scholarly journals Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Infections in Hospitalized Under Five Children in Central Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Yadav ◽  
Y Khinchi ◽  
A Pan ◽  
SK Gupta ◽  
GS Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Rural Residency ◽  
History Of

Introduction: Acute respiratory infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in under 5 children in developing countries. There are various modifiable risk factors associated with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI). Hence, identification of associated risk factors for ARI may be helpful to reduce the burden of disease. The aims of this study were to study the risk factors for ARI in under five hospitalized children and to correlate risk factors with ARI related morbidity. It was a hospital- based prospective study. Materials and Methods: Children of less than 5 years admitted in ward with diagnosis of ARI were enrolled in the study as cases. Control included children under 5 years of age attending to Well Baby Clinic, Immunization Clinic and siblings or relatives under 5 years who came with patients in the Paediatric outpatient department of the same institution during the same period. Various risk factors, demographic and clinical data of each child were recorded in a pre-designed proforma of both groups. Results: A total of 200 cases and 200 controls were enrolled. The various risk factors associated with ARI on stepwise logistic regression were male gender, rural residency, overcrowding, history of ARI in any family member within two weeks and undernutrition. The statistically insignificant risk factors were infancy, economic status, illiterate parents, cooking fuel other than LPG, low birth weight, prematurity, lack of exclusive breast feeding, vitamin A deficiency and incomplete immunization. Conclusion: The various risk factors for ARI identified in this study were male gender, rural residency, overcrowding, history of ARI in any family member within two weeks and undernutrition. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i1.7358 J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013;33(1):39-44

Preoperative Risk Factors for Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 481-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loreen A. Herwaldt ◽  
Joseph J. Cullen ◽  
Pamela French ◽  
Jianfang Hu ◽  
Michael A. Pfaller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cerebrovascular Accident ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Surgical Specialty ◽  
History Of

AbstractBackground:Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage is a risk factor for surgical-site infections (SSIs) caused by S. aureus, and eradication of carriage reduces postoperative nosocomial infections caused by it. No study has compared large groups of preoperative carriers and non-carriers to identify factors that are linked to S. aureus nasal carriage.Methods:While conducting a clinical trial evaluating whether mupirocin prevented S. aureus SSIs, we prospectively collected data on 70 patient characteristics that might be associated with S. aureus carriage. We performed stepwise logistic regression analysis.Results:Of the 4,030 patients, 891 (22%) carried S. aureus. Independent risk factors for S. aureus nasal carriage were obesity (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.11-1.50), male gender (OR, 1.29; CI95,1.11-1.51), and a history of a cerebrovascular accident (OR, 1.53; CI95, 1.03-2.25) for all patients. Factors associated with nasal carriage varied somewhat by surgical specialty. In all groups, preoperative use of antimicrobial agents was independently associated with a lower risk of carrying S. aureus in the nares. Previously identified risk factors were not significantly associated with S. aureus nasal carriage in this large group of surgical patients.Conclusion:Male gender, obesity, and a history of a cerebrovascular accident were identified as risk factors for S. aureus nasal carriage. It remains to be seen whether preoperative weight loss would reduce the rate of nasal carriage. In addition, the value of screening this patient population for S. aureus nasal carriage merits further investigation.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated With the Extent of Coronary Vessel Involvement Across the Spectrum of Coronary Artery Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Moezi ◽  
Maryam Soltani ◽  
Toba Kazemi ◽  
Saeede Khosravi Bizahem ◽  
Nasrin Amirabadizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Coronary Vessel ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Vessel Involvement

Background: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in developed and developing countries. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with the extent of coronary vessel involvement across the spectrum of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in patients referring to the Cardiac Ward of Vali-Asr Hospital of Birjand, Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3,394 patients undergoing coronary angiography at the Cardiac Ward of Vali-Asr Hospital of Birjand, Iran, in 2011-2015. Subjects were assigned to four groups in terms of the extent of coronary vessel involvement: Normal CAD, non-significant CAD, CAD, and non-obstructive CAD. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confident intervals were calculated by including all variables with P values < 0.05 into the multivariate model to control for confounding factors. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: Among male and female patients, those aged 45-65 years needed angiography more than other groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes, male gender, FBS, and history of hypertension significantly increased the likelihood of coronary vessel involvement (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of the present study imply that age, male gender, FBS, and history of hypertension are the independent risk factors for the extent of coronary vessel involvement in CAD and non-significant CAD groups. To reduce the rates and consequences of CAD, it is paramount to control cardiovascular risk factors, screen susceptible populations at risk, and improve coronary interventional services.

