Valuation of Rainforest Preservation in the Amazon

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Strand
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Amazon Rainforest ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Marginal Value ◽  
Regulating Services ◽  
Provisioning Services

Different ecosystem values of the Amazon rainforest are surveyed in economic terms. Spatial rainforest valuation is crucial for good forest management, such as where to put the most effort to stop illegal logging and forest fires, and which areas to designate as new nationally protected areas. Three classes of economic value are identified, according to who does the valuation: values accruing to the local and regional populations (of South America); carbon values (which are global); and other global (noncarbon) values. Only the first two classes are discussed. Three types of value are separated according to ecosystem service delivered from the rainforest: provisioning services; supporting and regulating services; and cultural and other human services. Net values of provisioning services, including reduced impact logging and various non-timber forest products, are well documented for the entire Brazilian Amazon at a spatially detailed scale and amount to at least $20–50/ha/year. Less-detailed information exists about values of fish, game, and bioprospecting from the Amazon, although their total values can be shown to be sizable. Many supporting and regulating services are harder to value economically, in particular climate regulation and watershed and erosion protection. Impacts of changed rainfall when Amazon rainforest is lost have been valued at detailed scale, but with relative model values of $10–20/ha/year. Carbon values are much larger, at a carbon price of $30/ton CO2, around $14,000/ha as capitalized value. The average per-hectare value of tourism and the health benefits from having the Amazon forest are low, and such values cannot easily be pinned down to individual areas of the Amazon. Finally, the biodiversity values of the Amazon, as accruing to the local and regional population, seem to be small based on recent stated-preference work in Brazil. Most of the values related to biodiversity are likely to be global and may. in principle, be very large, but the global components are not valued here. The concept of value is discussed, and a marginal valuation concept (practically useful for policy) is favored as opposed to an average or total valuation. Marginal value can be below average value (as is likely for biodiversity and tourism), but can also in some contexts be higher. This can occur where losing forest at a local scale increases the prevalence of forest fires and where it increases forest dryness, leading to a multiplier process whereby more forest is lost. While strides have recently been made to improve rainforest valuation at both micro- and macroscales, much work still remains.

scholarly journals Amazon Forest maintenance as a source of environmental services

2008 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. Fearnside
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products ◽  
And Control ◽  
Theoretical Issues

Amazonian forest produces environmental services such as maintenance of biodiversity, water cycling and carbon stocks. These services have a much greater value to human society than do the timber, beef and other products that are obtained by destroying the forest. Yet institutional mechanisms are still lacking to transform the value of the standing forest into the foundation of an economy based on maintaining rather than destroying this ecosystem. Forest management for commodities such as timber and non-timber forest products faces severe limitations and inherent contradictions unless income is supplemented based on environmenta lservices. Amazon forest is threatened by deforestation, logging, forest fires and climate change. Measures to avoid deforestation include repression through command and control, creation of protected areas, and reformulation of infrastructure decisions and development policies. An economy primarily based on the value of environmental services is essential for long-term maintenance of the forest. Much progress has been made in the decades since I first proposed such a transition, but many issues also remain unresolved. These include theoretical issues regarding accounting procedures, improved quantification of the services and of the benefits of different policy options, and effective uses of the funds generated in ways that maintain both the forest and the human population.

scholarly journals A IMPORTÂNCIA DOS SERVIÇOS ECOSSISTÊMICOS PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONÔMICO E O BEM-ESTAR SOCIAL NA PERCEPÇÃO DA POPULAÇÃO: O CASO DA FLORESTA NACIONAL DE CARAJÁS

Nativa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 689
Author(s):  
Antônio Cordeiro de Santana ◽  
Ádina Lima de Santana ◽  
Gilmara Maureline T. S. Oliveira ◽  
Ádamo Lima de Santana ◽  
Javan Lobato Quaresma
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Environmental Economics ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Wide Group

