scholarly journals Análisis de la incidencia de la corrupción en el desarrollo regional del Perú

2020 ◽  
pp. 128-141
Author(s):  
Víctor Castro Montenegro
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pearson’S Correlation ◽  
Experimental Type ◽  
Pearson's Correlation ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Degree Of Association

ResumenLa corrupción afecta la democracia y el desarrollo económico de los países. En el Perú, la corrupción se percibe como el principal problema que aqueja al país, incluso por encima de la delincuencia. No obstante, no existen investigaciones que aborden la problemática desde un punto de vista empírico. La presente investigación es de tipo no experimental, se tomó comopoblación a los habitantes peruanos y como muestra todas las viviendas tanto en el área urbana como rural y cuyo objetivo general es determinar si existe una relación entre la incidenciaen la corrupción de tipo cohecho y el desarrollo regional en el Perú durante el periodo 2007 – 2017. La técnica utilizada en la presente investigación son el análisis de correlación de Pearson y los test paramétricos y no paramétricos como son el T-student y Mann-Whitney. Para tal fin, se mide el grado de asociación entre las variables citadas mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson; así mismo, mediante los test T-Student y de Mann Whitney se analiza si existe diferencias entre el nivel de corrupción entre los gobiernos. Los resultados sugieren que existe una relación negativa entre el nivel de corrupción de tipo cohecho y el desarrollo económico de las regiones en el Perú, tanto en las dimensiones de ingreso, educación y salud. Por otra parte, se constata que la incidencia de la corrupción de tipo cohecho fue mayor en el gobierno de García que en el gobierno de Humala.Palabra clave: Corrupción en el Perú, Desarrollo económico regional, Correlación Pearson, Test Paramétrico. AbstractCorruption affects democracy and the economic development of countries. In Peru, corruption is perceived as the country’s main problem, even above crime. However, there is no research that approaches the problem from an empirical point of view. This research is of a non-experimental type, taking Peruvian inhabitants as a population and all households in both urban and rural areas as a sample. The general objective is to determine whether there is a relationship between the incidence of bribe-type corruption and regional development in Peru during the period 2007-2017. The technique used in this research is Pearson’s correlation analysis and parametric and non-parametric tests such as T-student and Mann-Whitney. To this end, the degree of association between the variables cited is measured using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Likewise, the T-Student and Mann Whitney tests analyse whether there are differences in the level of corruption between governments. The results suggest that there is a negative relationship between the level of bribe-type corruption and the economic development of the regions in Peru, in the income, education and health dimensions. On the other hand, the incidence of bribe-type corruption was higher in the García government than in the Humala government.Keywords: Corruption in Peru, Regional economic development, Pearson correlation, Parametric test.

scholarly journals An Investigation of the Contribution of Women to the Socio-Economic

2020 ◽  
Vol V (II) ◽  
pp. 230-237
Author(s):  
Saima Urooge ◽  
Noor Jehan ◽  
Bibi Aisha Sadiqa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Economic Participation ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The present study investigates women’s contribution to the socio-economic development of a country via their shares in the family’s total income. District Peshawar was selected as a research area A well-defined questionnaire was randomly distributed among women respondents both working women and housewives (sample size 450 = 300 urban and 150 rural). Two models, working women share in the income of household and wife’s share in household income were estimated. Based on the findings of research it is deducted that Model 2 for working women’s share in family’s total is preferred to second Model 2 for housewives shares in family’s total income although both models showed a positive and significant effect in most of the urban and rural areas of the Peshawar. It is suggested that the rate of economic participation of these women can be substantially raised through the introduction of appropriate measures if these are carried out with true letter and spirit.

Nierówności dochodowe w Polsce w relacji miasto–wieś

2016 ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Raczkowska
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Pearson’S Correlation ◽  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Pearson’S Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson's Correlation ◽  
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient

The work considers income discrepancies occurring in Poland in urban-rural configuration in 2005–2013. The general hypothesis had been stated that income discrepancies in rural areas do not increase and are not different in their nature from those occurring in urban areas. The results of the research conducted confirmed the increase of the income discrepancies in rural areas and their decrease in cities. In rural areas, the measure most correlated with Gini index was the unemployment rate – Pearson’s correlation coefficient r (–0,82). On the basis of the research conducted it is impossible to state firmly that the decrease of unemployment rate fosters the increase of income discrepancies. It is difficult to determine whether unemployment is the effect of discrepancies or discrepancies are the effect of unemployment. The correlation between the labour force participation rate and Gini index was also negative and showed the strong correlation between the variables – Pearson’s correlation coefficient: (–0,70).

