scholarly journals Streamflow Variations across Nepal during 1986-2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-134
Author(s):  
Rocky Talchabhadel ◽  
Saroj Karki ◽  
Mahendra B. Baniya
Keyword(s):  
Annual Variation ◽  
Central Himalayas ◽  
Daily Streamflow ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Daily Discharge ◽  
Flow Duration Curves ◽  
Mixed Pattern ◽  
Peak Streamflow

This paper presents a picture of the streamflow variation in major hydrologic stations across Nepal during 1986-2015 in two periods; before and after 2000. Our study selected 27 high-quality hydrologic monitoring stations maintained by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), Government of Nepal distributed across the country, representing a wide range of basin size, from ~308 to ~54100 km2. We compare the flow duration curves (FDCs) for two periods, T1: 1986-1999 and T2: 2000-2015. The study quantifies the changes of different streamflow indices including minimum, maximum, average daily streamflow, different percentiles and top 10, 20 and 50 maximum daily streamflow. Many studies reported that the climate (such as temperature and precipitation) showed an abrupt variation during the late 90s in the central Himalayas. This study explores whether similar effects are observed in the streamflow of the Himalayan catchments. The results of the study show a mixed pattern of positive and negative changes for different streamflow indices. However, about 60% of analyzed station (i.e. 17 out of 27) showed the positive deviation of the maximum daily streamflow meaning more extremes were observed in the latter period compared to the former period. Seven stations revealed > +20% shift in the maximum daily streamflow from period T1 to T2. In particular, East Rapti at Rajaiya showed more than 80% increase with respect to T1 which deviated from an average of 304 (ranging from 123 to 682) m3/s to an average of 555 (ranging from 171 to 1260) m3/s. Overall, about 10% of increment could be found on time-sliced averaged maximum daily discharge between two periods. Most importantly, the inter- and intra- annual variation of extreme streamflow show a clear tendency of the elevated peak streamflow recurrently over time.

Perioperative Skin Conditioning for Patients With Skin of Color

2021 ◽  
pp. 074880682198989
Author(s):  
Alix Ferdinand ◽  
Suzan Obagi
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Regimen ◽  
Skin Care ◽  
Practical Approach ◽  
Postoperative Phase ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After

The interest in cosmetic procedures for patients with skin of color is on an upward trend. Globally, dyschromia and hyperpigmentation remain the most common disorders for which patients seek treatment. The goals of a perioperative skin conditioning program include allowing a broad range of patients to be treated regardless of skin phototypes, maximizing results, and reducing risk of complications such as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and managing post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation if it occurs. The purpose of this article is to highlight common pigmentation concerns among patients with skin of color, the topical agents used to combat these concerns, and a practical approach to creating an effective yet straightforward topical skin care regimen that can be used across a wide range of patient skin phototypes. Before and after photos of patients with a variety of pigmentation concerns are presented along with a description of the treatment regimen used to improve their conditions and to get their skin to a safer state prior to performing any office-based procedures. By understanding the main concerns of patients with skin of color, one can use a simple and effective skincare regimen to allow these patients to be more safely treated. An effective skincare regimen both prepares the skin prior to procedures and postoperatively to help minimize dyschromias in the postoperative phase.

scholarly journals Changes in Cellular Regulatory Factors before and after Decompression of Odontogenic Keratocysts

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Slmaro Park ◽  
Han-Sung Jung ◽  
Young-Soo Jung ◽  
Woong Nam ◽  
Jung Yul Cha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recurrence Rate ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Epithelial Cyst ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Proliferation Markers ◽  
Odontogenic Keratocysts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cyst Lining