O estudo avaliou a percepção da população da região de Carajás sobre a influência da exploração dos recursos naturais, envolvendo desmatamento e queimadas, urbanização, alteração no clima e preservação da Floresta Nacional de Carajás sobre a economia e o bem-estar da população local. Aplicou-se a análise multivariada para associar um conjunto amplo de variáveis na definição de indicadores representativos das dimensões ambiental e ecológica. Os resultados indicaram que mais de 80% das pessoas entrevistadas afirmaram ter conhecimento sobre a importância da Flona de Carajás para o desempenho das atividades econômicas e do bem-estar da população do seu entorno. Os indicadores das dimensões ambiental e ecológica foram considerados, por mais de 52% dos entrevistados, como de alta importância para compor o valor econômico total da Flona e contribuir para sua preservação e/ou gestão sustentável. Conclui-se que a população local percebe e qualifica os efeitos das mudanças causadas pela ação antrópica sobre os recursos naturais sobre o desempenho da economia e a qualidade de vida das pessoas.Palavras-chave: economia ambiental, serviços ecossistêmicos, unidade de conservação, Floresta Amazônica. THE IMPORTANCE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE POPULATION’S PERCEPTION: THE CASE OF THE CARAJÁS NATIONAL FOREST ABSTRACT:This study evaluates the perceptions of the population residing in the region of Carajás with respect to the natural resource exploitation, deforestation and forest fires, urbanization, climate change and the preservation of the Carajás National Forest, considering the economy and welfare of local the population. Multivariate analysis was applied to associate a wide group of variables with the representative indicators in environmental and ecological dimensions. Interviews with local people indicate that more than 80% of all interviewed are aware of the importance of the Carajás Flona for the development of economic activities and for the population´s welfare in their surroundings. Indicators of environmental and ecological dimensions were regarded by more than 52% of interviewees as being of great importance to the composition the total economic value of Flona and to contribute to preservation or sustainable management. We conclude that the local population adequately perceived and qualified the effects of the changes caused by the anthropic action on the natural resources with respect to the development of economy and the quality of life of the people.Keywords: environmental economics, ecosystem services, conservation unit, Amazon Forest.

scholarly journals Sociobiodiversity of non-wood forest products at open fairs in Rio Machado territory, Rondônia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 558-569
Author(s):  
Dalvan Possimoser ◽  
Sylviane Beck Ribeiro ◽  
Marta Silvana Volpato Sccoti ◽  
Kenia Michele de Quadros
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Amazon Rainforest ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Brazil Nut ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Bertholletia Excelsa ◽  
Average Monthly Income

The Amazon Forest is represented not only by biological diversity, but also by cultural variety, appropriation, exploitation and management of natural resources. However, the Amazon rainforest has been undergoing vast destruction, without considering the various possible uses of forest. In this sense, this research aims to evaluate the socioeconomic aspects and the diversity of non-wood forest products (PFNMs) commercialized in open fairs situated in the Rio Machado Territory, Rondônia/Brazil. The research was carried out in four municipalities: Cacoal, Espigão do Oeste, Pimenta Bueno and Primavera de Rondônia. Data collection took place through interviews employing a semi-structured form, in which socioeconomic issues, PFNMs traded at fairs and supplier species were demanded. The Shanonn Index (H '), Sorensen Similarity (S) and the Importance Value (VI) for the species were generated. 41 fair dealers were interviewed. Labor force is predominantly familiar (92.68%) and the average monthly income from the commercialization of PFNMs was R$ 251.70 (reais), in which the main commercialized PFNM was the Brazil Nut (Castanha-do-pará – Bertholletia excelsa). Eleven forest species were cited, which indicated low species diversity (H’: 1.92), and it was verified a high similarity of PFNMs commercialized among the municipalities (S: 0.69). The species Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), Açaí palm (Açaí – Euterpe oleracea) and Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) showed higher indicating (VI), demonstrating that PFNMs commercialization is still concentrated in few species.

Harvest Field Sizing as a Technique to Remove Undersize French Prunes

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 452a-452
Author(s):  
Richard Buchner ◽  
Seeley Mudd ◽  
Bruce Carroll ◽  
Mark Gilles
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Marginal Value ◽  
High Sugar Content

