scholarly journals Exploring and preserving old apple cultivars of the Carpathian basin

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tóth
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Karst Area ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Carpathian Mountains ◽  
Landscape Value ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
The Aesthetic

In a few scattered orchards of the Carpathian basin one can still find our most common historical apple cultivars and certain traces of traditional cultivation. We consider it an important part of the Department's breeding work to explore old apple cultivars which can be used as parent partners and sources of resistance, to identify them pomologically as well as to examine the production and marketing value of old cultivars recommended for cultivation in ecological production and in gardens. This paper documents the results of expedition and collecting work carried out in three regions of the Carpathian basin (foot of the Carpathian Mountains, Transylvania, Aggtelek karst area), and also the saving of old Hungarian apple cultivars preserved until present in the English National Fruit Collection. A total of more than 100 old apple cultivars and variations, as well as 13 valuable genotypes were collected during our explorations in the above mentioned four areas. A further aim of our work is to contribute to the protection of still savable archaic fruit production relict= areas and to the preservation of cultivars in the certain regions, and also to promote the recognition of the aesthetic landscape value of old apple trees and endemic orchards of old cultivars. Our good co-operating partners in this work are Aggtelek National Park, Farmer Club of Visk and the consultation centre of Hungarian horticulturist training beyond the border in Nyárádszereda.

S-genotyping of old apple cultivars from the Carpathian basin: methodological, breeding and evolutionary aspects

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1135-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Halász ◽  
Attila Hegedűs ◽  
Zsuzsanna György ◽  
Éva Pállinger ◽  
Magdolna Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Evolutionary Aspects

Evaluation of the aesthetic qualities and adaptability of introduced ornamental apple trees from the genetic collection of the Orenburg Branch of the Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 78-88
Author(s):  
E. M. Feschenko
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Royal Horticultural Society ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Aesthetic

The study of ornamental and adaptive qualities of Malus Mill. from the genetic collection of ornamental crops of the Orenburg branch of the Research Center of Horticulture was carried out to assess the gene pool of introduced wild apple tree species and forms and identify suitable for the urban landscaping and the breeding process. Such characteristics as habitus, abundance of flowering, color and number of flowers in the inflorescence, color of vegetative organs, flowers and fruits during the season were taken into account; resistance to major diseases and adverse abiotic factors was evaluated. Additionally, the color of buds and flowers was characterized on the basis of the RHS (Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart). As a result of a preliminary survey on the complex of ornamental qualities and the level of adaptability, 5 most promising species were identified, which received the best ratings on the ornamental scale. Malus sikkimensis (Wenz.) Koehne ex C. K. Schneid. (31 points) was characterized by an attractive habit, the presence of flowers with a diameter of up to 40 mm and subsequently fruits that acquire a yellow-red color. Malus sargentii Rehder (29 points) was notable for its compact rounded crown, a large number of flowers with a diameter of 30 mm, followed by the formation of fruits with a dark red color. Malus floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte (28 points) was distinguished by a large number of fragrant flowers in an umbrella-shaped inflorescence (5 — 7 pcs) with an average diameter of 30 mm, as well as attractive red-yellow fruits. Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehder, M. toringo Siebold (28 points) was interesting primarily by the presence of 5 -7 flowers of 20 — 30 mm in the inflorescence and decorative fruits, the color of which varies from yellow to red. Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck (28 points) attracted attention to the rich purple color of all organs due to the presence of a large number of anthocyanins, it was also worth noting the presence of a pleasant aroma during flowering and large flowers with an average diameter of 40 mm. The selected ornamental types of apple trees are favorable for use in landscaping of various scales, they are recommended for breeding work as initial parent forms.

scholarly journals Grouseberry (Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg ex Coville) fruit production in forest openings in Banff National Park, Alberta

2015 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Pengelly ◽  
David Hamer
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fire Disturbance ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
Banff National Park ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Understory Shrubs ◽  
Forest Openings

Grouseberry (Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg ex Coville) is an abundant dwarf shrub in the understory of many areas of subalpine forest in Banff National Park and has the potential to produce fruit important for wildlife. However, the suppression and prevention of wildfires, which began in the early 1900s in the park, have reduced fire-dependent shrubland and open forest and increased the extent of closed, mature forest. Because canopy closure is typically associated with decreased fruit production by understory shrubs, the decline in fire disturbance may be reducing Grouseberry fruit production. To quantify this effect, we measured Grouseberry fruit production under various forest canopies at 10 sites in Banff during 2004–2012. We measured site openness by modeling photosynthetically active direct solar radiation (dPAR) adjusted for overshadowing by topography and coniferous foliage. We found a positive relation between Grouseberry fruit production and dPAR in 2006 and 2010–2012, but not in 2008 or 2009, the 2 years of lowest fruit production; data were lacking for 2004, 2005, and 2007. We also recorded high Grouseberry fruit densities beginning 5 years after fire removed the forest canopy in four prescribed burns conducted during 2001: fruit production was 3.3 to more than 20 times that in adjacent mature forests in 5 of the 6 years analyzed. This study shows the potential ecological benefits of both prescribed burns and wildfire in upper subalpine forests where Grouseberry is widespread, but fruit production is low under the forest canopy.

