Korepetycje – powszechność, uwarunkowania i konsekwencje w lokalnym systemie edukacji

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Jasińska-Maciążek
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Private Tutoring ◽  
Seventh Graders ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Public Elementary Schools ◽  
Private Tuition

Popularity of private tutoring stems from a belief in its positive impact on academic achievement, even though research does not provide any clear evidence of its effectiveness. The effects of out-of-school tuition may be conditioned by various environmental factors, which is why it is important to monitor the phenomenon and its consequences for local education systems. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence, determinants and effects of private tutoring among seventh-graders of public elementary schools in Ostrołęka. The study involved 400 pupils (84% of the population) and 371 of their parents (78% of the population), using school achievement tests and a questionnaire for parents. The results showed that paid private tuition is not an effective strategy of supporting students in school difficulties. Pupils who were provided with private tutoring in fact had average lower scores in end-of-year maths tests, compared to students with similar end-of-term grades and socio-economic status who had to do without this form of support. The results should encourage a more attentive monitoring of the quality and effects of private tutoring and also of the role played by this form of support in the achievement of students who experience varying degrees of school difficulties. The study has showed that perhaps other methods of providing support to such students should be sought, including those more closely linked to the formal education system.

Religion and Spirituality Empowering Female Refugee Entrepreneurship

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-59
Author(s):  
Laura Dryjanska
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Psychology ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Female Leadership ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Religion And Spirituality ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Socio Economic Status

Female refugees face additional challenges and obstacles on their path to entrepreneurship. This can be explained by intersectionality, taking into account compounded discrimination due to gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status, and also religion. While conservative religious values and norms tend to be portrayed in a negative light, as hindering female leadership and fostering patriarchal views, this chapter assesses the positive impact that religion and spirituality may have for women refugee entrepreneurs. From the perspective of social psychology, it also considers how a comprehensive and creative training for female entrepreneurs should account for the demand-side, supply-side, soft skills, mental health, and religion and spirituality, preceded by a sound analysis of the context.

Inkan Seals as Tools of Labor Selection in Early 20th Century Mining

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-257
Author(s):  
Mayo MORIMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Coal Miners ◽  
Mining Company ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Referral Hiring

Abstract In this study, I analyze a hiring mechanism prevalent in the coal mining industry in the first decade of the 1900s by investigating ‘job applications’, which are assumed to have functioned as employment contracts. These job applications include the names, ages, addresses, and previous occupations of 775 applicants, as well as the names of respective referrers, all of which have been compiled in a database. It is noteworthy that some of the applicants affixed personal seals to their job applications. At the time, the use of seals—a traditional Japanese practice—was not pervasive throughout the entire citizenry, as it is now. Coal miners of that era tended to be rustic people with little formal education who were accorded a relatively low socio-economic status. In this article, we explore possible motivations underlying their use of seals. Our results indicate a statistically significant tendency toward the use of seals among these relatively low-skilled workers, as well as a tendency for applicants who used seals to be hired directly by the mining company, rather than through referral hiring, even though the latter was widely used at the time. These trends are consistent with the supposition that the company sought disciplined and diligent workers to hire people who owned seals. This is also consistent with the supposition that low-skilled workers employed seals as a signal to project an image of diligence.

Social Stratification of School Knowledge in Character Training Programs of South Buffalo, New York, 1918-1932

1988 ◽  
Vol 170 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Thomas ◽  
Kevin J. Moran
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Knowledge Type

This essay shows how policy makers and teachers in Buffalo, New York designed and implemented a stratified curriculum as an outgrowth of the school district's character training program. They differentiated by socio-economic status the knowledge type they disseminated to their pupils in the early 1900s, emphasizing academics in elementary schools which higher- and middle-status pupils attended. In contrast, they emphasized character training at the expense of academics in lower-status schools.

Loneliness, socio-economic status and quality of life in old age: the moderating role of housing tenure

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 998-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
AGNES SZABO ◽  
JOANNE ALLEN ◽  
FIONA ALPASS ◽  
CHRISTINE STEPHENS
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Housing Tenure ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Emotional Loneliness ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTThe study investigated housing tenure as a factor moderating the effects of loneliness and socio-economic status (SES) on quality of life (control and autonomy, pleasure, and self-realisation) over a two-year period for older adults. Data from the 2010 and 2012 waves of the New Zealand Health, Work, and Retirement Study were analysed. Using case-control matching, for each tenant (N = 332) we selected a home-owner (N = 332) of the same age, gender, ethnicity, SES, working status and urban/rural residence. Structural equation modelling was employed to examine the impact of SES, housing tenure and loneliness on quality of life over time. Emotional loneliness exerted a significant negative main effect on control and autonomy and pleasure. Tenure and SES influenced control and autonomy, but not pleasure or self-realisation. Tenure moderated the effect of emotional loneliness on control and autonomy, with the negative effect of emotional loneliness weaker for home-owners compared to renters. Tenure moderated the effect of SES on control and autonomy, with the positive impact of SES stronger for home-owners. Findings suggest that owners capitalise on their material and financial resources more than tenants in terms of their quality of life. In addition, home-ownership can act as a protective factor against the harmful effects of emotional loneliness in old age.

scholarly journals Socio-economic and demographic predictors of unmet need for contraception among young women in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from cross-sectional surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽  
Edward Kwabena Ameyaw ◽  
Abdul-Aziz Seidu
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Unmet Need For Contraception