scholarly journals Hierarchical disentanglement of contextual from compositional risk factors of diarrhoea among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe ◽  
A. Olalekan Uthman ◽  
Latifat Ibisomi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractSeveral studies have documented the burden and risk factors associated with diarrhoea in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). To the best of our knowledge, the contextual and compositional factors associated with diarrhoea across LMIC were poorly operationalized, explored and understood in these studies. We investigated multilevel risk factors associated with diarrhoea among under-five children in LMIC. We analysed diarrhoea-related information of 796,150 under-five children (Level 1) nested within 63,378 neighbourhoods (Level 2) from 57 LMIC (Level 3) using the latest data from cross-sectional and nationally representative Demographic Health Survey conducted between 2010 and 2018. We used multivariable hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression models for data analysis. The overall prevalence of diarrhoea was 14.4% (95% confidence interval 14.2–14.7) ranging from 3.8% in Armenia to 31.4% in Yemen. The odds of diarrhoea was highest among male children, infants, having small birth weights, households in poorer wealth quintiles, children whose mothers had only primary education, and children who had no access to media. Children from neighbourhoods with high illiteracy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.07, 95% credible interval (CrI) 1.04–1.10] rates were more likely to have diarrhoea. At the country-level, the odds of diarrhoea nearly doubled (aOR = 1.88, 95% CrI 1.23–2.83) and tripled (aOR = 2.66, 95% CrI 1.65–3.89) among children from countries with middle and lowest human development index respectively. Diarrhoea remains a major health challenge among under-five children in most LMIC. We identified diverse individual-level, community-level and national-level factors associated with the development of diarrhoea among under-five children in these countries and disentangled the associated contextual risk factors from the compositional risk factors. Our findings underscore the need to revitalize existing policies on child and maternal health and implement interventions to prevent diarrhoea at the individual-, community- and societal-levels. The current study showed how the drive to the attainment of SDGs 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 will enhance the attainment of SDG 3.

Risk Factors for Nonunion Following Ankle Arthrodesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 193864002199849
Author(s):  
Sumit Patel ◽  
Lauren Baker ◽  
Jose Perez ◽  
Ettore Vulcano ◽  
Jonathan Kaplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Ankle Arthrodesis ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Open Injury ◽  
History Of

Background Nonunion is a postoperative complication after ankle arthrodesis (AA), which leads to increased morbidity and revision rates. Previous studies have identified risk factors for nonunion following AA, but no meta-analysis has been performed to stratify risk factors based on strength of evidence. Methods Abstracts and full-text articles were screened by 2 independent reviewers. Relevant data were extracted from the included studies. Random effects meta-analyses were summarized as forest plots of individual study and pooled random effect results. Results Database search yielded 13 studies involving 987 patients were included, and 37 potential risk factors for nonunion. Meta-analysis found 5 significant risk factors for nonunion post-AA. Strong evidence supports male gender (OR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.13-3.41), smoking (OR: 2.89; 95% CI: 1.23-6.76), and history of operative site infection prior to arthrodesis (OR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.13-5.09) as predictors for nonunion following AA. There was moderate evidence supporting history of open injury (OR: 5.95; 95% CI: 2.31-15.38) and limited evidence for preoperative avascular necrosis (OR: 13.16; 95% CI: 2.17-79.61) as possible risk factors for nonunion. Conclusion The results of our meta-analysis suggest that male gender, smoking, and history of operative site infection have strong evidence and that history of open injury and avascular necrosis also have evidence as risk factors for nonunion. Surgeons should be cognizant of these risks when performing AA and closely follow up with patients with the aforementioned risk factors to ensure postoperative success. Levels of Evidence: Level V: Systematic review of cohort and case-control studies