scholarly journals The base colour of fruit as an indicator of optimum harvest date for two apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Łysiak
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
A Value ◽  
Colour System ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Harvest Maturity ◽  
Non Destructive

The base colour of fruit as an indicator of optimum harvest date for two apple cultivars (Malus domesticaBorkh.)The CIE L*a*b*colour system is used to evaluate food colours. Its advantage is that the base skin colour in apples can be measured on the same fruit before and on the optimum harvest date. The aim of the research conducted between 2002 and 2006 was to evaluate a quick and non-destructive method of determining the optimum harvest date of apples intended for long storage based on the changes observed in the base skin colour. Another important research aspect was to compare this method with other methods or indicators used to determine the harvest date. The colour measurement was conducted on two apple cultivars, Šampion and Royal Gala, with the aim of, amongst other factors, establishing a standard for each that could be used in practice in fruit production. From amongst the evaluated colour indicators L*, a*, b*, Hueabangle and chroma, changes in the base colour were best illustrated by the a*coordinate value and Hueabangle value. Based on the evaluation of the quality of fruits after storage, it can be stated that the fruits had the best quality when the a*coordinate during harvest ranged between -7 and -8 for ‘Šampion' and between -3 and -5 for ‘Royal Gala’. The Hueabangle assumed a value between 100 and 101 for ‘Šampion' and between 96 and 99 for ‘Royal Gala’ during the optimum harvest date. Therefore, the a*coordinate and the Hueabangle can be used to indicate harvest maturity.

A proposed winter-injury classification for apple trees on the northern fringe of commercial production

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren K. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Hierarchical Classification ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Agglomerative Clustering ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering ◽  
Temperature Records

Because of a severe and highly variable winter environment, commercially significant fruit production in New Brunswick is restricted to a few hardy apple cultivars. Cluster, principal-component and discriminant analyses were applied to monthly temperature records to derive a satisfactory classification of recorded occurrences of winter injury in New Brunswick during the 20th century. Production of a dendrogram based on a hierarchical, agglomerative clustering technique separated root- from shoot-injury years. The analyses suggested that low temperatures per se in December, January or February are not the dominant factors controlling recurring winter shoot injury of apple trees in New Brunswick. Rather mild weather during mid-winter (especially maximum air temperature in February) and the October mean air temperature during the fall hardening-off period consistently contributed to the hierarchical classification. Cluster analysis allowed the separation of recorded occurrences of winter injury into plausible groupings that should complement current attempts to understand the underlying causes of winter injury in New Brunswick.Key words: Malus × domestica, apple, winter injury, cluster analysis

scholarly journals Freeze Susceptibility of Fruit Buds in 67 Apple cultivars in Hungary

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
As Effects ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Made In

Frost damage is one of the most important risks of apple production. Outstanding importance has been attributed to the frost resistance of flower-buds as decisive sites of fruit production. Browning of plants parts and tissues exposed to natural weather adversities are considered as effects of frost. In Hungary, frost damage on flower buds of both the market and new cultivars has not been assessed earlier. Observations referring to the consequences of frost damages of over four critical years, marked by their peculiar winter and spring frost hazards. Parallel observations have been made in four sites of the growing area in the Great-Plain region. 67 apple cultivars have been assessed. Each cultivar was represented by 3 trees, which were sampled at about 1-1.5 m height over ground, where the buds or inflorescences were picked for the purpose to assess the injury. The buds and flowers are cut longitudinally and rated visually according to the extent of browning of the organs and tissues. Susceptibility of different organs of the flower (pistils and anthers) were rated separately. According to our results, most resistant to spring frosts are the following cultivars: 'Gloster', 'Granny Smith' and appreciable tolerance is attributed in 'Gala' and 'Jonathan' with derivatives. Preliminary results that among the scab resistant cultivars, `Baujade', 'Rewena', 'Liberty', `Resi' and 'Renora' are rather frost resistant. Information, lacking hitherto, is obtained upon 'Reka' and 'Reglindis' as for their increased susceptibility.

scholarly journals The influence of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.) and irrigation on yield of 5-years-old apple trees

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
Wojciech Warabieda ◽  
Remigiusz W. Olszak
Keyword(s):  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Economic Injury Level ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Two Spotted Spider Mite ◽  
Tetranychus Urticae Koch

