scholarly journals TARGETING POVERTY IN THE COURTS: IMPROVING THE MEASUREMENT OF ABILITY TO PAY

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan M. O'Neil ◽  
JJ Prescott
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Online Tool ◽  
Online Platform ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
Fair Treatment ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Platform Technology ◽  
Alternative Sanctions ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Promising Avenue

Ability-to-pay determinations are essential when governments use money-based alternative sanctions, like fines, to enforce laws. One longstanding difficulty in the U.S. has been the extreme lack of guidance on how courts are to determine a litigant’s ability to pay. The result has been a seat-of-the-pants approach that is inefficient and inaccurate, and, as a consequence, very socially costly. Fortunately, online platform technology presents a promising avenue for reform. In particular, platform technology offers the potential to increase litigant access, reduce costs, and ensure consistent and fair treatment—all of which should lead to more accurate sanctions. We use interviews, surveys, and case-level data to evaluate and discuss the experiences of six courts that recently adopted an online ability-to-pay assessment tool that streamlines and standardizes ability-to-pay determinations. Our findings suggest that the online tool improves accuracy and therefore the effectiveness of fines as punishments, and so it may make the use of fines as sanctions more socially attractive.

scholarly journals Timing of social distancing policies and COVID-19 mortality: county-level evidence from the U.S.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes ◽  
Neeraj Kaushal ◽  
Ashley N. Muchow
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractUsing county-level data on COVID-19 mortality and infections, along with county-level information on the adoption of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), we examine how the speed of NPI adoption affected COVID-19 mortality in the United States. Our estimates suggest that adopting safer-at-home orders or non-essential business closures 1 day before infections double can curtail the COVID-19 death rate by 1.9%. This finding proves robust to alternative measures of NPI adoption speed, model specifications that control for testing, other NPIs, and mobility and across various samples (national, the Northeast, excluding New York, and excluding the Northeast). We also find that the adoption speed of NPIs is associated with lower infections and is unrelated to non-COVID deaths, suggesting these measures slowed contagion. Finally, NPI adoption speed appears to have been less effective in Republican counties, suggesting that political ideology might have compromised their efficacy.

scholarly journals Pawnder: An Online Platform for Canine Adoption

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 5439-5445
Author(s):  
Dipankar Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Web Development ◽  
Online Tool ◽  
Online Platform ◽  
Need Of Care ◽  
Care And Support ◽  
Human Animal

This paper presents a new online tool, Pawnder, a dog adoption website which allows users to access and navigate through the database of dogs, in need of care and support, which constitutes a significant proportion of the canine's population in India with the subsequent aim of adoption, thus helping to reduce cases of human-animal interference along with their high mortality rates. Using the concepts of Machine learning and Web development using React.js, Pawnder is designed to run on any browser on any device creating easy accessibility for its users thus allowing a greater reach which consequently would help in providing all the resources needed for these innocent animals. The objective behind its development is to utilise the network base so created to eventually facilitate in their adoption and helping them find their forever homes.

Using Online Tools to Support Technology Integration in Education

2009 ◽  
pp. 389-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Tondeur ◽  
Arno Coenders ◽  
Johan van Braak ◽  
Alfons ten Brummelhuis ◽  
Ruben Vanderlinde
Keyword(s):  
Technology Integration ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Online Tool ◽  
Good Education ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Online Tools ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

This chapter explores the possibilities of online tools to support ICT (Information and Communication Technology) integration in primary education. Before describing three valuable tools, a framework will be discussed which gives schools insight into the most important preconditions for successful use of ICT in relation to the selection of a specific tool. Consequently, three specific tools are described: (1) the “Four in Balance” tool measures a school’s current use of ICT, (2) the “ICT-Assessment tool” focuses on teachers’ knowledge and skills and corresponds with the school’s vision on ‘good’ education, and (3) “pICTos”, an online tool that supports the process of ICT planning in schools. These examples illustrate how the tools operate and their many possibilities.

Methodology to Evaluate Nuclear Power Plant Vulnerability to Events in the Transmission Grid

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Del Rosso ◽  
Jean-François Roy ◽  
Frank Rahn ◽  
Alejandro Capara
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Transmission Grid ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Nuclear Plants ◽  
Western Electricity Coordinating Council ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

This paper presents a general approach to evaluate the risk of trip or Loss of Off-site Power (LOOP) events in nuclear power plants due to contingencies in the power grid. The proposed methodology is based on the Zone of Vulnerability concept for nuclear plants introduced by EPRI in previous work. The proposed methodology is intended to be part of an integrated probabilistic risk assessment tool that is being developed under ongoing EPRI R&D programs. A detailed analysis of many events occurred in actual nuclear plants has been performed in order to identify, classify and characterize the various vulnerability and type of failures that may affect a nuclear plant. Based the outcome of that analysis, a methodology for evaluating the impact of off-site transmission system events on nuclear plants has been outlined. It includes description of the type of contingencies and conditions that need to be included in the analysis, as well as provisions regarding the simulation tools and models that should be used in each case. The methodology is illustrated in a simplified representation of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system in the U.S.

