Pemanfaatan Receiver Gnss Berbiaya Rendah “Expandable-Gnss” dengan Metode Post-Processing Kinematic dalam Pengukuran Kadastral

Tunas Agraria ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizka Dita Samsudin Al Chodiq ◽  
Tanjung Nugroho ◽  
Bambang Suyudi
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Static Method ◽  
Baseline Length ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Gnss Receiver ◽  
Gnss Receivers

Abstract: Utilization of GNSS receiver by RTK method is expected to accelerate the land parcels measurement in the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency. However, due to the expensive price, the number of current GNSS receivers is not yet comparable with the existing targets and work loads. Utilization of low-cost GNSS receiver can be a solution to the situation. One of the low-cost GNSS receivers is Expandable-GNSS (E-GNSS). The limitation of RTK method, related to the dependence of data communication during observation can be solved by the Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK) method. This research aims to test the accuracy of observations using E-GNSS with PPK method. The comparator in this research is the result of observation using GNSS receiver with static method. Data were analyzed by comparing the differences of coordinates between the three sample groups based on the baseline length classification, and also compared the coordinate differences between the two methods and the tolerance test based on the provisions of the PMNA / KBPN Technical Guidelines Number 3 of 1997. Based on the analysis indicates an increase in coordinate difference proportional to the length of the baseline. Statistical analysis also shows that there are significant differences between the coordinates of both methods, but still meet the fault tolerance point of 0.250 m. The length of the measured land parcels also meets the tolerance based on the provisions of the PMNA / KBPN Technical Guidelines Number 3 of 1997.Keywords: Cadastral, Low-Cost GNSS Receiver, Post-Processing Kinematic Intisari: Pemanfaatan receiver GNSS dengan metode RTK diharapkan dapat mempercepat kegiatan pengukuran bidang tanah di Kementerian ATR/BPN. Akan tetapi, karena harga receiver GNSS yang relatif mahal menyebabkan jumlahnya belum sebanding dengan target dan beban pekerjaan yang ada. Pemanfaatan receiver GNSS berbiaya rendah dapat menjadi solusi keadaan tersebut. Salah satu receiver GNSS berbiaya rendah adalah Expandable-GNSS (E-GNSS). Sedangkan keterbatasan metode RTK, terkait ketergantungan akan komunikasi data selama pengamatan dapat di atasi dengan penggunaan metode Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK). Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pengujian ketelitian hasil pengamatan menggunakan E-GNSS dengan metode PPK. Sebagai pembanding dalam penelitian ini adalah hasil pengamatan menggunakan receiver GNSS dengan metode statik. Analisis dilakukan dengan membandingkan perbedaan koordinat kedua metode antar kelompok sampel berdasarkan klasifikasi panjang baseline, selain itu juga dibandingkan perbedaan koordinat hasil pengamatan antara kedua metode serta uji toleransi berdasarkan ketentuan pada Petunjuk Teknis PMNA/KBPN Nomor 3 Tahun 1997. Berdasarkan analisis hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan perbedaan koordinat sebanding dengan semakin panjang baseline. Analisis statistik juga menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan signifikan koordinat yang dihasilkan kedua metode, akan tetapi masih memenuhi toleransi kesalahan titik sebesar 0,250 m. Panjang sisi bidang tanah hasil pengukuran juga memenuhi toleransi berdasarkan ketentuan Petunjuk Teknis PMNA/KBPN Nomor 3 Tahun 1997.Kata kunci: Kadastral, Receiver GNSS Berbiaya Rendah, Post-Processing Kinematic

scholarly journals CORS ARCHITECTURE AND EVALUATION OF POSITIONING BY LOW-COST GNSS RECEIVER

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Pepe
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Gnss Receiver ◽  
Stop And Go ◽  
Gnss Receivers ◽  
Spatial Positioning ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

