scholarly journals A IMPORTÂNCIA DOS SERVIÇOS ECOSSISTÊMICOS PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONÔMICO E O BEM-ESTAR SOCIAL NA PERCEPÇÃO DA POPULAÇÃO: O CASO DA FLORESTA NACIONAL DE CARAJÁS

Nativa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 689
Author(s):  
Antônio Cordeiro de Santana ◽  
Ádina Lima de Santana ◽  
Gilmara Maureline T. S. Oliveira ◽  
Ádamo Lima de Santana ◽  
Javan Lobato Quaresma
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Environmental Economics ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Wide Group

O estudo avaliou a percepção da população da região de Carajás sobre a influência da exploração dos recursos naturais, envolvendo desmatamento e queimadas, urbanização, alteração no clima e preservação da Floresta Nacional de Carajás sobre a economia e o bem-estar da população local. Aplicou-se a análise multivariada para associar um conjunto amplo de variáveis na definição de indicadores representativos das dimensões ambiental e ecológica. Os resultados indicaram que mais de 80% das pessoas entrevistadas afirmaram ter conhecimento sobre a importância da Flona de Carajás para o desempenho das atividades econômicas e do bem-estar da população do seu entorno. Os indicadores das dimensões ambiental e ecológica foram considerados, por mais de 52% dos entrevistados, como de alta importância para compor o valor econômico total da Flona e contribuir para sua preservação e/ou gestão sustentável. Conclui-se que a população local percebe e qualifica os efeitos das mudanças causadas pela ação antrópica sobre os recursos naturais sobre o desempenho da economia e a qualidade de vida das pessoas.Palavras-chave: economia ambiental, serviços ecossistêmicos, unidade de conservação, Floresta Amazônica. THE IMPORTANCE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE POPULATION’S PERCEPTION: THE CASE OF THE CARAJÁS NATIONAL FOREST ABSTRACT:This study evaluates the perceptions of the population residing in the region of Carajás with respect to the natural resource exploitation, deforestation and forest fires, urbanization, climate change and the preservation of the Carajás National Forest, considering the economy and welfare of local the population. Multivariate analysis was applied to associate a wide group of variables with the representative indicators in environmental and ecological dimensions. Interviews with local people indicate that more than 80% of all interviewed are aware of the importance of the Carajás Flona for the development of economic activities and for the population´s welfare in their surroundings. Indicators of environmental and ecological dimensions were regarded by more than 52% of interviewees as being of great importance to the composition the total economic value of Flona and to contribute to preservation or sustainable management. We conclude that the local population adequately perceived and qualified the effects of the changes caused by the anthropic action on the natural resources with respect to the development of economy and the quality of life of the people.Keywords: environmental economics, ecosystem services, conservation unit, Amazon Forest.

Valuation of Rainforest Preservation in the Amazon

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Strand
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Amazon Rainforest ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Marginal Value ◽  
Regulating Services ◽  
Provisioning Services

Different ecosystem values of the Amazon rainforest are surveyed in economic terms. Spatial rainforest valuation is crucial for good forest management, such as where to put the most effort to stop illegal logging and forest fires, and which areas to designate as new nationally protected areas. Three classes of economic value are identified, according to who does the valuation: values accruing to the local and regional populations (of South America); carbon values (which are global); and other global (noncarbon) values. Only the first two classes are discussed. Three types of value are separated according to ecosystem service delivered from the rainforest: provisioning services; supporting and regulating services; and cultural and other human services. Net values of provisioning services, including reduced impact logging and various non-timber forest products, are well documented for the entire Brazilian Amazon at a spatially detailed scale and amount to at least $20–50/ha/year. Less-detailed information exists about values of fish, game, and bioprospecting from the Amazon, although their total values can be shown to be sizable. Many supporting and regulating services are harder to value economically, in particular climate regulation and watershed and erosion protection. Impacts of changed rainfall when Amazon rainforest is lost have been valued at detailed scale, but with relative model values of $10–20/ha/year. Carbon values are much larger, at a carbon price of $30/ton CO2, around $14,000/ha as capitalized value. The average per-hectare value of tourism and the health benefits from having the Amazon forest are low, and such values cannot easily be pinned down to individual areas of the Amazon. Finally, the biodiversity values of the Amazon, as accruing to the local and regional population, seem to be small based on recent stated-preference work in Brazil. Most of the values related to biodiversity are likely to be global and may. in principle, be very large, but the global components are not valued here. The concept of value is discussed, and a marginal valuation concept (practically useful for policy) is favored as opposed to an average or total valuation. Marginal value can be below average value (as is likely for biodiversity and tourism), but can also in some contexts be higher. This can occur where losing forest at a local scale increases the prevalence of forest fires and where it increases forest dryness, leading to a multiplier process whereby more forest is lost. While strides have recently been made to improve rainforest valuation at both micro- and macroscales, much work still remains.