Decompression followed by enucleation, which is one of the treatments used for odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), is frequently used in OKC lesions of large sizes. This method offers the advantage of minimizing the possibility of sensory impairment without creating a wide-range bone defect; moreover, the recurrence rate can be significantly lower than following simple enucleation. This study aimed to assess the changes in histology and expression of proliferation markers in OKCs before and after decompression treatment. A total of 38 OKC tissue samples from 19 patients who had undergone decompression therapy were examined morphologically and immunohistochemically to observe changes in proliferative activity before and after decompression. The markers used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were Bcl-2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Ki-67, P53, PCNA, and SMO. The immunohistochemistry positivity of the 6 markers was scored by using software ImageJ, version 1.49, by quantifying the intensity and internal density of IHC-stained epithelium. The values of Bcl-2, Ki-67, P53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and SMO in OKCs before and after decompression showed no significant change. No correlation between clinical shrinkage and morphologic changes or expression of proliferation and growth markers could be found. There was no statistical evidence that decompression treatment reduces potentially aggressive behavior of OKC within the epithelial cyst lining itself. This might indicate that decompression does not change the biological behavior of the epithelial cyst lining or the recurrence rate.

scholarly journals Exploring the physical controls of regional patterns of flow duration curves – Part 4: A synthesis of empirical analysis, process modeling and catchment classification

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 4483-4498 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yaeger ◽  
E. Coopersmith ◽  
S. Ye ◽  
L. Cheng ◽  
A. Viglione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Flow ◽  
Middle Portion ◽  
Qualitative Synthesis ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Flow Duration ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Physical Controls ◽  
Flow Duration Curves

Abstract. The paper reports on a four-pronged study of the physical controls on regional patterns of the flow duration curve (FDC). This involved a comparative analysis of long-term continuous data from nearly 200 catchments around the US, encompassing a wide range of climates, geology, and ecology. The analysis was done from three different perspectives – statistical analysis, process-based modeling, and data-based classification – followed by a synthesis, which is the focus of this paper. Streamflow data were separated into fast and slow flow responses, and associated signatures, and both total flow and its components were analyzed to generate patterns. Regional patterns emerged in all aspects of the study. The mixed gamma distribution described well the shape of the FDC; regression analysis indicated that certain climate and catchment properties were first-order controls on the shape of the FDC. In order to understand the spatial patterns revealed by the statistical study, and guided by the hypothesis that the middle portion of the FDC is a function of the regime curve (RC, mean within-year variation of flow), we set out to classify these catchments, both empirically and through process-based modeling, in terms of their regime behavior. The classification analysis showed that climate seasonality and aridity, either directly (empirical classes) or through phenology (vegetation processes), were the dominant controls on the RC. Quantitative synthesis of these results determined that these classes were indeed related to the FDC through its slope and related statistical parameters. Qualitative synthesis revealed much diversity in the shapes of the FDCs even within each climate-based homogeneous class, especially in the low-flow tails, suggesting that catchment properties may have become the dominant controls. Thus, while the middle portion of the FDC contains the average response of the catchment, and is mainly controlled by climate, the tails of the FDC, notably the low-flow tails, are mainly controlled by catchment properties such as geology and soils. The regime behavior explains only part of the FDC; to gain a deeper understanding of the physical controls on the FDC, these extremes must be analyzed as well. Thus, to completely separate the climate controls from the catchment controls, the roles of catchment properties such as soils, geology, topography etc. must be explored in detail.

Space Modeling of Problem Solving Strategies of “Prisoner's Dilemma”

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-116
Author(s):  
D.J. Balanev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Real People ◽  
Space Modeling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After

