The role of physical scheme interactions on warm season rainfall forecasts

ABSTRACT Considering that habitat use by amphibians is related both with climate and environmental features, we tested the hypothesis that anuran assemblages found in different phytophysiognomies and in different seasons vary in structure. Additionally, we searched for species which can be indicators of habitat and seasons. The study was conducted in the Pampa biome, southern Brazil. Sampling was done through pitfall traps placed in three phytophysiognomies: grassland, ecotone grassland/forest; and forest. The seasonality factor was created by grouping months in warn and cold seasons. Sixteen species were found and the assemblages were influenced both by phytophysiognomies and climatic seasonality. In a paired comparison, the three phytophysiognomies differed in structure of assemblage from each other. Physalaemus henselii, P. riograndensis, Pseudopaludicola falcipes and Pseudis minuta were indicators of ecotone. Leptodactylus gracilis and Physalaemus biligonigerus were indicators of grassland. None species was indicator of forest. Most of the species were indicators of warm season: Elachistocleis bicolor, Leptodactylus fuscus, L. gracilis, L. latinasus, L. latrans, L. mystacinus, Physalaemus biligonigerus, P. cuvieri and Pseudis minuta. None species was indicator of cold season. We found that even for species of open areas, as Pampa, heterogeneous phytophysiognomies are important for maintaining abundance and constancy of populations of anuran.

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The Role of Vegetation in Mitigating Urban Land Surface Temperatures: A Case Study of Munich, Germany during the Warm Season

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su7044689 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 4689-4706 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Sadroddin Alavipanah ◽

Martin Wegmann ◽

Salman Qureshi ◽

Qihao Weng ◽

Thomas Koellner

Keyword(s):

Land Surface ◽

Warm Season ◽

Urban Land ◽

Surface Temperatures ◽

Land Surface Temperatures

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Airsynoptical Conditions Which Had an Influence on Air Temperature Regime During Warm Season, in Northern Moldavia, in the Past 20 Years (1994–2013)

Present Environment and Sustainable Development ◽

10.1515/pesd-2016-0016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 179-188

Author(s):

Nicolae Ilie ◽

Liviu Apostol ◽

Livia Mădălina Olaru

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

General Trend ◽

Warm Season ◽

Climate Risks ◽

The Past ◽

The North ◽

Synoptic Conditions ◽

Weather And Climate ◽

The Look

Abstract In the present work has been studied weather types that have characterized the North of Moldavia over the last 20 years and the role of synoptic conditions which stood behind them. In this study, we will show the role of airsynoptical conditions which give the look of the weather characterized during this period, a frequency of types of circulations to highlight a general trend, the induced effects on air temperature and in the weather and climate risks, that resulted (scattered thunderstorms phenomena associated with a high termic contrast, dryness, freezing phenomena, early, in the final of August and September and later, in April-May.

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Micronutrients Considerations for Warm-Season Grass Systems in Florida

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-ag419-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Jane C. Griffin ◽

Joao Mauricio Buen Vendramini ◽

Diane L. Rowland ◽

Maria Lucia Silveira

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Production Systems ◽

Warm Season ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Forage Production ◽

Warm Season Grass ◽

And Performance ◽

Warm Season Grasses

Warm-season grasses are vital to livestock production systems and dominate ground cover in tropical and subtropical areas. Many popular warm-season grasses, such as bahiagrass and bermudagrass, have roots that penetrate deeper into the soil profile, which aids in both drought tolerance, nutrient uptake, and the minimization of soil erosion. In Florida, spodosols are the predominant soil order used for forage production and have limited fertility. Micronutrients are essential elements that are required in smaller quantities than macronutrients but are equally as important for proper plant growth and performance. An element can be considered essential for plant growth if a plant fails to complete its life cycle in the absence of the element, the elements action is specific and cannot be completely replaced by another element, it has a direct effect on the organism, or it is a constituent of a molecule that is known to be essential. The objective of this publication is to describe the role of micronutrients in warm-season grass production.

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The Crucial Role of Synoptic Pattern in Determining the Spatial Distribution and Diurnal Cycle of Heavy Rainfall over the South China Coast

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-20-0274.1 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-47

Author(s):

Chenli Wang ◽

Kun Zhao ◽

Anning Huang ◽

Xingchao Chen ◽

Xiaona Rao

Keyword(s):

South China ◽

Heavy Rainfall ◽

Warm Season ◽

Early Morning ◽

The South ◽

Synoptic Patterns ◽

Low Level ◽

South China Coast ◽

China Coast

AbstractSouth China coast suffers frequent heavy rainfall every warm-season. Based on the objective classification method of principle components analysis, the key role of synoptic pattern in determining the heavy rainfall processes occurred over the South China coast in warm season during 2008-2018 is examined in this study. We found heavy rainfall occurs most frequently under three typical synoptic patterns (P1-P3 hereafter) characterized by strong low-level onshore winds. P1 and P3 are featured by a prevailing southwesterly monsoonal flow in the lower troposphere, with heavy rainfall frequently occurring over the inland windward region in the afternoon associated with the orographic lifting and solar heating. The onshore wind of P3 is stronger than P1 as the western Pacific subtropical high extends more westward to 122°E, which induces stronger low-level convergence along the coastline than P1 when the ageostrophic wind veers from offshore to onshore direction in the early morning. Hence, a secondary early morning rainfall peak can be found along the coastline. P2 is characterized by a low-level vortex located over the southwest of south China. Heavy rainfall under P2 usually initiate over the western part of the coastal region in the morning and then propagate towards inland in the afternoon. Overall, the synoptic patterns strongly determine the spatial distribution and diurnal cycle of heavy rainfall over the South China coast. It is closely related to the diurnally varying low-level onshore winds rather than the low-level jets, as well as the different interactions between the low-level onshore winds and the local orography, coastline and land-sea breeze circulations under different synoptic patterns.