Local Economic Development in Transition Economies

2020 ◽  
pp. 522-539
Author(s):  
József Káposzta ◽  
Krisztián Ritter ◽  
Henrietta Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Spatial Processes ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Endogenous Potentials ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

There are significant inequalities in development both within and over the borders of countries, in addition, urban and rural areas show significant differences in the level of development. The reason for the occurrence of spatial discrepancies is that the economic and social processes are always restructured in space and time and such processes are even accelerated by the globalization. In order to get precise and realistic picture about territorial processes, it is worth to learn the spatial processes that have already happened as well as their impacts on the spatial structure, since these may enable the regions to break out from the disadvantaged situation. In such a multivariable system, the development strategies need to be built on the endogenous potentials and own strengths of the regions. The aim of this chapter is to highlight the importance of local values and local conditions in the sustainable rural development, thus emphasizing the importance of localization in long-term progress. The chapter puts emphasis on the characteristics and features of transition countries.

Designing a pediatric emergency triage and action program

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsunetoshi Mogi ◽  
Kazuhiko Kodama ◽  
Naoki Doi ◽  
Yasuhiko Konishi ◽  
Hiroshi Nishigori
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Interprofessional Education ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Emergency Setting ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Training Point ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract BACKGROUND In Japan, non-pediatricians face many instances in which they must see children, partly due to the uneven distribution of pediatricians among urban and rural areas. We aimed to develop and examine the effect of a model simulation-based training program in pediatric primary care for non-pediatric medical and ancillary personnel who express misgivings about seeing pediatric patients in an emergency setting due to their perception of their lack of training in this area.METHODS We instituted a series of workshops on common pediatric emergency situations, first with physicians, and later also including ancillary personnel, as a form of interprofessional education. The entire program was constructed around Design-based Research.RESULTS Feedback from attendees and facilitators was mostly positive, leading us to open the workshops to ancillary personnel.CONCLUSIONS From a training point of view, this epistemological investigation was successful in mitigating anxieties in individuals about seeing pediatric emergency patients. The effects on patient care remain to be studied.

Assessment of the attractiveness of rural areas in terms of internal migration in Russia and the EU countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
N.V. Vorontsova ◽  
◽  
A.V. Merzlov ◽  
R.R. Mukhametzyanov ◽  
N.G. Platonovskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Innovative Capabilities ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Those born in rural areas move to urban areas for both temporary and permanent residence. In general, urbanization is expanding in the world, as evidenced by the increase in the proportion of the urban population. However, recently, in parallel with urbanization, especially in the developed countries of Europe, there has been a reverse flow - the resettlement of a certain part of the urban population to the countryside. It attracts city dwellers with a comparatively better ecological situation, the presence of wide spaces and a sense of freedom. All of this is also supported by modern innovative capabilities. Information and digital technologies are increasingly blurring the boundaries between urban and rural areas. However, the attractiveness of rural areas for permanent habitation in a number of cases, including in our country, is reduced due to the lack of adequate urban living conditions for life and urban-centric state policy. This primarily affects rural areas remote from cities. At the same time, the suburbs, especially megacities, are the most attractive in terms of internal migration. It accommodates the conditions of urban life and the advantage of rural areas. The article touches upon the issues of internal migration of the urban population to the countryside in Russia and a number of European countries (on the example of France and Germany). In this regard, it was noted that this tendency exists, and with an increase in dynamics. As a result of the study, the factors that influence the decision-making by the townspeople to move to settlements located in agricultural areas were identified, and a set of criteria was proposed to assess their attractiveness from the point of view of internal migration of the population.

scholarly journals From anaerobic to aerobic treatment: upcycling of digestate as a moisturizing agent for in-vessel composting process