The End of Midterm Decline?

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-164
Author(s):  
Lex Renda
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
District Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Midterm Elections ◽  
Average Loss ◽  
Open Seat ◽  
The U.S

Variations in the loss of seats in the House of Representatives by the president's party in midterm elections between 1854 and 1998 are analyzed from a historical perspective. Whereas in the latter three-fourths of the nineteenth century the president's party lost, on average, 22% of its share of House seats, in the twentieth century the average loss was 13%. Using district-level data, the author attributes the problematization of “midterm decline” to the growing power of incumbency (a consequence of the development of the Australian ballot), the decline in the number of partisanly competitive districts in open-seat elections, and the limitation, since 1912, of the size of the U.S. House of Representatives.

scholarly journals Trade Liberalization and Pollution Havens

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Ederington ◽  
Arik Levinson ◽  
Jenny Minier
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Order ◽  
Direct Mechanism ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Industry Level Data ◽  
Careful Assessment ◽  
The U.S

Abstract U.S. Presidential Executive Order 13141 commits the United States to a careful assessment and consideration of the environmental impacts of trade agreements. The most direct mechanism through which trade liberalization would affect environmental quality in the U.S. is through the composition of industries. Freer trade means greater specialization, increasing the concentration of polluting industries in some countries and decreasing it in others. We begin by documenting the substantial shift in U.S. manufacturing toward cleaner industries from 1972 to 1994. We then use annual industry-level data on imports to the U.S. to examine whether this compositional shift can be traced to the significant trade liberalization that occurred over the same time period, and we conclude that no such connection exists. A shift toward cleaner industries has also occurred among U.S. imports, and we find no evidence that pollution-intensive industries have been disproportionately affected by the tariff changes.

scholarly journals Piloting the Adult Protective Services’ Identification, Services, and Outcomes Matrix: Focus Group Findings

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 47-47
Author(s):  
Jarmin Yeh ◽  
Pi-Ju Liu ◽  
Jacques Perkins ◽  
Andrew Butler ◽  
Sara Stratton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Protective Services ◽  
Client Outcome ◽  
Adult Protective Services ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Napa County ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The historical lack of outcomes-related data in Adult Protective Services (APS) has affected funding coming to the program. Without data quantifying the effectiveness of APS services, policymakers have been unable to justify budget increases to improve wages for workers or professionalize the field. For the first time in APS history, the U.S. Administration for Community Living sponsored a pilot project to implement a novel evidence-based assessment tool into APS electronic systems, called the Identification, Services, and Outcomes (ISO) Matrix. The goal was to improve APS’ ability to reduce harm of abuse and neglect and maintain client’s independence to live in the community. APS workers in San Francisco and Napa Counties were trained and phased into using the ISO Matrix over a six-month implementation period. This poster presents findings from six focus groups conducted between February 13 and March 28, 2019, with 34 San Francisco and Napa County APS workers and supervisors. Utilizing semi-structured, in-depth interviewing techniques, APS workers and supervisors expressed their views and experiences. Facilitators and barriers of implementing the ISO Matrix were assessed and opportunities for improvements were identified. Findings revealed a tension between their hopefulness that the ISO Matrix could modernize APS data-tracking and yield evidence of improved client outcome to bolster the field, and their frustrations about new burdens the ISO Matrix placed on their labor and workflow. Understanding frontline perspectives of APS workers and supervisors has practical and policy implications for adopting the ISO Matrix in other counties and states across the U.S.

scholarly journals Assessing the association between area deprivation index on COVID-19 prevalence: a contrast between rural and urban U.S. jurisdictions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-530
Author(s):  
Christopher Kitchen ◽  
◽  
Elham Hatef ◽  
Hsien Yen Chang ◽  
Jonathan P Weiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Deprivation Index ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Property Value ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

<abstract><sec> <title>Background</title> <p>The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted communities differentially, with poorer and minority populations being more adversely affected. Prior rural health research suggests such disparities may be exacerbated during the pandemic and in remote parts of the U.S.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>To understand the spread and impact of COVID-19 across the U.S., county level data for confirmed cases of COVID-19 were examined by Area Deprivation Index (ADI) and Metropolitan vs. Nonmetropolitan designations from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). These designations were the basis for making comparisons between Urban and Rural jurisdictions.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Method</title> <p>Kendall's Tau-B was used to compare effect sizes between jurisdictions on select ADI composites and well researched social determinants of health (SDH). Spearman coefficients and stratified Poisson modeling was used to explore the association between ADI and COVID-19 prevalence in the context of county designation.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Results</title> <p>Results show that the relationship between area deprivation and COVID-19 prevalence was positive and higher for rural counties, when compared to urban ones. Family income, property value and educational attainment were among the ADI component measures most correlated with prevalence, but this too differed between county type.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusions</title> <p>Though most Americans live in Metropolitan Areas, rural communities were found to be associated with a stronger relationship between deprivation and COVID-19 prevalence. Models predicting COVID-19 prevalence by ADI and county type reinforced this observation and may inform health policy decisions.</p> </sec></abstract>

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