Green house studies on the biology of winter annual grasses and the use of cover crops and herbicides for their control

Greenhouse studies were initiated in two small (Polypogon fugox) and large (Phalaris minor) seeded annual grasses in 2007 at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA. These two annual grasses were very common in wheat fields of midhills and terai regions of Nepal. P fugox was taken for biological study. Days to emergence took 8-11 days in green house. Early emerged panicles were longer than those emerged late. Panicle took 10-12 days to emerge completely from the flag leaf. Panicles per plant were 120. Seeds were very small having about 1091 seeds per panicle. So one fully matured plant could produce seeds about 130920. Study on eco-biology needs to continue in the future. P fugox and P minor responded differently to buckwheat residues. Among different treatments emergence and growth of both weeds were suppressed more by buckwheat residues when left on the surface than incorporated. P minor was less affected by buckwheat residues. It might be due to larger seed compared to P fugox. Post emergence herbicides clodinofop and pinoxaden were effective on both grasses. Isoproturon and tralkoxydim were effective on P fugox. Sulfosulfuron was good in reducing plant growth to some extent. Preemergence herbicides pendimethalin and s-metolochlor were effective in reducing emergence and growth of both weeds. Isoproturon and and sulfosulfuron suppressed plant growth reducing dry plant biomass. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v2i0.7529 Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 2: 2011 pp.139-148

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Cover Crop and Postemergence Herbicide Integration for Palmer amaranth Control in Cotton

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2017.10 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 348-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Matthew S. Wiggins ◽

Robert M. Hayes ◽

Robert L. Nichols ◽

Lawrence E. Steckel

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Cereal Rye ◽

Crimson Clover ◽

Annual Grasses ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Hand Weeding

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the integration of cover crops and POST herbicides to control glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in cotton. The winter-annual grasses accumulated the greatest amount of biomass and provided the most Palmer amaranth control. The estimates for the logistic regression would indicate that 1540 kg ha−1would delay Palmer amaranth emerging and growing to 10 cm by an estimated 16.5 days. The Palmer amaranth that emerged in the cereal rye and wheat cover crop treatments took a longer time to reach 10 cm compared to the hairy vetch and crimson clover treatments. POST herbicides were needed for adequate control of Palmer amaranth. The glufosinate-based weed control system provided greater control (75% vs 31%) of Palmer amaranth than did the glyphosate system. These results indicate that a POST only herbicide weed management system did not provide sufficient control of Palmer amaranth, even when used in conjunction with cover crops that produced a moderate level of biomass. Therefore, future recommendations for GR Palmer amaranth control will include integrating cover crops with PRE herbicides, overlaying residual herbicides in-season, timely POST herbicide applications, and hand weeding in order to achieve season-long control of this pest.

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Overexpression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in both leaf and seed tissue synergistically increase biomass and seed number in rice (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica)

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp16218 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 43 (12) ◽

pp. 1194 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Alanna J. Oiestad ◽

John M. Martin ◽

Michael J. Giroux

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Carbon Metabolism ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Flag Leaf ◽

Starch Biosynthesis ◽

Wild Type ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Panicle Number ◽

The Impact ◽

Stimulation Of

Increased expression of leaf or seed ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity (AGPase) has been shown to increase plant growth. However, no study has directly compared AGPase overexpression in leaves and/or seeds. In the present study, transgenic rice overexpressing AGPase in leaves or in seeds were crossed, resulting in four F2:3 homozygous genotypes with AGPase overexpression in leaves, seeds, both leaves and seeds, or neither tissue. The impact of AGPase overexpression in these genotypic groups was examined at the metabolic, transcriptomic, and plant growth levels. Leaf-specific AGPase overexpression increased flag leaf starch up to five times that of the wild type (WT) whereas overexpression of AGPase in both leaves and seeds conferred the greatest productivity advantages. Relative to the WT, AGPase overexpression in both leaves and seeds increased plant biomass and panicle number by 61% and 51%, respectively while leaf-specific AGPase overexpression alone only increased plant biomass and panicle number by 24 and 32% respectively. Extraction and analysis of RNA and leaf-specific metabolites demonstrated that carbon metabolism was broadly increased by AGPase overexpression in seeds and leaves. These findings indicate that stimulation of whole-plant growth and productivity can be best achieved by upregulation of starch biosynthesis in both leaves and seeds.