In recent years, the use of low cost GNSS receivers is becoming widespread due to their increasing performance in the spatial positioning, flexibility, ease of use and really interesting price. In addition, a recent technique of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) survey, called Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK), allows to obtain to rapid and accurate positioning measurements. The main feature of this approach is to use the raw measurements obtained and stored from a network of Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) in order to generate more reliable error models that can mitigate the distance-dependent errors within the area covered by the CORS. Also, considering the huge potential of this GNSS positioning system, the purpose of this paper is to analyze and investigate the performance of the NTRK approach using a low cost GNSS receiver, in stop-and-go kinematic technique. By several case studies it was shown that, using a low cost RTK board for Arduino environment, a smartphone with open source application for Android and the availability of data correction from CORS service, a quick and accurate positioning can be obtained. Because the measures obtained in this way are quite noisy and, more in general, increasing with the baseline, by a simple and suitable statistic treatment, it was possible to increase the quality of the measure. In this way, this low cost architecture could be applied in many geomatics fields. In addition to presenting the main aspects of the NTRK infrastructure and a review of several types of correction, a general workflow in order to obtain quality data in NRTK mode, regardless of the type of GNSS receiver (multi constellations, single or many frequencies, etc.) is discussed.

scholarly journals LOW-COST DGPS ASSISTED AERIAL TRIANGULATION FOR SUB-DECIMETRIC ACCURACY WITH NON-RTK UAVS

2021 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B2-2021 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
F. Ioli ◽  
L. Pinto ◽  
F. Ferrario
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Gnss Receiver ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Aerial Triangulation ◽  
Ground Control Points ◽  
Bundle Block Adjustment ◽  
Gnss Receivers ◽  
Camera Position

Abstract. The possibility of equipping UAVs with lightweight GNSS receivers in order to estimate the camera position within a photogrammetric block allows for a reduction of the number of Ground Control Points (GCP), saving time during the field work and decreasing operational costs. Additionally, this makes it possible to build photogrammetric models even in morphologically complex areas or in emergency situations. This work is proposing a non-intrusive and low-cost procedure to retrieve the coordinates of the camera projection centre with decimetric accuracy. The method was designed and tested with the quadcopter DJI Matrice 210 V2 drone equipped with a DJI ZENMUSE X5S camera and an Emlid reach M, a low-cost, single-frequency (L1) GNSS receiver. GNSS observations are post-processed in PPK in order to obtain the UAV trajectory. Synchronization between the camera and the GNSS receiver is achieved by looking at the camera triggering timestamps in flight telemetry data, without requiring an electronic connection between camera and the GNSS that may be troublesome with commercial UAVs. Two surveys were carried out, respectively to calibrate and validate the procedure. The validation test evidenced the possibility of obtaining the coordinates of the camera projection centres with decimetric accuracy. The centre of projections can then be employed for GNSS-assisted aerial triangulation as input of the bundle block adjustment. Provided that at least one GCP is used, it is possible to reach centimetric accuracy on the ground.

scholarly journals Research and Development of Real-time High-precision GNSS Receivers: A Feasible Application for Surveying and Mapping in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Khai PHAM ◽  
Gia Trong NGUYEN ◽  
Van Hai NGUYEN ◽  
Trong Xuan TRAN
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Standard Format ◽  
Gnss Receiver ◽  
Programming Tool ◽  
Standard Design ◽  
Gnss Receivers ◽  
Surveying And Mapping

