunity to re-think the specific position of legal ethnography. This paper therefore explores the difference between ethnography as it is understood in the anthropology of law and the new relationship of “law and ethnography” as two autonomous variables. On the basis of several recent legal-ethnographic studies, it also seeks to identify the persistent common denominators of both approaches and attempts to show their possible contribution to the traditional methodology of legal research.

scholarly journals Who is the oldest in Vojvodina?

2006 ◽  
pp. 281-292
Author(s):  
Jovan Plavsa ◽  
Milka Bubalo-Zivkovic
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Great Problem ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

For only eight decades (from 1921 to 2002), the population of Vojvodina got older for even ten years, which represents a great problem for the future of the population in this region. In the world, the average age of the population at the beginning of the 21st century is 27,6 years, showing that it is younger than the population in Vojvodina was at the beginning of the third decade of the 20th century. However, all population in Vojvodina does not get old at the same speed. Observing specific ethnic groups, the authors of this paper established differences related to the average age. There is a conclusion that the youngest population is the one which also has greater birthrates, and that is the case with the Goranci and the Roma. In addition to birthrate, the average age is also influenced by the number of the population itself, so the greater average age appears in these ethnic groups which are less numerous. On the basis of the spread of some ethnic groups in Vojvodina, the paper also established the difference in the average age of the population related to some regional units.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN THE FORMATION OF METROPOLITAN REGIONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
I. Savchuk
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Scientific Schools ◽  
The World ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Difference

The role of foreign economic relations in the formation of metropolitan regions is disclosed. The author defines the main existing theoretical and methodological approaches to their study within the leading national geographical schools of different countries of the world and presents the definitions of the concepts “metropolis”, “metropolitan region”, “metropolization” existing in each of them. The theoretical and methodological specifics of the normative, functional, and morphological approaches in studying the metropolitanization process are determined and the national specificity of the German, Italian, Anglo-Saxon, Russian, Ukrainian national geourbanistics schools is revealed in revealing the features of this process in connection with foreign economic activity as the determining indicator for the allocation of metropolises. It is proved that, despite the differences in the theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the metropolization process in each of the mentioned national schools, foreign economic relations are predominant in the formation of the metropolis. The difference is only in different emphases on their different constituents. In some national scientific schools, attention is focused on the location of the headquarters of the world’s leading companies, in others – on the availability of special infrastructure for the implementation of foreign economic relations, in the third – on the exclusive role of congresses, forums, exhibitions in their development. This is largely due to the study within each of the national scientific schools of the cities of their country.

Inter-country inequality as a dynamic process and the problem of post-industrial development

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Grigoryev ◽  
V. A. Pavlyushina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Modern World ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Development Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Industrial

The phenomenon of economic growth is studied by economists and statisticians in various aspects for a long time. Economic theory is devoted to assessing factors of growth in the tradition of R. Solow, R. Barrow, W. Easterly and others. During the last quarter of the century, however, the institutionalists, namely D. North, D. Wallis, B. Weingast as well as D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson, have shown the complexity of the problem of development on the part of socioeconomic and political institutions. As a result, solving the problem of how economic growth affects inequality between countries has proved extremely difficult. The modern world is very diverse in terms of development level, and the article offers a new approach to the formation of the idea of stylized facts using cluster analysis. The existing statistics allows to estimate on a unified basis the level of GDP production by 174 countries of the world for 1992—2016. The article presents a structured picture of the world: the distribution of countries in seven clusters, different in levels of development. During the period under review, there was a strong per capita GDP growth in PPP in the middle of the distribution, poverty in various countries declined markedly. At the same time, in 1992—2016, the difference increased not only between rich and poor groups of countries, but also between clusters.

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