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Metal Accumulation Profile of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don and Celosia argentea L. with EDTA Co-Application

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9040598 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 598

Author(s):

Muneeba Qurban ◽

Cyrus Raza Mirza ◽

Aqib Hassan Ali Khan ◽

Walid Khalifa ◽

Mustapha Boukendakdji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Catharanthus Roseus ◽

Metal Uptake ◽

Metal Accumulation ◽

Metal Tolerance ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Environmental Deterioration ◽

Celosia Argentea

The problem of metal-induced toxicity is proliferating with an increase in industrialization and urbanization. The buildup of metals results in severe environmental deterioration and harmful impacts on plant growth. In this study, we investigated the potential of two ornamental plants, Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don and Celosia argentea L., to tolerate and accumulate Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Cu. These ornamental plants were grown in Hoagland’s nutrient solution containing metal loads (50 µM and 100 µM) alone and in combination with a synthetic chelator, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (2.5 mM). Plant growth and metal tolerance varied in both plant species for Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Cu. C. roseus growth was better in treatments without EDTA, particularly in Ni, Cr, and Pb treatments, and Pb content increased in all parts of the plant. In contrast, Cd content decreased with EDTA addition. In C. argentea, the addition of EDTA resulted in improved plant biomass at both doses of Cu. In contrast, plant biomass reduced significantly in the case of Ni. In C. argentea, without EDTA, root length in Cd and Cu treatments was significantly lower than the control and other treatments. However, the addition of EDTA resulted in improved growth at both doses for Pb and Cu. Metal accumulation in C. argentea enhanced significantly with EDTA addition at both doses of Cu and Cd. Hence, it can be concluded that EDTA addition resulted in improved growth and better metal uptake than treatments without EDTA. Metal accumulation increased with EDTA addition compared to treatments without EDTA, particularly for Pb in C. roseus and Cu and Cd in C. argentea. Based on the present results, C. roseus showed a better ability to phytostabilize Cu, Cd, and Ni, while C. argentea worked better for Ni, Cd, Cu, and Pb.

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Can repeated soil amendment with biogas digestates increase soil suppressiveness toward non-specific soil-borne pathogens in agricultural lands?

Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems ◽

10.1017/s1742170520000393 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

L. M. Manici ◽

F. Caputo ◽

G. A. Cappelli ◽

E. Ceotto

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Soil Amendment ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Amended Soils ◽

Soil Suppressiveness ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Soil Borne Pathogens ◽

The Impact ◽

Plant Biomass Production

Abstract Soil suppressiveness which is the natural ability of soil to support optimal plant growth and health is the resultant of multiple soil microbial components; which implies many difficulties when estimating this soil condition. Microbial benefits for plant health from repeated digestate applications were assessed in three experimental sites surrounding anaerobic biogas plants in an intensively cultivated area of northern Italy. A 2-yr trial was performed in 2017 and 2018 by performing an in-pot plant growth assay, using soil samples taken from two fields for each experimental site, of which one had been repeatedly amended with anaerobic biogas digestate and the other had not. These fields were similar in management and crop sequences (maize was the recurrent crop) for the last 10 yr. Plant growth response in the bioassay was expressed as plant biomass production, root colonization frequency by soil-borne fungi were estimated to evaluate the impact of soil-borne pathogens on plant growth, abundance of Pseudomonas and actinomycetes populations in rhizosphere were estimated as beneficial soil microbial indicators. Repeated soil amendment with digestate increased significantly soil capacity to support plant biomass production as compared to unamended control in both the years. Findings supported evidence that this increase was principally attributable to a higher natural ability of digestate-amended soils to reduce root infection by saprophytic soil-borne pathogens whose inoculum was increased by the recurrent maize cultivation. Pseudomonas and actinomycetes were always more abundant in digestate-amended soils suggesting that both these large bacterial groups were involved in the increase of their natural capacity to control soil-borne pathogens (soil suppressiveness).

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Palweed:Wheat: A Bioeconomic Decision Model for Postemergence Weed Management in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500081704 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 595-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Tae-Jin Kwon ◽