Overall profitability is a major goal in successful prune production and a major component in any prune management system. Large prune crops in 1996 and 1997 have stimulated considerable interest in undersize fruit. Undersize prunes currently have marginal value and may represent a net loss because of costs to haul, dry, and to market order payments on low value prunes. One technique to control delivery size is to field size at harvest. Field sizing involves installing size-sorting devices on harvesters, which allow small prunes to fall out while valuable fruit is collected. Field sizing is considered a “risky” strategy because of the potential to remove prunes with economic value. During the 1997 harvest, 21 infield harvest sizing evaluations were made in prune orchards throughout Tehama county. The first evaluation occurred on 12 Aug. 1997, at the start of prune harvest. The final evaluation was done on 5 Sept. 1997, at the tail end of harvest. The objective was to sample throughout the harvest period to test field sizing under various sugar, size, and fruit pressure scenarios. The test machine was 1-inch bar sizer. Of the 21 sample dates, undersize fruit was clearly not marketable in 20 of the 21 samples. Discarded fruit averaged 133 dry count per pound. Only one sample out of 21 may have had market value at 86 dry count per pound. Although small in size, these prunes had very high sugar content contributing to their dry weight. In this evaluation, a 1-inch bar sizer did a good job of separating fruit with and without market value under the 1997 price schedule. As harvest date becomes later and soluble solids increase, the chances of sorting out marketable prunes also increases.

scholarly journals Twenty-first century droughts have not increasingly exacerbated fire season severity in the Brazilian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Libonati ◽  
J. M. C. Pereira ◽  
C. C. Da Camara ◽  
L. F. Peres ◽  
D. Oom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
First Century ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Fire Activity ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
In Fire

AbstractBiomass burning in the Brazilian Amazon is modulated by climate factors, such as droughts, and by human factors, such as deforestation, and land management activities. The increase in forest fires during drought years has led to the hypothesis that fire activity decoupled from deforestation during the twenty-first century. However, assessment of the hypothesis relied on an incorrect active fire dataset, which led to an underestimation of the decreasing trend in fire activity and to an inflated rank for year 2015 in terms of active fire counts. The recent correction of that database warrants a reassessment of the relationships between deforestation and fire. Contrasting with earlier findings, we show that the exacerbating effect of drought on fire season severity did not increase from 2003 to 2015 and that the record-breaking dry conditions of 2015 had the least impact on fire season of all twenty-first century severe droughts. Overall, our results for the same period used in the study that originated the fire-deforestation decoupling hypothesis (2003–2015) show that decoupling was clearly weaker than initially proposed. Extension of the study period up to 2019, and novel analysis of trends in fire types and fire intensity strengthened this conclusion. Therefore, the role of deforestation as a driver of fire activity in the region should not be underestimated and must be taken into account when implementing measures to protect the Amazon forest.

scholarly journals An integrated approach to identification and conservation of medicinal plants in the tropical forest—a Brazilian experience

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Claudio Di Stasi
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Multiple Use ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Toxicological Studies

An integrated and interdisciplinary research programme with native medicinal plants from tropical forests has been performed in order to obtain new forest products for sustainable use in regional markets vis-à-vis ecosystem conservation. For the success of this programme ethnopharmacological studies are very important with respect to (i) identification of useful plants including medicinal and aromatic species; (ii) recuperation and preservation of traditional knowledge about native plants; and (iii) identification of potential plants with economic value. The plants are selected with a view to evaluate efficacy and safety (pharmacological and toxicological studies), and phytochemical profile and quality control (phytochemical and chromatographic characterization). These studies are very important to add value to plant products and also to mitigate unscrupulous exploitation of medicinal plants by local communities, since multiple use of plants represents an excellent strategy for sustaining the tropical ecosystem through ex situ and in situ conservation. Thus, conservation of tropical resources is possible in conjunction with improvements in the quality of life of the traditional communities and production of new products with therapeutic, cosmetic and ‘cosmeceutic’ value.

scholarly journals Global warming in Amazonia: impacts and Mitigation

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1003-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Martin Fearnside
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Temperature Oscillations

Global warming has potentially catastrophic impacts in Amazonia, while at the same time maintenance of the Amazon forest offers one of the most valuable and cost-effective options for mitigating climate change. We know that the El Niño phenomenon, caused by temperature oscillations of surface water in the Pacific, has serious impacts in Amazonia, causing droughts and forest fires (as in 1997-1998). Temperature oscillations in the Atlantic also provoke severe droughts (as in 2005). We also know that Amazonian trees die both from fires and from water stress under hot, dry conditions. In addition, water recycled through the forest provides rainfall that maintains climatic conditions appropriate for tropical forest, especially in the dry season. What we need to know quickly, through intensified research, includes progress in representing El Niño and the Atlantic oscillations in climatic models, representation of biotic feedbacks in models used for decision-making about global warming, and narrowing the range of estimating climate sensitivity to reduce uncertainty about the probability of very severe impacts. Items that need to be negotiated include the definition of "dangerous" climate change, with the corresponding maximum levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Mitigation of global warming must include maintaining the Amazon forest, which has benefits for combating global warming from two separate roles: cutting the flow the emissions of carbon each year from the rapid pace of deforestation, and avoiding emission of the stock of carbon in the remaining forest that can be released by various ways, including climate change itself. Barriers to rewarding forest maintenance include the need for financial rewards for both of these roles. Other needs are for continued reduction of uncertainty regarding emissions and deforestation processes, as well as agreement on the basis of carbon accounting. As one of the countries most subject to impacts of climate change, Brazil must assume the leadership in fighting global warming.