In recent years, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been widely applied insurveying and mapping. Currently, in Vietnam, dual-frequency GNSS receivers are quite extensivelyapplied with the real-time kinematic (RTK) measurement technique using a continuously operatingreference station network. However, high-accuracy GNSS receivers are often expensive, sometimes notmeeting the needs of users for specific applications. This research develops two types of low-cost highprecisionGNSS receivers for RTK positioning for different purposes. First, the millimeter precisionGNSS receiver used in real-time displacement monitoring is based on Trimble's BD970 mainboardtechnology and some other modules. These components are interconnected according to a standarddesign scheme and assembled in an enclosure to form a GNSS receiver. In addition, a GNSS datatransmission in the National Marine Electronics Association standard format by Networked Transport ofRadio Technical Commission for Maritime Services via Internet Protocol (NTRIP) has beendesigned and developed. The GNSS receiver after development is loaded with program code written inthe C# programming language, using the Arduino programming tool. Second, the GNSS receivers havethe centimeter accuracy for RTK positioning used in surveying and mapping based on U-blox'smainboard technology and some other modules. These modules are also connected together according toa standard design scheme and assembled in an enclosure to form a complete GNSS receiver. Theevaluation results show that the designed and developed GNSS receivers completely meet therequirements of surveying and mapping in coal mines in Vietnam, such as real-time monitoring oflandslides, surveying and topographical mapping and other surveying works to serve the mining process.

scholarly journals A GNSS Payload for CubeSat Precise Orbit Determination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangkang Chen ◽  
Markus Rothacher ◽  
Lukas Müller ◽  
Flavio Kreiliger ◽  
Sergio De Florio
Keyword(s):  
Linear Combination ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Orbit Determination ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Precise Orbit Determination ◽  
Performance Estimation ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Processing Mode ◽  
Gnss Receivers

<p><span>Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have been used as a key technology for satellite orbit determination </span><span>for</span><span> about 30 years. With the increasing popularity of miniaturized satellites (e.g., CubeSats that are nanosatellites based on standardized 10 cm-sized units) the need for an adapted payload for orbit determination arises. We developed a small-size versatile GNSS payload board using commercial off-the-shelf single-frequency GNSS receivers with extremely small weight (</span><span>1.6</span><span> g), size (12</span><span>.2</span><span> x 16</span><span>.0</span><span> x 2</span><span>.4</span><span> mm</span><sup><span>3</span></sup><span>) and power consumption (100 mW). The board features two separate antenna connectors and four GNSS receivers – two connected to each antenna. This redundancy lowers the risk of a total payload failure in case one receiver is malfunctioning.</span></p><p><span>Two prototypes of the GNSS positioning board have been successfully launched onboard the Astrocast-01 and -02 3-unit cube satellites with altitudes of 575 and 505 km, respectively. The multi-GNSS receivers are capable of tracking the GNSS satellites of the four major systems, i.e., GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo. In addition, both satellites are equipped with a small array of three laser retroreflectors enabling orbit validation with Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR). After the two precursor missions, a constellation of 80 satellites is planned, allowing the formation and computation of a highly uniform polyhedron in space with cm-accuracy, relevant for geocenter, reference frame, and GNSS orbit determination.</span></p><p> <span>At present, we have continuous receiver PVT solutions available. The real-time onboard orbit determination results indicate that the receivers perform very well on both satellites. The RMS of a daily orbit fitting is, after removing one or the other outlier, at the level of 2-5 meters despite errors caused by the ionosphere and the orbit model. For a few satellite arcs, the recording of GNSS raw phase and code data was enabled, allowing orbit determination in a post-processing mode. This allows a better assessment of the achievable orbit quality and an overall performance estimation. The tests performed so far include the improvement of the orbit quality by eliminating the ionospheric refraction based on a linear combination of phase and code observations, the comparison of various single-system solutions and advances in combining the different tracking systems for orbit determination. In collaboration with the Zimmerwald Observatory in Switzerland a first SLR campaign was conducted that successfully tracked both nanosatellites. The SLR measurements with their high accuracy were then analyzed to validate the orbits of the Astrocast satellites derived from GNSS measurements.</span></p><p><span>We will present details on the payload board, on the results of the orbit </span><span>determination in real-time and in post-processing mode based on the low-cost single-frequency multi-GNSS receivers onboard the satellites and on the SLR orbit validation.</span></p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> CubeSat; GNSS payload; LEO orbit determination; low-cost; ionospheric refraction; linear combination; SLR</p>

scholarly journals Sampling Rate Impact on Precise Point Positioning with a Low-Cost GNSS Receiver