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Cloud Trails past Bermuda: A Five-Year Climatology from 2012 to 2016

Monthly Weather Review ◽

10.1175/mwr-d-18-0141.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 146 (12) ◽

pp. 4039-4055

Author(s):

Michael C. Johnston ◽

Christopher E. Holloway ◽

Robert S. Plant

Keyword(s):

Diurnal Cycle ◽

Annual Cycle ◽

Wind Direction ◽

Satellite Images ◽

Warm Season ◽

Small Islands ◽

Thermal Contrast ◽

Low Level ◽

Novel Algorithm

Abstract Cloud trails are primarily thermally forced bands of cloud that extend downwind of small islands. A novel algorithm to classify conventional geostationary visible-channel satellite images as cloud trail (CT), nontrail (NT), or obscured (OB) is defined. The algorithm is then applied to the warm season months of five years at Bermuda comprising 16 400 images. Bermuda’s low elevation and location make this island ideal for isolating the role of the island thermal contrast on CT formation. CTs are found to occur at Bermuda with an annual cycle, peaking in July, and a diurnal cycle that peaks in midafternoon. Composites of radiosonde observations and ERA-Interim data suggest that a warm and humid low-level environment is conducive for CT development. From a Lagrangian perspective, wind direction modulates CT formation by maximizing low-level heating on local scales when winds are parallel to the long axis of the island. On larger scales, low-level wind direction also controls low-level humidity through advection.

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Causal Pathways for Temperature Predictability from Snow Depth

10.20944/preprints201705.0029.v2 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Erik W. Kolstad

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Snow Depth ◽

Weather Forecasting ◽

Warm Season ◽

Surface Air Temperature ◽

Near Surface ◽

Temperature Anomalies ◽

Physical Mechanisms ◽

Causal Pathways

Subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) weather forecasting has improved in recent years, thanks partly to better representation of physical variables in models. For instance, realistic initializations of snow and soil moisture in models yield enhanced predictability on S2S time scales. Snow depth and soil moisture also mediate month-to-month persistence of near-surface air temperature. Here the role of snow depth as predictor of temperature one month ahead in the Northern Hemisphere is probed via two causal pathways. Through the first pathway, snow depth anomalies in month 1 cause snow depth anomalies in month 2, which then cause temperature anomalies in month 2. This pathway represents the snow–albedo feedback, as well as cooling due to insulation, emissivity and heat loss. It is active from fall to summer, and its effect peaks in March/April in the midlatitudes and in May/June at high latitudes. A complementary second pathway, where snow depth anomalies in month 1 cause soil moisture anomalies in month 2, which then cause temperature anomalies in month 2 through soil moisture–temperature feedbacks, is only active in spring and summer. Its effect peaks later in the warm season than the effect of the first pathway. Geographically, snow depth mediates north of, and soil moisture south of, the areas with the highest temperature predictability from snow depth. These results indicate that the two pathways describe complementary physical mechanisms. The first pathway embodies month-to-month persistence of snow depth, and the second pathway represents melting of snow from one month to the next.

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Causal Pathways for Temperature Predictability from Snow Depth

10.20944/preprints201705.0029.v3 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Erik W. Kolstad

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Snow Depth ◽

Weather Forecasting ◽

Warm Season ◽

Surface Air Temperature ◽

Near Surface ◽

Temperature Anomalies ◽

Physical Mechanisms ◽

Causal Pathways

Subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) weather forecasting has improved in recent years, thanks partly to better representation of physical variables in models. For instance, realistic initializations of snow and soil moisture in models yield enhanced predictability on S2S time scales. Snow depth and soil moisture also mediate month-to-month persistence of near-surface air temperature. Here the role of snow depth as predictor of temperature one month ahead in the Northern Hemisphere is probed via two causal pathways. Through the first pathway, snow depth anomalies in month 1 cause snow depth anomalies in month 2, which then cause temperature anomalies in month 2. This pathway represents the snow–albedo feedback, as well as cooling due to insulation, emissivity and heat loss. It is active from fall to summer, and its effect peaks in March/April in the midlatitudes and in May/June at high latitudes. A complementary second pathway, where snow depth anomalies in month 1 cause soil moisture anomalies in month 2, which then cause temperature anomalies in month 2 through soil moisture–temperature feedbacks, is only active in spring and summer. Its effect peaks later in the warm season than the effect of the first pathway. Geographically, snow depth mediates north of, and soil moisture south of, the areas with the highest temperature predictability from snow depth. These results indicate that the two pathways describe complementary physical mechanisms. The first pathway embodies month-to-month persistence of snow depth, and the second pathway represents melting of snow from one month to the next.

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