Douglas L. Young ◽

Frank L. Young ◽

Chris M. Boerboom

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Weed Management ◽

Decision Model ◽

Damage Function ◽

Yield Response ◽

Density Functions ◽

Yield Model ◽

Weed Density ◽

Annual Grasses ◽

Winter Annual

Based on six years of data from a field experiment near Pullman, WA, a bioeconomic decision model was developed to annually estimate the optimal post-emergence herbicide types and rates to control multiple weed species in winter wheat under various tillage systems and crop rotations. The model name, PALWEED:WHEAT, signifies a Washington-Idaho Palouse region weed management model for winter wheat The model consists of linear preharvest weed density functions, a nonlinear yield response function, and a profit function. Preharvest weed density functions were estimated for four weed groups: summer annual grasses, winter annual grasses, summer annual broadleaves, and winter annual broadleaves. A single aggregated weed competition index was developed from the four density functions for use functions for use in the yield model. A yield model containing a logistic damage function performed better than a model containing a rectangular hyperbolic damage function. Herbicides were grouped into three categories: preplant nonselective, postemergence broadleaf, and postemergence grass. PALWEED:WHEAT was applied to average conditions of the 6-yr experiment to predict herbicide treatments that maximized profit. In comparison to average treatment rates in the 6-yr experiment, the bioeconomic decision model recommended less postemergence herbicide. The weed management recommendations of PALWEED:WHEAT behaved as expected by agronomic and economic theory in response to changes in assumed weed populations, herbicide costs, crop prices, and possible restrictions on herbicide application rates.

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A Meta-Analytical Approach on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation Efficiency on Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10090370 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 370

Author(s):

Murugesan Chandrasekaran

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Nutrient Uptake ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Host Plants ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Mycorrhizal Plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts of higher plants which increase the growth and nutrient uptake of host plants. The primary objective was initiated based on analyzing the enormity of optimal effects upon AMF inoculation in a comparative bias between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants stipulated on plant biomass and nutrient uptake. Consequently, in accomplishing the above-mentioned objective a vast literature was collected, analyzed, and evaluated to establish a weighted meta-analysis irrespective of AMF species, plant species, family and functional group, and experimental conditions in the context of beneficial effects of AMF. I found a significant increase in the shoot, root, and total biomass by 36.3%, 28.5%, and, 29.7%, respectively. Moreover, mycorrhizal plants significantly increased phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium uptake by 36.3%, 22.1%, and 18.5%, respectively. Affirmatively upon cross-verification studies, plant growth parameters intensification was accredited to AMF (Rhizophagus fasciculatus followed by Funniliforme mosseae), plants (Triticum aestivum followed by Solanum lycopersicum), and plant functional groups (dicot, herbs, and perennial) were the additional vital important significant predictor variables of plant growth responses. Therefore, the meta-analysis concluded that the emancipated prominent root characteristics, increased morphological traits that eventually help the host plants for efficient phosphorus uptake, thereby enhancing plant biomass. The present analysis can be rationalized for any plant stress and assessment of any microbial agent that contributes to plant growth promotion.

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Acrolein Reduces Biomass and Seed Production of Potamogeton pectinatus in Irrigation Channels

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-03-101r1 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 605-610 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Diego J. Bentivegna ◽

Osvaldo A. Fernández ◽

María A. Burgos

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Irrigation District ◽

Potamogeton Pectinatus ◽

Individual Plant ◽

Plant Weight ◽

The Third ◽

Irrigation Channels

Chemical weed control with acrolein has been shown to be a lower cost method for reducing submerged plant biomass of sago pondweed in the irrigation district of the Lower Valley of Rio Colorado, Argentina (39°10′S–62°05′W). However, no experimental data exist on the effects of the herbicide on plant growth and its survival structures. Field experiments were conducted during 3 yr to evaluate the effect of acrolein on growth and biomass of sago pondweed and on the source of underground propagules (i.e., rhizomes, tubers, and seeds). Plant biomass samples were collected in irrigation channels before and after several herbicide treatments. The underground propagule bank was evaluated at the end of the third year. Within each treatment, plant biomass was significantly reduced by 40 to 60% in all three study years. Rapid new plant growth occurred after each application; however, it was less vigorous after repeated treatments. At the end of the third year at 3,000 m downstream from the application point, plant biomass at both channels ranged from 34 to 3% of control values. Individual plant weight and height were affected by acrolein treatments, flowering was poor, and seeds did not reach maturity. After 3 yr, acrolein did not reduce the number of tubers. However, they were significantly smaller and lighter. Rhizomes fresh weight decreased by 92%, and seed numbers decreased by 79%. After 3 yr of applications, operational functioning of the channels could be maintained with fewer treatments and lower concentrations of acrolein.