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7669
Author(s):  
Rosendo Romero-Andrade ◽  
Manuel E. Trejo-Soto ◽  
Jesús R. Vázquez-Ontiveros ◽  
Daniel Hernández-Andrade ◽  
Juan L. Cabanillas-Zavala
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Precise Point Positioning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Static Mode ◽  
Gnss Receiver ◽  
High Sampling Rate ◽  
Gnss Receivers ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Point Positioning

Nowadays, with the incursion of low-cost GNSS receivers with modern characteristics, it is common to investigate and apply new methodologies and solutions with different receivers of this nature. Based on this fact, the performance of the solution obtained from the low-cost GNSS receiver is evaluated compared to a geodetic grade GNSS receiver at different sampling frequencies for the PPP-static and PPP-kinematic modes. For this, the original RINEX observation files were analyzed and decimated into different sampling rates as 0.1, 0.2, 1, 5, 15 and 30 s with TEQC software. All RINEX files were submitted to the Canadian Spatial Reference System Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) online service for processing with static and kinematic modes. The PPP-derived coordinates from the low-cost GNSS receiver were compared with the geodetic receiver to evaluate the obtained solution. The results reveal that the behavior of all studied sampling rates from the low-cost GNSS receiver are constant in achieved positioning. In addition, the achieved precision shows that it is recommendable to use a high sampling rate to obtain a cm level in PPP-static mode by using a low-cost GNSS receiver, this mode being the most accurate and potential alternative for structural health monitoring studies, mapping and positioning in urban areas.

scholarly journals A 40 Mb/s VLC System Reusing an Existing Large LED Panel in an Indoor Office Environment

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1697
Author(s):  
Xicong Li ◽  
Zabih Ghassemlooy ◽  
Stanislav Zvánovec ◽  
Paul Anthony Haigh
Keyword(s):  
Modulation Depth ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Cost Driver ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Light Sources

With advances in solid-state lighting, visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as a promising technology to enhance existing light-emitting diode (LED)-based lighting infrastructure by adding data communication capabilities to the illumination functionality. The last decade has witnessed the evolution of the VLC concept through global standardisation and product launches. Deploying VLC systems typically requires replacing existing light sources with new luminaires that are equipped with data communication functionality. To save the investment, it is clearly desirable to make the most of the existing illumination systems. This paper investigates the feasibility of adding data communication functionality to the existing lighting infrastructure. We do this by designing an experimental system in an indoor environment based on an off-the-shelf LED panel typically used in office environments, with the dimensions of 60 × 60 cm2. With minor modifications, the VLC function is implemented, and all of the modules of the LED panel are fully reused. A data rate of 40 Mb/s is supported at a distance of up to 2 m while using the multi-band carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation. Two main limiting factors for achieving higher data rates are observed. The first factor is the limited bandwidth of the LED string inside the panel. The second is the flicker due to the residual ripple of the bias current that is generated by the panel’s driver. Flicker is introduced by the low-cost driver, which provides bias currents that fluctuate in the low frequency range (less than several kilohertz). This significantly reduces the transmitter’s modulation depth. Concurrently, the driver can also introduce an effect that is similar to baseline wander at the receiver if the flicker is not completely filtered out. We also proposed a solution based on digital signal processing (DSP) to mitigate the flicker issue at the receiver side and its effectiveness has been confirmed.