An iterated version of the game "Prisoner's Dilemma" is used as a model of cooperation largely due to the wide range of strategies that the subjects can use. The problem of the effec-tiveness of strategies for solving the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) is most often considered from the point of view of information models, where strategies do not take into account the relationship that arise when real people play. Some of these strategies are obvious, others depend upon social context. In our paper, we use one of the promising directions in the development of studying IPD strategies – the use of artificial neural networks. We use neural networks as a modeling tool and as a part of game environment. The main goal of our work is to build an information model that predicts the behavior of an individual person as well as group of people in the situation of solving of social dilemma. It takes into account social relationship, including those caused by experimental influence, gender differences, and individual differences in the strategy for solving cognitive tasks. The model demonstrates the transition of individual actions into socially determined behavior. Evaluation of the effect of socialization associated with the procedure of the game provides additional information about the effectiveness and characteristics of the experimental impact.The paper defines the minimum unit of analysis of the IPD player's strategy in a group, the identity with which can be considered as a variable. It discusses the influence of the experi-mentally formed group identity on the change of preferred strategies in social dilemmas. We use the possibilities of neural networks as means of categorizing the results of the prisoner's iterative dilemma in terms of the strategy applied by the player, as well as social factors. We define the patterns of changes in the IPD player's strategy before and after socialization are determined. The paper discusses the questions of real player's inclination to use IPD solution strategies in their pure form or to use the same strategy before and after experimental inter-ventions related to social identity formation. It is shown that experimentally induced socialization can be considered as a mechanism for increasing the degree of certainty in the choice of strategies when solving IPD task. It is found out that the models based on neural networks turn out to be more efficient after experi-mentally evoked social identity in a group of 6 people; and the models based on neural net-works are least effective in the case of predicting a subject's belonging to a gender group. When solving IPD problems by real people, it turns out to be possible to talk about generalized strategies that take into account not only the evolutionary properties of «pure» strategies, but also reflect various social factors.

Model Child Care Health Policies

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Early Education ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
After School ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Care Health ◽  
Child Care Facilities

Significantly revised and updated, the new Model Child Care Health Policies, 5th Edition is a must-have tool to foster adoption and implemenation of best practices for health and safety in group care settings for young children. These settings include early care and education as well as before and after school child care programs. These model policies are intended to ease the burden of writing site-specific health and safety policies from scratch. They cover a wide range of aspects of operation of early education and child care programs. Child care programs of any type can use Model Child Care Health Policies by selecting relevant issues for their operation and modifying the wording to make selected policies appropriate to the specific settings. These settings include early education and child care centers, small and large family child care homes, part day-programs for ill children, facilities that serve children with special needs, school-age child care facilities, and drop-in facilities. The model policies can be adapted for public, private, Head Start, and tuition-funded facilities. All of the most commonly covered health and safety topics the National Association of Child Care Resource and Referral Agencies found in state regulations are included in this guide.

Peak calf blood flow estimates are higher with Dohn than with Whitney plethysmograph

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 1418-1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Proctor ◽  
J. R. Halliwill ◽  
P. H. Shen ◽  
N. E. Vlahakis ◽  
M. J. Joyner
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Arterial Occlusion ◽  
Venous Occlusion ◽  
Calf Blood Flow ◽  
Absolute Flow ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated

Estimates of calf blood flow with venous occlusion plethysmography vary widely between studies, perhaps due to the use of different plethysmographs. Consequently, we compared calf blood flow estimates at rest and during reactive hyperemia in eight healthy subjects (four men and four women) with two commonly used plethysmographs: the mercury-in-silastic (Whitney) strain gauge and Dohn air-filled cuff. To minimize technical variability, flow estimates were compared with a Whitney gauge and a Dohn cuff on opposite calves before and after 10 min of bilateral femoral arterial occlusion. To account for any differences between limbs, a second trial was conducted in which the plethysmographs were switched. Resting flows did not differ between the plethysmographs (P = 0.096), but a trend toward lower values with the Whitney was apparent. Peak flows averaged 37% lower with the Whitney (27.8 +/- 2.8 ml.dl-1.min-1) than with the Dohn plethysmograph (44.4 +/- 2.8 ml.dl-1.min-1; P < 0.05). Peak flow expressed as a multiple above baseline was also lower with the Whitney (10-fold) than with the Dohn plethysmograph (14.5-fold; P = 0.02). Across all flows at rest and during reactive hyperemia, estimates were highly correlated between the plethysmographs in all subjects (r2 = 0.96-0.99). However, the mean slope for the Whitney-Dohn relationship was only 60 +/- 2%, indicating that over a wide range of flows the Whitney gauge estimate was 40% lower than that for the Dohn cuff. These results demonstrate that the same qualitative results can be obtained with either plethysmograph but that absolute flow values will generally be lower with Whitney gauges.