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Community Acquired Extended-Spectrum Β-lactamase (ESBL) Producing Enterobacteriaceae Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S345-S345
Author(s):  
Dheeraj Goyal ◽  
Kristin Dascomb ◽  
Peter S Jones ◽  
Bert K Lopansri
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Catheter ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
History Of ◽  
Enterobacteriaceae Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Community-acquired extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae infections pose unique treatment challenges. Identifying risk factors associated with ESBL Enterobacteriaceae infections outside of prior colonization is important for empiric management in an era of antimicrobial stewardship. Methods We randomly selected 251 adult inpatients admitted to an Intermountain healthcare facility in Utah with an ESBL Enterobacteriaceae urinary tract infection (UTI) between January 1, 2001 and January 1, 2016. 1:1 matched controls had UTI at admission with Enterobacteriaceae but did not produce ESBL. UTI at admission was defined as urine culture positive for &gt; 100,000 colony forming units per milliliter (cfu/mL) of Enterobacteriaceae and positive symptoms within 7 days prior or 2 days after admission. Repeated UTI was defined as more than 3 episodes of UTI within 12 months preceding index hospitalization. Cases with prior history of ESBL Enterobacteriaceae UTIs or another hospitalization three months preceding the index admission were excluded. Univariate and multiple logistic regression techniques were used to identify the risk factors associated with first episode of ESBL Enterobacteriaceae UTI at the time of hospitalization. Results In univariate analysis, history of repeated UTIs, neurogenic bladder, presence of a urinary catheter at time of admission, and prior exposure to outpatient antibiotics within past one month were found to be significantly associated with ESBL Enterobacteriaceae UTIs. When controlling for age differences, severity of illness and co-morbid conditions, history of repeated UTIs (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 6.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.60–13.41), presence of a urinary catheter at admission (AOR 2.75, 95% CI 1.25 – 6.24) and prior antibiotic exposure (AOR: 8.50, 95% CI: 3.09 – 30.13) remained significantly associated with development of new ESBL Enterobacteriaceae UTIs. Conclusion Patients in the community with urinary catheters, history of recurrent UTIs, or recent antimicrobial use can develop de novo ESBL Enterobacteriaceae UTIs. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with early childhood caries – a case control study

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Marina De Deus Moura Lima ◽  
Zacarias Soares Brito-Neto ◽  
Heylane Oliveira Amaral ◽  
Cacilda Castelo Branco Lima ◽  
Marcoeli Silva de Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Childhood Caries

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with early childhood caries (ECC).Methods: It was an observational retrospective case-control study. The case group consisted of all patients diagnosed with ECC in the records of an active program of maternal and child care. The control group was composed of an equal number of children, matched for gender and age, who attended the program and did not have ECC. The process of data collection consisted of completing a pre-established schedule to analyse variables related to the mother/caregiver and child.Statisticalanalysis was performed using the chi-squared and odds ratio (OR), with alpha (α) = 0.05.Results: History of caries in the mother (OR=2.61; CI 95%=1.45-4.67) and father (OR=1.72; CI 95%=1.02-2.89) were key determinants in the child being diagnosed with ECC.Conclusions: The risk factors associated with ECC were the following: no oral hygiene acceptance, nocturnal feeding duration of more than 16 months, a daily intake of sugar greater than 4 times a day, a Baume type II maxillary arch, fewer than 3 consultations with the program, and a history of decay in the parents.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) Among Under-five Children in Bangladesh

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazi Md. Abul Kalam Azad
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Home Visiting ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a major cause of childhood mortality and morbidity in Bangladesh. The aim of this study is to identify the significant risk factors for ARI in children less than five years of age. The data in this study comes from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2004. In this study, a child was considered as having experienced ARI if she or he had cough in the last two weeks preceding the survey with any one of the three symptoms of short but rapid breathing, difficulty of breathing or labored inspiration. Logistic regression was used on various independent variables to find the risk factors. Results showed that child's age, sex, body weight and Vitamin A deficiency were correlated with prevalence of ARI. Additionally mother's characteristics like age, malnutrition, education level, and family's socio-economic status were found to be associated. Recommendations include more specific knowledge of ARI to adolescent mothers from the lowest wealth quintile. A community service which could include home visiting for health education, supplementation of vitamin A, and advice would be an advantage if provided for poor or teenaged pregnant women. This in turn would reduce low birth weight incidence, and subsequently reduce incidence of ARI among these children.Keywords: Acute respiratory infections (ARI); Risk factors; Infant; Child under 5 years; Bangladesh.© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237(Print); 2037-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1055

scholarly journals Language Delay Is Not Predictable from Available Risk Factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Wilson ◽  
Fiona McQuaige ◽  
Lucy Thompson ◽  
Alex McConnachie
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Language Delay ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Health Visitors