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Nitrogen fertilization of vegetables cultivated under no-tillage after cover crops

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-053620170116 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 103-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Roberto BF Branco ◽

Sally F Blat ◽

Tais GS Gimenes ◽

Rodrigo HD Nowaki ◽

Humberto S Araújo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Nitrate Concentration ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

No Tillage ◽

Biological Fixation ◽

Sunn Hemp ◽

Nitrogen Rates

ABSTRACT The production of horticultural crops in no-tillage and in rotation with cover crops reduces the dependency in nitrogen fertilizer, due to increased soil organic matter and by biological fixation performed by legumes. Thus, the aim of this work was to study rates of nitrogen fertilization and cover crops in the agronomic performance of tomato and broccoli grown under no-tillage. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with four replications. Treatments consisted of cover crops, sunn hemp and millet, and four rates of nitrogen fertilization (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg/ha of nitrogen), for both the tomato and broccoli crops. All soil management was performed in no-tillage. For tomato crops we evaluated the plant growth, the nitrate concentration of sprouts and fruits and yield of commercial and non commercial fruits. For broccoli we evaluated plant growth and yield. There was an interaction effect between cover crop and nitrogen rates to tomato growth measured at 100 days after transplanting, for plant height, number of fruit bunches, dry mass of leaves and diameter of the stalk. The tomato commercial fruit number and yield showed maximum values with 137 and 134 kg/ha of N respectively, on the sunn hemp straw. The nitrate concentration of the tomato sprouts was linearly increasing with the increase of nitrogen rates, when grown on the millet straw. For broccoli production, the maximum fresh mass of commercial inflorescence was with 96 kg/ha of N, when grown on the millet straw.

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Planting Alfalfa with Cover Crops on Forage Dry Matter Yield and Nutritive Values of Alfalfa

Journal of Agricultural Studies ◽

10.5296/jas.v5i2.11408 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 107

Author(s):

Doohong Min ◽

Iryna McDonald

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Oilseed Radish ◽

Nutritive Values ◽

Raphanus Sativus L ◽

Medicago Sativa L ◽

Winter Annual

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of planting alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with- and without cover crops on forage dry matter yield and nutritive values of alfalfa in Kansas, USA. In the first production year 2014, dry matter yield of mono-culture alfalfa appears to be compatible or even higher than planting with certain species of winter annual forages as a cover crop. Alfalfa planted with a combination of four different multi-species winter annual forages such as oats (Avena sativa L.), oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumL.), and turnip (Brassica rapa L.) had the highest dry matter yield of alfalfa in 2014.Dry matter yield of alfalfa in 2nd production year 2015 was similar to alfalfa + oats and alfalfa + oats + oilseed radish + annual ryegrass + turnip or significantly higher than alfalfa planted with annual ryegrass, oilseed radish, and turnip together. Based on two year of data in 2014 and 2015, the highest alfalfa yield occurred when alfalfa was planted with a combination of oats, oilseed radish, annual ryegrass, and turnip. The lowest dry matter yield of alfalfa occurred when alfalfa was planted with annual ryegrass.No significant differences in crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were found when comparing alfalfa monoculture with alfalfa + oats, alfalfa + oilseed radish, alfalfa + oats + oilseed radish + annual ryegrass + turnip, and alfalfa + turnip treatments. When considering both dry matter and nutritive values of alfalfa, planting alfalfa with cover crops appears to be compatible or better practice than planting alfalfa monoculture.

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Effect of Spray Components on Glyphosate Toxicity to Annual Grasses

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500068673 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 124-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Douglas D. Buhler ◽

Orvin C. Burnside

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Stress ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Surfactant Concentration ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Annual Grass ◽

Spray Solution ◽

Annual Grasses ◽

Small Grains ◽

Carrier Volume

Field and greenhouse research was conducted during 1980 and 1981 to evaluate the effects of carrier volume, surfactant concentration, and treatment date on glyphosate [N- (phosphonomethyl)glycine] toxicity to annual-grass weeds and volunteer small grains. Glyphosate phytotoxicity increased as carrier volume was decreased from 190 to 24 L/ha. The presence of a surfactant in the spray solution did not influence grass control when glyphosate was applied in a carrier volume of 24 L/ha. When glyphosate was applied in 48 or 95 L/ha, the presence of surfactant resulted in better grass control than glyphosate without surfactant. When applied in 190 L/ha, glyphosate with 0.5% (v/v) surfactant gave better grass control than glyphosate alone or commercially formulated glyphosate. When glyphosate was applied to plants under water stress, little control was achieved regardless of plant growth stage. Glyphosate application to grass after head initiation also resulted in reduced control. Maximum weed control with glyphosate was attained when applications were made to seedlings growing actively because of adequate soil moisture and favorable temperatures.

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