scholarly journals “Critical Ecosystems” as a Concept in Political Ecology - Developing a Comprehensive Analytical Framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-212
Author(s):  
Michael Acheampong
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Political Ecology ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Political Dimensions

Political ecology is supposed to be a field of two parts of equal importance – "politics" and "ecology." However, critics have pointed to the fact that it dwells on the politics, while rendering ecology secondary in its focus. Political ecologists have hardly used the structure that the concept of ecosystem services brought to the field of ecology, and this lends credence to this critique. In this article, I introduce the concept of "critical ecosystems" that reinforces understanding of the science of "ecology", as an important dimension of political ecology. I use components of the framework of ecosystem services in context of unequal power relations. Some local people who have symbiotic relationships with their environment owe their existence – both their livelihoods and culture – to specific natural resources whose decline has proximate and tangible consequences for them. However, they often lose these "critical ecosystems" in times of natural resource exploitation due to their relative powerlessness. I argue that it is important that political ecologists utilize the framework of ecosystem services in our inquiries, to prioritize those ecosystems that are intricately connected to the survival of the local population. Based on this, I introduce the "critical ecosystems" model, and how it can be modified to fit specific cases and can reconcile the sociological and political dimensions of political ecology, with biophysical understanding of ecological processes. This holistic inquiry, I argue, will make political ecology worthy of its name.  Keywords: Political ecology; ecosystem services; unequal power relations; Millennium Ecosystems Assessment; Ghana

scholarly journals Environmental conditions of the landscape functioning in the Pribaikalskii National Park: historical perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 895 (1) ◽  
pp. 012006
Author(s):  
Zh V Atutova ◽  
Zehong Li
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
National Park ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
History Of

Abstract The history of the economic development of the valley complexes of the Goloustnaya River basin is considered. Forestry and agricultural activities are designated as the main activities developed by the local population. Fluctuation changes in the intensity of their implementation are highlighted, specifically. the slowly developing process of economic development of valley landscapes due to low population in the second half o f the 17th century and until the first half of the 20th century; expansion of agricultural land and growth of industrial development of forest resources, starting from the middle of the 20th century until the end of the 1980s; and a decrease in economic activities since the end of the last century, which is connected both with the state reorganization of the country’s economy and with creation of specially protected natural territories within the studied area. The valley complexes of the Goloustnaya River are at risk from the recreational development of coastal areas of Lake Baikal that have been actively developing in recent years. Taiga landscapes of the upper and middle reaches of the river are at risk of spreading forest fires. Negative consequences from economic activities have been contributing to a significant anthropogenic transformation of landscapes of the Pribaikalskii National Park for a long period.

scholarly journals Valuation of Ecosystem Services: Insight From Lake Malombe, Malawi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
RODGERS MAKWINJA ◽  
Seyoum Mengistou ◽  
Emmanuel Kaunda ◽  
Tena Alemiew ◽  
Friday Njaya
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Incentive ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Strong Basis ◽  
Incentive Model ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Use Values