scholarly journals On the probability distribution of daily streamflow in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 3093-3103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalise G. Blum ◽  
Stacey A. Archfield ◽  
Richard M. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Good Representation ◽  
Lognormal Distributions ◽  
Daily Streamflow ◽  
The Us ◽  
Flow Duration Curves ◽  
A Site ◽  
Physiographic Regions

Abstract. Daily streamflows are often represented by flow duration curves (FDCs), which illustrate the frequency with which flows are equaled or exceeded. FDCs have had broad applications across both operational and research hydrology for decades; however, modeling FDCs has proven elusive. Daily streamflow is a complex time series with flow values ranging over many orders of magnitude. The identification of a probability distribution that can approximate daily streamflow would improve understanding of the behavior of daily flows and the ability to estimate FDCs at ungaged river locations. Comparisons of modeled and empirical FDCs at nearly 400 unregulated, perennial streams illustrate that the four-parameter kappa distribution provides a very good representation of daily streamflow across the majority of physiographic regions in the conterminous United States (US). Further, for some regions of the US, the three-parameter generalized Pareto and lognormal distributions also provide a good approximation to FDCs. Similar results are found for the period of record FDCs, representing the long-term hydrologic regime at a site, and median annual FDCs, representing the behavior of flows in a typical year.

scholarly journals Homogeneity Test and Correction of Daily Temperature and Precipitation Data (1978–2015) in North China

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingling Shen ◽  
Li Lu ◽  
Tianjie Hu ◽  
Runsheng Lin ◽  
Ji Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
North China ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Homogeneity Test ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Annual Average Temperature

Homogeneity of climate data is the basis for quantitative assessment of climate change. By using the MASH method, this work examined and corrected the homogeneity of the daily data including average, minimum, and maximum temperature and precipitation during 1978–2015 from 404/397 national meteorological stations in North China. Based on the meteorological station metadata, the results are analyzed and the differences before and after homogenization are compared. The results show that breakpoints are present pervasively in these temperature data. Most of them appeared after 2000. The stations with a host of breakpoints are mainly located in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province, where meteorological stations are densely distributed. The numbers of breakpoints in the daily precipitation series in North China during 1978–2015 also culminated in 2000. The reason for these breakpoints, called inhomogeneity, may be the large-scale replacement of meteorological instruments after 2000. After correction by the MASH method, the annual average temperature and minimum temperature decrease by 0.04°C and 0.06°C, respectively, while the maximum temperature increases by 0.01°C. The annual precipitation declines by 0.96 mm. The overall trends of temperature change before and after the correction are largely consistent, while the homogeneity of individual stations is significantly improved. Besides, due to the correction, the majority series of the precipitation are reduced and the correction amplitude is relatively large. During 1978–2015, the temperature in North China shows a rise trend, while the precipitation tends to decrease.

scholarly journals Efficient Removal of Methyl Orange and Rhodamine-B Dyes with Low Cost Banana Peel Activated Carbon

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1121-1127
Author(s):  
Mahesh Kumar Gupta ◽  
P.K. Tandon ◽  
Neelam Shukla ◽  
Harendra Singh ◽  
Shalini Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Efficient Adsorbent ◽  
Solution Changes

Acid activated carbon obtained from cheap, non-toxic and locally available banana peel was used as a low cost and efficient adsorbent for the removal of dyes methyl orange and rhodamine-B from the aqueous solution. Changes in the resulting material before and after activation and after treatment were studied by different techniques, such as SEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR measurements. Effects of duration of treatment, amount of banana peel activated carbon, pH, and initial methyl orange and rhodamine-B concentration, on the removal of dye were studied to get optimum conditions for maximum dye removal. Removal efficiency of the activated ash remains almost constant in a wide range of pH from 2.5 to 5.6. In 75 min at room temperature removal of 98.5 % methyl orange (anionic) and 99.0 % rhodamine-B (cationic) dyes with 0.1 g and 0.125 g, respectively was obtained from the contaminated water having 10 ppm dye concentration.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document