scholarly journals Operational Lifecycle Carbon Value of Bus Electrification in Macau

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3784
Author(s):  
Xinkuo Xu ◽  
Liyan Han
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Emission Coefficient ◽  
Carbon Emission Reduction ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
Fossil Fuel Consumption ◽  
New Perspective

The economic value of carbon emission reduction in the electrification of buses is of concern in practical and academic fields. The aim of this paper, which focuses on direct and indirect carbon emissions, is to study the economic value of the carbon emission reduction of bus electrification in an operational lifecycle carbon footprint, with the empirical data sourced from the bus electrification in Macau. First, it proposes the methodology to evaluate the operational lifecycle carbon value of bus electrification (OLCVBE). Second, it analyses the distinct impacts of internal determinants on OLCVBE. Third, it discusses the determinants’ characteristics for OLCVBE. The results indicate that (1) OLCVBE may be a carbon debt, but it is not a carbon asset in some situations; (2) OLCVBE is determined by the carbon emission coefficients of both electric power and fossil fuel, buses’ electric or fossil fuel consumption levels, buses’ terminations, carbon price and discounted rate; and (3) as a comparison, electric power’s embedded carbon emission coefficient has the biggest impact on OLCVBE, then carbon price and the electric consumption have the second or third biggest impacts, and the annual driving distance of buses has relative less impact. This paper provides a new perspective to study the economic and environmental effects of bus electrification.

scholarly journals Gangguan Hutan di KPH Kuningan Divisi Regional Jawa Barat dan Banten

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-165
Author(s):  
Ati Dwi Nurhayati ◽  
Liana Arhami
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Forest Disturbance ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Disturbances ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Legal Remedies ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
And Control

Forest protection is an effort to prevent and control the destruction of forests, forest areas, and forest products caused by human actions, livestock, fires, pests and diseases. The aims of this research are to identify the types of forest disturbance especially those caused by humans and physically, analyze the factors causing forest disturbance, and analyze efforts to control forest disturbance at KPH Kuningan. Forest disturbances that occurred in the KPH Kuningan during 2010-2014 included: timber theft, forest fires, forest encroachment, and natural disasters. The background of forest disturbance in the Kuningan KPH is mainly due to the socio-economic conditions of the community around the forest that are still low. Strategic actions taken to prevent forest disturbance at the KPH Kuningan are to take pre-emptive actions in the form of counseling and establish good relations between officers and the community through social communication and Community Based Forest Management (PHBM), preventive actions in the form of patrols and safeguards against forest potential, and repressive actions in the form of legal remedies against the perpetrators. Key words: cause of forest disturbance, type of forest disturbance, forest disturbance control

scholarly journals Contribution to the knowledge of Camillea (Ascomycota, Graphostromataceae) in the Amazon forest in Pará, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-277
Author(s):  
Marcos Diones Ferreira SANTANA ◽  
Douglas de Moraes COUCEIRO ◽  
Sheyla Regina Marques COUCEIRO
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
The State ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Amazon Rainforest ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
The West

ABSTRACT Three species of the Ascomycetes genus Camillea were recorded in a fragment of Amazon rainforest in the region of Santarém, Pará state, Brazil. The occurrence of C. leprieurii, C. cyclops and C. bilabiata expand the range of distribution of these species in the state. Camillea leprieurii has previous records in the regions of Marabá, Oriximiná, Itaituba and Novo Progresso, while C. cyclops had been recorded in the west of the state. This is the first record of C. bilabiata for Pará. We provide a morphological description of the specimens and an identification key for Camillea species found in Pará.

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