Abstract Lake Malombe is endowed with a variety of ecosystem services (ES) that have a considerable economic value. This study used, a combination of market-based and value transfer techniques to evaluate the lake ES. The results showed that the annual economic value of Lake Malombe ES is estimated at US$ 40.68million, equivalent to US$635.63/hh/yr. The ecosystem provisioning service (EPS) is ranked the highest (87.45%) in terms of contribution, followed by biodiversity (8.64%), flood regulation (3.70%) then carbon sequestration, culture, and aesthetic services. The ES quality index ranks culture and aesthetic services as the lowest suggesting that investment in the tourism industry in Lake Malombe is not much advanced. Although this study did not take into account all ES components such as non-use values and other regulatory services, the estimated total annual ES value of US$ 40.68million derived from Lake Malombe provides a strong basis for a need to design an economic incentive model to encourage the local communities to take responsibility for managing the lake. Any decline in the supply of ES can eventually worsen poverty and push the local population to desperately over depend on EPS and degrade even the areas deemed to be conserved for future generations thereby creating a vicious circle of poverty and ecosystem disservices. This study provides a significant insight into the trade-offs between ES and diverse stakeholders. Balancing the interest of local communities given the importance of EPS in sustaining their livelihoods and that of global communities is required to effectively manage the lake.

Climate change assessment impacts on the coastal area of Maliakos Gulf, Greece

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1235-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mentzafou ◽  
A. Conides ◽  
E. Dimitriou
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Wetland Loss ◽  
Mitigation Planning ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Climate Change Assessment ◽  
Adaptation And Mitigation

Abstract Coastal ecosystems are linked to socio-economic development, but simultaneously, are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic climate change and sea level rise (SLR). Within this scope, detailed topographic data resources of Spercheios River and Maliakos Gulf coastal area in Greece, combined with information concerning the economic value of the most important sectors of the area (wetland services, land property, infrastructure, income) were employed, so as to examine the impacts of three SLR scenarios, compiled based on the most recent regional projections reviewed. Based on the results, in the case of 0.3 m, 0.6 m and 1.0 m SLR, the terrestrial zone to be lost was estimated to be 6.2 km2, 18.9 km2 and 31.1 km2, respectively. For each scenario examined, wetlands comprise 68%, 41% and 39% of the total area lost, respectively, reflecting their sensitivity to even small SLR. The total economic impact of SLR was estimated to be 75.4 × 106 €, 161.7 × 106 € and 510.7 × 106 € for each scenario, respectively (3.5%, 7.5% and 23.7% of the gross domestic product of the area), 19%, 17% and 8% of which can be attributed to wetland loss. The consequences of SLR to the ecosystem services provided are indisputable, while adaptation and mitigation planning is required.

Fish as Property on the Small Aral Sea, Kazakhstan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Common Pool Resources ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Irrigation Projects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Property Regime ◽  
Formal Rules

This chapter looks at a postsocialist fishery in Kazakhstan to explore the relationship between property rules designed to manage natural resources, and practices of resource exploitation. The Aral Sea is famous for its desiccation over the second half of the twentieth century, which stemmed from Soviet irrigation projects; in 2006 a World Bank/Republic of Kazakhstan project restored a small part of the sea, and fish catches have recently recovered somewhat. In this chapter, based on ethnographic and archival research, I explore the disjuncture between formal rules and practice to address debates about the management of common-pool resources. Within the nomadic economy, in contrast to livestock, fish were not property objects; over the colonial, Soviet and post-Soviet periods, they became objects of economic value in different ways, mediating different sorts of social relations. Turning to the contemporary property regime, I suggest that formal rules matter, but in unintended ways.

scholarly journals Exploring the Use of Ecosystem Services Conceptual Models to Account for the Benefits of Public Lands: An Example from National Forest Planning in the United States

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Lydia Olander ◽  
Katie Warnell ◽  
Travis Warziniack ◽  
Zoe Ghali ◽  
Chris Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Public Lands ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forest Planning ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Planning Team ◽  
National Forest Planning