Abstract Introduction Globally, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) bears the highest proportion of women with unmet need for contraception as nearly 25% of women of reproductive age in the sub-region have unmet need for contraception. Unmet need for contraception is predominant among young women. We examined the association between socio-economic and demographic factors and unmet need for contraception among young women in SSA. Methods Data for this study obtained from current Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2018 in 30 sub-Saharan African countries. The sample size consisted of young women (aged 15–24), who were either married or cohabiting and had complete cases on all the variables of interest (N = 59,864). Both bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed using STATA version 14.0. Results The overall prevalence of unmet need for contraception among young women was 26.90% [95% CI: 23.82–29.921], ranging from 11.30% [95% CI: 5.1–17.49] in Zimbabwe to 46.7% [95% CI: 36.92–56.48] in Comoros. Results on socio-economic status and unmet need for contraception showed that young women who had primary [aOR = 1.18; CI = 1.12–1.25, p < 0.001] and secondary/higher levels of formal education [aOR = 1.27; CI = 1.20–1.35, p < 0.001] had higher odds of unmet need for contraception compared to those with no formal education. With wealth status, young women in the richest wealth quintile had lower odds of unmet need for contraception compared with those in the poorest wealth quintile [aOR = 0.89; CI = 0.81–0.97, p < 0.01]. With the demographic factors, the odds of unmet need for contraception was lower among young women aged 20–24 [aOR = 0.74; CI = 0.70–0.77, p < 0.001], compared with 15–19 aged young women. Also, young women who were cohabiting had higher odds of unmet need for contraception compared to those who were married [aOR = 1.35; CI = 1.28–1.43, p < 0.001]. Conclusion Our study has demonstrated that unmet need for contraception is relatively high among young women in SSA and this is associated with socio-economic status. Age, marital status, parity, occupation, sex of household head, and access to mass media (newspaper) are also associated with unmet need for contraception. It is therefore, prudent that organisations such as UNICEF and UNFPA and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation who have implemented policies and programmes on contraception meant towards reducing unmet need for contraception among women take these factors into consideration when designing interventions in sub-Saharan African countries to address the problem of high unmet need for contraception among young women.

General Self-Concept, Self-Concept of Academic Ability and School Achievement: Implications for “Causes” of Self-Concept

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles K. West ◽  
James A. Fish ◽  
Robert J. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Group ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Academic Ability ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Social Feedback ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Demographic Research ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Social

The research on relationships between general self-concept and school achievement and between self-concept of academic ability and school achievement was reviewed. Findings are now sufficient to indicate that school achievement is “causally predominant” over self-concept of academic ability. Demographic research in regard to differences relating to sex, socio-economic status, ethnicity, race, birth order, and age was also examined. Few demographically based conclusions were found to be warranted. The primary contributing factors to self-concept of academic ability are hypothesized to be the child's actual achievement or ability; the social feedback from significant others about that achievement, dissonances between that feedback and the actual ability, and the child's comparison group.

scholarly journals CORRELATION BETWEEN SOCIAL ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES LEARNING OUTCOMES TO FOURTH GRADE STUDENTS OF PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN KEBUMEN SUB-DISTRICT IN ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2019/2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Pungky Ari Sandhi ◽  
Suhartono Suhartono ◽  
Joharman Joharman
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Character Education ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Public Elementary Schools ◽  
Fourth Grade Students

<p><em>The i</em><em>mplementation</em><em> of social attitudes in the 2013 curriculum is part of character education</em><em> </em><em>ha</em><em>ving</em><em> positive impact on academic </em><em>achievement</em><em>. </em><em>The study aimed to prove positive correlation between social attitudes and social sciences learning outcomes and to determine the contribution of social attitudes toward social sciences learning outcomes to fourth grade students of public elementary schools in Kebumen Sub</em><em>-</em><em>district in </em><em>a</em><em>cademic </em><em>y</em><em>ear of 2019/2020. The study used a quantitative research design with correlation method. </em><em>Sampling method was cluster random sampling technique. The result showed that there was positive relationship</em><em> </em><em>between social attitudes and social sciences learning outcomes of fourth grade students with low correlation level which was 0.117. The adjusted R square value of social attitudes to social sciences learning outcomes was 1</em><em>.</em><em>38%. It concludes that there is a positive </em><em>correlation </em><em>between social attitudes and social sciences learning outcomes to </em><em>fourth grade students of </em><em>SDN</em><em> in </em><em>Kebumen </em><em>Sub-district </em><em>in </em><em>academ</em><em>ic </em><em>year</em><em> of 2019/2020. </em></p>

scholarly journals ASPEK-ASPEK PSIKOLOGIS YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP KINERJA PROFESIONAL GURU SEKOLAH DASAR (SD)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-105
Author(s):  
Herwanto Herwanto ◽  
Fitrah Tul Ummi ◽  
Dewi Rustiana ◽  
Pratitasari Retna H
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Family Conflict ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Work Family Conflict ◽  
Public Elementary Schools ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated the impact of psychological aspects, such as workplace well-being, work-family conflict and self-concept) towards the performance of elementary school’s teacher in East Jakarta. Certified teachers from several public elementary schools were included in this study. The purposive sampling technique was applied to recruit the sample of the study. The result of this study demonstrated the positive impact of workplace well-being towards teacher’s performance. Our result yielded that 33.1% of teacher’s professional performance in public elementary schools were affected by workplace well-being. Self-concept was also found having a positive impact in predicting teacher’s performance. On the other hand, this study found that work-family conflict had a significant negative impact on teacher’s performance. These findings implied that the positive workplace well-being and self-concept would decrease the teacher’s performances, meanwhile the increasing of work-family conflict would result in decreasing teacher’s performances.

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