Reducing multipath effect of low-cost GNSS receivers for monitoring by considering temporal correlations

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-175
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Volker Schwieger
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Multipath Effect ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Multipath Effects ◽  
Gnss Receivers ◽  
Multipath Signals

AbstractThe investigations on low-cost single frequency GNSS receivers at the Institute of Engineering Geodesy (IIGS) show that u-blox GNSS receivers combined with low-cost antennas and self-constructed L1-optimized choke rings can reach an accuracy which almost meets the requirements of geodetic applications (see Zhang and Schwieger [25]). However, the quality (accuracy and reliability) of low-cost GNSS receiver data should still be improved, particularly in environments with obstructions. The multipath effects are a major error source for the short baselines. The ground plate or the choke ring ground plane can reduce the multipath signals from the horizontal reflector (e. g. ground). However, the shieldings cannot reduce the multipath signals from the vertical reflectors (e. g. walls).Because multipath effects are spatially and temporally correlated, an algorithm is developed for reducing the multipath effect by considering the spatial correlations of the adjoined stations (see Zhang and Schwieger [24]). In this paper, an algorithm based on the temporal correlations will be introduced. The developed algorithm is based on the periodic behavior of the estimated coordinates and not on carrier phase raw data, which is easy to use. Because, for the users, coordinates are more accessible than the raw data. The multipath effect can cause periodic oscillations but the periods change over time. Besides this, the multipath effect’s influence on the coordinates is a mixture of different multipath signals from different satellites and different reflectors. These two properties will be used to reduce the multipath effect. The algorithm runs in two steps and iteratively. Test measurements were carried out in a multipath intensive environment; the accuracies of the measurements are improved by about 50 % and the results can be delivered in near-real-time (in ca. 30 minutes), therefore the algorithm is suitable for structural health monitoring applications.

scholarly journals Sensor Networks for Structures Health Monitoring: Placement, Implementations, and Challenges—A Review

Vibration ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-584
Author(s):  
Samir Mustapha ◽  
Ye Lu ◽  
Ching-Tai Ng ◽  
Pawel Malinowski
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Successful Case

The development of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems and their integration in actual structures has become a necessity as it can provide a robust and low-cost solution for monitoring the structural integrity of and the ability to predict the remaining life of structures. In this review, we aim at focusing on one of the important issues of SHM, the design, and implementation of sensor networks. Location and number of sensors, in any SHM system, are of high importance as they impact the system integration, system performance, and accuracy of assessment, as well as the total cost. Hence we are interested in shedding the light on the sensor networks as an essential component of SHM systems. The review discusses several important parameters including design and optimization of sensor networks, development of academic and commercial solutions, powering of sensors, data communication, data transmission, and analytics. Finally, we presented some successful case studies including the challenges and limitations associated with the sensor networks.

scholarly journals Study and Analysis of Interference Signals of the LTE System of the GNSS Receiver

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4901
Author(s):  
Lucjan Setlak ◽  
Rafał Kowalik
Keyword(s):  
End User ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Gnss Receiver ◽  
System A ◽  
Telecommunication Systems ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Gnss Receivers ◽  
Interference Signals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

Sometimes, it is impossible to conduct tests with the use of the GNSS system, or the obtained results of the measurements made differ significantly from the predicted accuracy. The most common cause of the problems (external factors, faulty results) are interference disturbances from other radio telecommunication systems. The subject of this paper is to conduct research, the essence of which is an in-depth analysis in the field of elimination of LTE interference signals of the GNSS receiver, that is based on the developed effective methods on counteracting the phenomenon of interference signals coming from this system and transmitted on the same frequency. Interference signals are signals transmitted in the GNSS operating band, and unwanted signals may cause incorrect processing of the information provided to the end-user about his position, speed, and current time. This article presents methods of identifying and detecting interference signals, with particular emphasis on methods based on spatial processing of signals transmitted by the LTE system. A comparative analysis of the methods of detecting an unwanted signal was made in terms of their effectiveness and complexity of their implementation. Moreover, the concept of a new comprehensive anti-interference solution was proposed. It includes, among others, information on the various stages of GNSS signal processing in the proposed system, in relation to the algorithms used in traditional GNSS receivers. The final part of the article presents the obtained research results and the resulting significant observations and practical conclusions.

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