A shared understanding of the benefits and tradeoffs to people from alternative land management strategies is critical to successful decision-making for managing public lands and fostering shared stewardship. This study describes an approach for identifying and monitoring the types of resource benefits and tradeoffs considered in National Forest planning in the United States under the 2012 Planning Rule and demonstrates the use of tools for conceptualizing the production of ecosystem services and benefits from alternative land management strategies. Efforts to apply these tools through workshops and engagement exercises provide opportunities to explore and highlight measures, indicators, and data sources for characterizing benefits and tradeoffs in collaborative environments involving interdisciplinary planning teams. Conceptual modeling tools are applied to a case study examining the social and economic benefits of recreation on the Ashley National Forest. The case study illustrates how these types of tools facilitate dialog for planning teams to discuss alternatives and key ecosystem service outcomes, create easy to interpret visuals that map details in plans, and provide a basis for selecting ecosystem service (socio-economic) metrics. These metrics can be used to enhance environmental impact analysis, and help satisfy the goals of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the 2012 Planning Rule, and shared stewardship initiatives. The systematic consideration of ecosystem services outcomes and metrics supported by this approach enhanced dialog between members of the Forest planning team, allowed for a more transparent process in identification of key linkages and outcomes, and identified impacts and outcomes that may not have been apparent to the sociologist who is lacking the resource specific expertise of these participants. As a result, the use of the Ecosystem Service Conceptual Model (ESCM) process may result in reduced time for internal reviews and greater comprehension of anticipated outcomes and impacts of proposed management in the plan revision Environmental Impact Statement amongst the planning team.

scholarly journals Twenty-first century droughts have not increasingly exacerbated fire season severity in the Brazilian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Libonati ◽  
J. M. C. Pereira ◽  
C. C. Da Camara ◽  
L. F. Peres ◽  
D. Oom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
First Century ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Fire Activity ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
In Fire

AbstractBiomass burning in the Brazilian Amazon is modulated by climate factors, such as droughts, and by human factors, such as deforestation, and land management activities. The increase in forest fires during drought years has led to the hypothesis that fire activity decoupled from deforestation during the twenty-first century. However, assessment of the hypothesis relied on an incorrect active fire dataset, which led to an underestimation of the decreasing trend in fire activity and to an inflated rank for year 2015 in terms of active fire counts. The recent correction of that database warrants a reassessment of the relationships between deforestation and fire. Contrasting with earlier findings, we show that the exacerbating effect of drought on fire season severity did not increase from 2003 to 2015 and that the record-breaking dry conditions of 2015 had the least impact on fire season of all twenty-first century severe droughts. Overall, our results for the same period used in the study that originated the fire-deforestation decoupling hypothesis (2003–2015) show that decoupling was clearly weaker than initially proposed. Extension of the study period up to 2019, and novel analysis of trends in fire types and fire intensity strengthened this conclusion. Therefore, the role of deforestation as a driver of fire activity in the region should not be underestimated and must be taken into account when implementing measures to protect the Amazon forest.

scholarly journals The Value of Recreational Ecosystem Services in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Muniyandi Balasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
National Park ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Forest Ecosystem Services ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mental Well Being

Forest ecosystem services have played a vital role in human well-being. Particularly, recreational ecosystem services are creating physical and mental well-being for human beings. Therefore, the main objective of the paper is to estimate the economic value of recreational ecosystem services provides by recreational sites such as Nandi Hills and Nagarhole National Park based on the individual travel cost method in Karnataka, India. This study has used a random sampling method for 300 tourist visitors to recreational sites. The present study has also estimated the consumer surplus of the visitors. The results of the study have found that (i) economic value of two creational sites has been estimated at US $323.05 million, (ii) the consumer surplus has been estimated for Nandi Hills at US $7.45 and Nagarhole National Park at US $3.16. The main implication of the study is to design the entry fees for the recreational site and sustainable utilization of recreational ecosystem services for the present and future generations.

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