Aims. To investigate factors associated with language delay in a cohort of 30-month-old children and determine if identification of language delay requires active contact with families.Methods. Data were collected at a pilot universal 30-month health contact. Health visitors used a simple two-item language screen. Data were obtained for 315 children; language delay was found in 33. The predictive capacity of 13 variables which could realistically be known before the 30-month contact was analysed.Results. Seven variables were significantly associated with language delay in univariate analysis, but in logistic regression only five of these variables remained significant.Conclusion. The presence of one or more risk factors had a sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 45%, but a positive predictive value of only 15%. The presence of one or more of these risk factors thus can not reliably be used to identify language delayed children, nor is it possible to define an “at risk” population because male gender was the only significant demographic factor and it had an unacceptably low specificity (52.5%). It is not possible to predict which children will have language delay at 30 months. Identification of this important ESSENCE disorder requires direct clinical contact with all families.

scholarly journals 945. Prevalence of HIV Associated Non-AIDS Conditions and Associated Risk Factors among Hospitalized HIV-infected Patients in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S504-S505
Author(s):  
Amyeo A Jereen ◽  
Celia Kucera ◽  
Saniya Pervin ◽  
Muralidhar Varma ◽  
Radhakrishnan Rajesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Patient Risk ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background HIV-associated non-AIDS (HANA) conditions are becoming common as People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWHIV) age. However, data estimating the prevalence of HANA conditions and associated risk factors is lacking in developing countries. This study evaluates reasons for hospitalizations among PLWHIV in Udupi, India in the antiretroviral era, and describes associated risk factors. Methods Demographic and clinical data were extracted from medical charts of 1280 HIV-infected patients 18 years and older who were admitted to Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, India between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2017, for a total of 2157 hospitalizations. Primary reasons for hospitalization were categorized into AIDS-defining vs Non-AIDS-defining and HANA vs Non-HANA conditions (Fig 1). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate demographic and clinical factors associated with hospitalizations due to AIDS-defining illness and HANA conditions. Categorization of Reasons for Hospitalization Results Patients’ median age was 45 (18-80) years; 70% male. Median age of patients with AIDS-defining illness (45% of hospitalizations) was lower at 44 (18-75) years compared with HANA (15% of hospitalizations) at 48 (21-80) years. Age (OR, 95% CI) (0.985, 0.974-0.995), admission CD4 (0.998, 0.997 - 0.998), history of hypertension (HTN) (0.59, 0.42-0.82), stroke (0.49, 0.24 - 0.93), diabetes (1.56, 1.10 - 2.19), and AIDS-defining cancers (1.74, 1.05 - 2.89) were associated with AIDS-defining hospitalizations (Fig 2). Additionally, age (1.016, 1.001 - 1.031), history of HTN (1.70, 1.16 - 2.46), coronary artery disease (CAD) (4.02, 1.87- 9.02), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (2.30, 1.15 - 4.61), stroke (2.93, 1.46 - 5.96), Hepatitis B (3.32, 1.66- 6.72), Hepatitis C (16.1, 2.84 - 314), sexually transmitted disease (STD) (3.76, 1.38- 10.8), and HANA-associated cancer (2.44, 1.28- 6.42) were associated with HANA hospitalizations (Fig 3). Patient Risk Factors for AIDS-related Hospitalization Patient Risk Factors for HANA-related Hospitalization Conclusion Prevalence of HANA conditions was lower than AIDS-defining illnesses possibly because of a younger population. Patients with AIDS-defining illnesses were also likely to have HANA conditions. Early detection and effective treatment of both HIV and HANA conditions is essential to decrease hospitalizations in low-resource settings. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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