The influence of the two-spotted spider mite (<i>Tetranychus urticae</i>) on yield of apple trees was investigated. The experiment was conducted on rrigated and non-irrigated 5-years-old apple trees of 'Close' and 'Jonagold' cultivars grafted on M.9. The population size of the pest exceeded four and two times the valid (in Poland) economic injury level on trees of 'Close' and 'Jonagold' cultivars respectively. No significant influence of mites on yield and its quality (mean fruit weight and fruit colour) was observed on both apple cultivars. Irrigation had positive effect on yield and quality of 'Jonagold'. On the contrary, trees of ' Close' cultivar were positively influenced by irrigation only regarding fruits colour. Results of the study support opinion that the economic injury level for apple orchards, with respect to two-spotted spider mite, should be higher than it is up to now.

scholarly journals Purposing aesthetics in historic preservation: advocating, signifying, and interpreting aesthetics

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Salim Elwazani
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Historic Preservation ◽  
National Park ◽  
National Park Service ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
International Council ◽  
Park Service ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The U.S

<p>Aesthetics is a pillar consideration in historic preservation. Yet, purposing aesthetics for historic preservation ends seems to lag behind the opportunities. Utterly subjective, aesthetics poses challenges for the preservation community worldwide to moderate, accommodate, and purpose aesthetics in heritage programs. The challenges revolve around the assessment of aesthetical purposing in three domains. These domains include the community disposition towards accommodating aesthetics (advocacy), the criteria and strategies for assessing the aesthetic value of historic resources (signification), and, the standards for treating historic resources in preservation projects (interpretation). This study, therefore, assesses the trends for purposing aesthetics in historic preservation thought and practice through three platforms: advocating aesthetics, signifying aesthetics, and interpreting aesthetics. The study completed literature content analysis on aesthetics in general and aesthetics in historic preservation in particular. Further, because of the perspective of the study, the works of international and country preservation programs provided information relevant to advocacy, signification, and interpretation of aesthetics that have been refined by classification, comparison, and exemplification methods. Among others, these works include those of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and the U.S. National Historic Preservation Program in the National Park Service. The study culminated with general and platform-specific conclusions. First, as the three proposed platforms (advocacy, signification, and interpretation) maintain structural and serial relationships, they constitute a relevant and feasible framework for assessing aesthetical purposing. Second, as the aesthetical purposing assessment followed a broad, international perspective, the conclusions of the study are commensurate with the selective scope of information used from international and country preservation programs. Third, the contribution to aesthetical purposing at each of the three platforms can be measure only in general, and at times, subjective terms.</p><p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Proposing aesthetical advocacy, aesthetical signification, and aesthetical interpretation as a platform framework to assess the purposing of aesthetics was feasible.</p></li><li><p>As aesthetical purposing was approached from a broad, international perspective, the conclusions of the study commensurate with the selective scope of information used.</p></li><li><p>The contribution to aesthetical purposing at each of the three platforms is hard to measure; however, the indications point to uneven contribution.</p></li></ul>

scholarly journals 267 Improving Red Color on Apples with a Reflective Groundcover

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 437C-437
Author(s):  
Stephen S. Miller ◽  
George M. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Air ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Standard Size ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Strong Trend ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Color Response ◽  
Apple Cultivars

In many years, apples grown in the mid-Atlantic region fail to exhibit a high percentage of the dark red color that buyers and consumers desire. In 1996, we initiated studies to examine the use of a metalized silver low-density polyethylene reflective groundcover (RGC) to improve red color on several apple cultivars under several training systems. A RGC placed in the orchard drive middle of 8-year-old `Delicious' apple trees trained to a “Y” trellis increased the percent surface red color and resulted in darker, more red-colored apples at harvest. A RGC increased surface red color on `Empire' apples on a “Y” trellis, but on central leader-trained semi-dwarf and standard size `Empire' showed no effects on color. Central leader-trained `Fuji'/EMLA.7 apples with a RGC had more red color than untreated fruit at harvest. In 1997, RGC placed under the canopy of 3-year-old `Fuji' trees trained to a “Y” trellis increased the full sunlight on the underside of the canopy by 28%. Ambient air temperatures within the RGC illuminated canopy averaged 2.1 °C higher than the non-RGC canopy. The level of percent full sunlight was increased within the canopy of well-pruned 32-year-old `Miller Spur Delicious' apple trees 4- to 8-fold with RGC placed in the row middle or under the canopy in a commercial orchard in 1998. Position of the RGC to the canopy affected fruit red color response differently between the lower and upper part of the canopy. Bins of fruit graded with a commercial color sorter showed no difference in fruit color; however, there was a strong trend toward increased red color where the RGC material was applied.

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