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nour El Houda Chaher ◽  
Safwat Hemidat ◽  
Mehrez Chakchouk ◽  
Abdallah Nassour ◽  
Moktar Hamdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Composting Process ◽  
Anaerobic Reactors ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Nitrification Index ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractIn Tunisia, there are crucial challenges facing both urban and rural areas, the most prominent of which are the production of organic waste, the need for waste treatment, the demand for water and energy and the need for a circular economy. To this end, the study was designed to develop a technical concept on closed cycle ‘biowaste to bioenergy’ treating, basically food waste (FW) through combined biological processes. In this approach, the generated digestate from FW anaerobic reactors was used successfully as a moisturizing agent for FW in-vessel composting. Four types of digestate were examined to be used as moisturizing agent (MA). The selection of the appropriate MA was achieved based on technical criteria; moisture content (MC), C:N ratio and heavy metals concentrations. The findings showed that the digestate obtained from anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and wheat straw (D1) was the most efficient AD-effluent to be added. In terms of composting process performance, the thermophilic phase of the amended reactor (A1) lasted 16 days and reached higher temperatures of about 72 °C, while the unamended one (A1) was characterized by a thermophilic temperature of around 66 °C indicating that the end products were of a pathogen-free compost. When it comes to the physico-chemical factors examined demonstrating that the biological conditions were sufficiently developed. The findings showed overall decreasing profiles during the composting period for moisture, C:N ratio as well as nitrification index (NI). From the quality-point of view, it was found that heavy metal concentrations had lower limits than those values set by German standards. Moreover, all the compost samples appeared to be stable and classified as class IV and V end product.

scholarly journals Well-being in urban and rural areas, challenges, general policies, and their monitoring. Some evidence for Germany before and during the COVID-19 pandemic1

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Susanne Schnorr-Baecker
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
New Information ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Major changes in society, the economy, the natural environment and the government haven taken place. The current pandemic demonstrates even more their social importance and positive or negative effects worldwide. In particular, an increasingly cross-generational awareness of sustainability, new information and communication channels and growing international interdependencies as well as comprehensive policies fostering well-being are gaining worldwide importance and pervade all activities. Germany has – as many nations worldwide – besides its national strategies committed to implement major strategies at United Nations’ and European Union’s levels. In the following, it will be examined which differences exist in the living conditions from a spatial point of view. Using selected indicators and current data mainly from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, an urban-rural comparison is made for Germany at the lowest federal level ‘Kreise’ (NUTS 3 of the European spatial classification). Even if it is still unclear what the long-term consequences of the drastic measures of the current global COVID-19 pandemic will be, current trends will be briefly presented. Furthermore, this study presents the latest data mainly before the worldwide outbreak of the pandemic and thus will offer starting points for later analysis of opportunities and risks for urban or rural areas post COVID-19.

scholarly journals The Impact of Transport Infrastructure on the Sustainable Development of the Region—Case Study

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Piotr Prus ◽  
Marek Sikora
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

The transport infrastructure can be defined as a factor that guarantees the growth and economic development of the region, due to the functions of traversing space in terms of the movement of people and the exchange of goods. The effects of the impact of transport infrastructure on the economy of the region largely depend on how the society uses the services offered by infrastructure facilities and devices. The study examines the impact of transport infrastructure on the sustainable socio-economic development of the Wałcz Lake District. To conduct the analysis, a questionnaire addressed to entrepreneurs from this region was used. In the second part of the research, the indicators of sustainable development at the regional level were applied: the level of transport infrastructure and the level of socio-economic development of the studied area. The study is an attempt to fill the cognitive gap for areas outside the country’s main transport corridors. The existing differentiation in both the development of infrastructure and the economic attractiveness of urban and rural areas was shown. Factors influencing the effectiveness of implementing the concept of sustainable rural development were indicated.

scholarly journals Trends in the consumption of fish and fish products in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Ryzhkova ◽  
V. M. Kruchinina
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Fisheries and aquaculture play an important role in ensuring food security, healthy nutrition and employment in various countries and on different continents. In Russia, the fishing industry is attractive for investment. At the same time, many important issues and problems remain unresolved in the industry. The search for promising directions for the development of the domestic fisheries sector is impossible without studying such an important indicator as the consumption of fish and its processed products. The purpose of this work is to study the indicators of fish consumption and products of its processing over a fairly long period from the middle of the last century to the present. Using the methods of scientific analysis, comparison, inductive and deductive, monographic, the following tasks were solved: the assessment of the results of the fishing industry in the Soviet period by indicators: catch, food production, import; the balance of resources for the period from 2011 to 2018 was considered.; a comparison of different consumer groups (population by age group, households in urban and rural areas) is made; fish and aquaculture production is considered from the point of view of food security, the cost indicators and opportunities of the processing industry are studied, the importance of cooperatives as an important infrastructure element, etc. The conclusions are as follows: despite official statistics, the actual consumption of fish per capita is a quarter less than the norm. For uninterrupted supply of fresh fish to the population, it is necessary: urgently allow the population of coastal zones to fish for personal consumption, develop cooperatives, integrate Centrosoyuz organizations in the value chain-catch/breeding-storage-marketing – sale; adopt a law on raw fish; study the experience of Scandinavian countries, in particular, Norway.

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